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Fukuda J, Matsuda K, Sato G, Kitamura Y, Uno A, Takeda N. Effects of sodium bicarbonate solution on hypergravity-induced Fos expression in neurons of the amygdala in rats: Implication of sodium bicarbonate therapy for vertigo. Auris Nasus Larynx 2024; 51:733-737. [PMID: 38838426 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Japan, intravenous injection of a 7 % solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) had been originally developed to inhibit motion sickness and then have long been used to treat vertigo. Previously, we reported that Fos-positive neurons appear in the amygdala after hypergravity stimulation in rats. In the present study, we examined whether injection of 7 % NaHCO3 inhibits hypergravity-induced Fos expression in the neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats. METHODS Rats were exposed to 2 G hypergravity in an animal centrifuge device for 3 h. A solution of 7 % NaHCO3 at a dose of 4 mM/kg was injected intraperitoneally before 2 G hypergraviy. Fos-positive neurons in the amygdala were stained immunohistochemically. RESULTS The number of Fos-positive neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala was significantly increased after 2 G hypergravity in rats that received no drugs or saline, compared to that in rats exposed only to the noise of the centrifuge and received 7 % NaHCO3 solution. The number of Fos-positive neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala after 2 G hypergravity was significantly decreased in rats that received 7 % NaHCO3 solution, compared to that in rats that received no drugs or saline. CONCLUSION Since Fos expression is a marker of activated neurons, the present findings suggest that hypergravity activates the amygdala and that administration of 7 % NaHCO3 suppresses hypergravity-induced activation of the amygdala. Hypergravity disturbs spatial orientation to produce motion sickness and the amygdala is involved in fear response. Recently, Ziemann et al. suggested that fear-evoking stimuli reduce the pH in the amygdala to activate it, leading to induction of fear behavior and that administering HCO3- attenuates fear behavior [Cell 2009; 139: 1012-1021]. Therefore, it is possible that hypergravity reduces the pH in the amygdala to activate it, thereby inducing the fear associated with motion sickness and that administration of 7 % NaHCO3 increases the brain pH thereby suppressing hypergravity-induced activation of the amygdala and inhibiting the fear associated with motion sickness. In patients with vertigo, 7 % NaHCO3 therapy may increase the brain pH thereby suppressing the activation of the amygdala and inhibiting the fear associated with vertigo to elicit a beneficial clinical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Fukuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Go Sato
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Uno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.
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Zhang FX, Xie XH, Guo ZX, Wang HD, Li H, Wu KLK, Chan YS, Li YQ. Evaluating proxies for motion sickness in rodent. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 15:107-115. [PMID: 38204574 PMCID: PMC10776324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Motions sickness (MS) occurs when the brain receives conflicting sensory signals from vestibular, visual and proprioceptive systems about a person's ongoing position and/or motion in relation to space. MS is typified by symptoms such as nausea and emesis and implicates complex physiological aspects of sensations and sensorimotor reflexes. Use of animal models has been integral to unraveling the physiological causality of MS. The commonly used rodents (rat and mouse), albeit lacking vomiting reflex, reliably display phenotypic behaviors of pica (eating of non-nutritive substance) and conditioned taste aversion (CTAver) or avoidance (CTAvoi) which utilize neural substrates with pathways that cause gastrointestinal malaise akin to nausea/emesis. As such, rodent pica and CTAver/CTAvoi have been widely used as proxies for nausea/emesis in studies dealing with neural mechanisms of nausea/emesis and MS, as well as for evaluating therapeutics. This review presents the rationale and experimental evidence that support the use of pica and CTAver/CTAvoi as indices for nausea and emesis. Key experimental steps and cautions required when using rodent MS models are also discussed. Finally, future directions are suggested for studying MS with rodent pica and CTAver/CTAvoi models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xing Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hang Xie
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Zi-Xin Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Hao-Dong Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Kenneth Lap Kei Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, PR China
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Abe C, Katayama C, Horii K, Ogawa B, Ohbayashi K, Iwasaki Y, Nin F, Morita H. Hypergravity load-induced hyperglycemia occurs due to hypothermia and increased plasma corticosterone level in mice. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:18. [PMID: 35915429 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hypothermia has been observed during hypergravity load in mice and rats. This response is beneficial for maintaining blood glucose level, although food intake decreases. However, saving glucose is not enough to maintain blood glucose level during hypergravity load. In this study, we examined the contribution of humoral factors related to glycolysis in maintaining blood glucose level in a 2 G environment. Increased plasma corticosterone levels were observed in mice with intact peripheral vestibular organs, but not in mice with vestibular lesions. Plasma glucagon levels did not change, and decrease in plasma adrenaline levels was observed in mice with intact peripheral vestibular organs. Accordingly, it is possible that increase in plasma corticosterone level and hypothermia contribute to prevent hypoglycemia in a 2 G environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Chikako Katayama
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Horii
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Bakushi Ogawa
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kento Ohbayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yusaku Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Nin
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
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Zhong W, Shahbaz O, Teskey G, Beever A, Kachour N, Venketaraman V, Darmani NA. Mechanisms of Nausea and Vomiting: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Intracellular Emetic Signaling Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5797. [PMID: 34071460 PMCID: PMC8198651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints that can be triggered by diverse emetic stimuli through central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Both nausea and vomiting are considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/drugs/bacteria/viruses/fungi enter the body either via the enteral (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract) or parenteral routes, including the blood, skin, and respiratory systems. While vomiting is the act of forceful removal of gastrointestinal contents, nausea is believed to be a subjective sensation that is more difficult to study in nonhuman species. In this review, the authors discuss the anatomical structures, neurotransmitters/mediators, and corresponding receptors, as well as intracellular emetic signaling pathways involved in the processes of nausea and vomiting in diverse animal models as well as humans. While blockade of emetic receptors in the prevention of vomiting is fairly well understood, the potential of new classes of antiemetics altering postreceptor signal transduction mechanisms is currently evolving, which is also reviewed. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide potential answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Omar Shahbaz
- School of Medicine, Universidad Iberoamericana, Av. Francia 129, Santo Domingo 10203, Dominican Republic;
| | - Garrett Teskey
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Abrianna Beever
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nala Kachour
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nissar A. Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
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5
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Abe C, Yamaoka Y, Maejima Y, Mikami T, Yokota S, Yamanaka A, Morita H. VGLUT2-expressing neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex mediate gravitational stress-induced hypothermia in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:227. [PMID: 32385401 PMCID: PMC7210111 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular system, which is essential for maintaining balance, contributes to the sympathetic response. Although this response is involved in hypergravity load-induced hypothermia in mice, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study showed that hypergravity (2g) decreased plasma catecholamines, which resulted in hypoactivity of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT). Hypothermia induced by 2g load was significantly suppressed by administration of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, suggesting the involvement of decrease in iBAT activity through sympathoinhibition. Bilateral chemogenetic activation of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2)-expressing neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) induced hypothermia. The VGLUT2-expressing neurons contributed to 2g load-induced hypothermia, since their deletion suppressed hypothermia. Although activation of vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter-expressing neurons in the VNC induced slight hypothermia instead of hyperthermia, their deