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Zhang Y, Grazda R, Yang Q. Interaction Between Innate Lymphoid Cells and the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1365:135-148. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8387-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Feriani DJ, Sousa AS, Delbin MA, Ruberti OM, Crestani CC, Rodrigues B. Spleen tissue changes after restraint stress: effects of aerobic exercise training. Stress 2021; 24:572-583. [PMID: 33792481 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2021.1895112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been described as a prominent mechanism involved in dysfunctions and diseases evoked by chronic stress. Notably, the spleen is an immune organ controlled by sympathetic and glucocorticoid mechanisms, but the impact of chronic stress in the spleen is not entirely understood. Besides, the impact of aerobic exercise training on the effects of chronic stress in the spleen has never been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the changes caused in the spleen by repeated restraint stress and the effect of aerobic exercise training performed after a period of chronic restraint stress in rats. We identified that daily exposure to restraint stress (120 min per session, for 14 consecutive days) increased corticosterone and noradrenaline content, gene expression of glucocorticoid and β2-adrenergic receptors, TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and increased pro-oxidant substances in the spleen. Circulating levels of corticosterone were also increased in chronically stressed animals. Exercise training (1 h a day/5 days per week, for 60 days) increased glucocorticoid receptor gene expression, interleukin (IL)-10 and antioxidant mechanisms in the spleen. Exercise also decreased splenic noradrenaline, tumoral necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6 contents. Lastly, the effects of repeated restraint stress in the spleen were mitigated in animals subjected to aerobic training. Taken together, the results reported in the present study indicate that aerobic exercise training is a relevant non-pharmacological therapeutic approach to dysfunctions in the spleen caused by a period of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele J Feriani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation and Exercise (LICE), School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa S Sousa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Andreia Delbin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Olívia M Ruberti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation and Exercise (LICE), School of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Webb IC, Patton DF, Landry GJ, Mistlberger RE. Circadian clock resetting by behavioral arousal: neural correlates in the midbrain raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus. Neuroscience 2010; 166:739-51. [PMID: 20079808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Some procedures for stimulating arousal in the usual daily rest period (e.g., gentle handling, novel wheel-induced running) can phase shift circadian rhythms in Syrian hamsters, while other arousal procedures are ineffective (inescapable stress, caffeine, modafinil). The dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DRN, MnR) have been implicated in clock resetting by arousal and, in rats and mice, exhibit strong regionally specific responses to inescapable stress and anxiogenic drugs. To examine a possible role for the midbrain raphe nuclei in the differential effects of arousal procedures on circadian rhythms, hamsters were aroused for 3 h in the mid-rest period by confinement to a novel running wheel, gentle handling (with minimal activity) or physical restraint (with intermittent, loud compressed air stimulation) and sacrificed immediately thereafter. Regional expression of c-fos and tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpOH) were quantified immunocytochemically in the DRN, MnR and locus coeruleus (LC). Neither gentle handling nor wheel running had a large impact on c-fos expression in these areas, although the manipulations were associated with a small increase in c-Fos in TrpOH-like and TrpOH-negative cells, respectively, in the caudal interfascicular DRN region. By contrast, restraint stress significantly increased c-Fos in both TrpOH-like and TrpOH-negative cells in the rostral DRN and LC. c-Fos-positive cells in the DRN did not express tyrosine hydroxylase. These results reveal regionally specific monoaminergic correlates of arousal-induced circadian clock resetting, and suggest a hypothesis that strong activation of some DRN and LC neurons by inescapable stress may oppose clock resetting in response to arousal during the daily sleep period. More generally, these results complement evidence from other rodent species for functional topographic organization of the DRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Webb
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Harriss DJ, Cable NT, George K, Reilly T, Renehan AG, Haboubi N. Physical activity before and after diagnosis of colorectal cancer: disease risk, clinical outcomes, response pathways and biomarkers. Sports Med 2008; 37:947-60. [PMID: 17953466 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200737110-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity may be responsible for 13-14% of colon cancer, an attributable risk greater than family history. Epidemiological evidence shows an association between occupational and recreational physical activity and colon cancer, but has not established whether physical activity is protective against low-risk or more advanced adenomas. The evidence is inconclusive as to whether physical activity protects against rectal cancer and is conflicting with respect to whether physical activity has equal effects on male and female risk of colorectal cancer. The effect of exercise 'interventions' on the risk of colorectal cancer is currently not known. Also, although inferences can be made from epidemiological studies, no optimal exercise regimen can be confidently prescribed for protection against colorectal cancer. There is little available evidence for the benefits of physical activity before diagnosis of colorectal cancer for disease-specific survival and prognosis, and the clinical effects of an exercise intervention after diagnosis have not been investigated. There is some evidence that improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness reduce adverse effects from cancer treatment when physical activity is undertaken following diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Markers/mechanisms by which physical activity may protect against colorectal cancer and/or improve disease prognosis include gastrointestinal transit-time, chronic inflammation, immune function, insulin levels, insulin-like growth factors, genetics and obesity. Research evidence is, however, limited as to whether these markers are beneficially affected by physical activity, either before or after diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harriss
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, Liverpool, UK.
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Dishman RK, Berthoud HR, Booth FW, Cotman CW, Edgerton VR, Fleshner MR, Gandevia SC, Gomez-Pinilla F, Greenwood BN, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Levin BE, Moran TH, Russo-Neustadt AA, Salamone JD, Van Hoomissen JD, Wade CE, York DA, Zigmond MJ. Neurobiology of exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:345-56. [PMID: 16648603 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Voluntary physical activity and exercise training can favorably influence brain plasticity by facilitating neurogenerative, neuroadaptive, and neuroprotective processes. At least some of the processes are mediated by neurotrophic factors. Motor skill training and regular exercise enhance executive functions of cognition and some types of learning, including motor learning in the spinal cord. These adaptations in the central nervous system have implications for the prevention and treatment of obesity, cancer, depression, the decline in cognition associated with aging, and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, ischemic stroke, and head and spinal cord injury. Chronic voluntary physical activity also attenuates neural responses to stress in brain circuits responsible for regulating peripheral sympathetic activity, suggesting constraint on sympathetic responses to stress that could plausibly contribute to reductions in clinical disorders such as hypertension, heart failure, oxidative stress, and suppression of immunity. Mechanisms explaining these adaptations are not as yet known, but metabolic and neurochemical pathways among skeletal muscle, the spinal cord, and the brain offer plausible, testable mechanisms that might help explain effects of physical activity and exercise on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod K Dishman
- Department of Exercise Science, The University of Georgia, Ramsey Center, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602-6554, USA.
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Hong S, Johnson TA, Farag NH, Guy HJ, Matthews SC, Ziegler MG, Mills PJ. Attenuation of T-lymphocyte demargination and adhesion molecule expression in response to moderate exercise in physically fit individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 98:1057-63. [PMID: 15501922 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00233.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of physical fitness on leukocyte demargination and cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) responses to moderate exercise were examined. We assessed leukocyte subsets and CAM expression before, immediately after, and 10 min after a 20-min treadmill exercise at 65-70% peak oxygen consumption in fit vs. nonfit individuals. Physical fitness was determined by peak oxygen consumption during a treadmill test. Catecholamine levels were determined by radioenzymatic assay, and enumeration of cells and detection of CAM expression were assessed by flow cytometry. As expected, exercise led to significant increases in numbers of leukocyte subsets, regardless of fitness level (P < 0.01). Values returned to near resting levels 10 min after exercise. More importantly, physically fit individuals showed attenuated responses to the moderate-exercise challenge in numbers of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), memory (CD45RO(+)) CD4, and naive (CD45RA(+)62L(+)) CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes. Postexercise human leukocyte antigen-DR absent memory CD4(+) cell numbers were also lower in fit subjects. Increases in CD62L-expressing CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes and CD11a- expressing lymphocytes after exercise were also attenuated in fit individuals compared with nonfit individuals (P < 0.05). Catecholamine levels increased to a similar extent (P < 0.01) in both fitness groups. The findings suggest that physical fitness attenuates demargination of selected lymphocyte subsets in response to moderate exercise. Although the differences in plasma catecholamine responses were not significant between the groups, a possible mediating role of the sympathetic system remains to be further investigated. Being physically fit may offset exaggerated immune cell responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
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Hong S, Farag NH, Nelesen RA, Ziegler MG, Mills PJ. Effects of regular exercise on lymphocyte subsets and CD62L after psychological vs. physical stress. J Psychosom Res 2004; 56:363-70. [PMID: 15046975 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2002] [Accepted: 05/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of regular physical activity on lymphocyte responses to a speech stressor and an exercise challenge. METHODS We assessed lymphocyte subsets and CD62L expression pre, immediately after and 15 min after a speech task vs. exercise in 24 high vs. 24 low physically active subjects. Catecholamine levels were determined by radioenzymatic assay, and enumeration of cells was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Both tasks induced significant increases in plasma epinephrine (EPI; P<.05) and norepinephrine (NE; P<.001) levels. Similarly, both tasks led to increases in the numbers of lymphocyte subsets (P<.05). Physically active individuals showed attenuated responses to the speech stressor in numbers of CD62L(+), CD45RA(+), CD45RO(+) CD8(+), CD45RO(+) T(H) and CD62L(-) natural killer (NK) cells (P's<.05). In contrast, physical activity level had no significant effect on lymphocyte subsets or CD62L expression in response to exercise. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that physical fitness affects immune responses to a psychological but not a physical stressor. It is an interesting but open question whether attenuated lymphocyte trafficking responses to stress in regular exercisers might have clinical implications regarding host defense by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
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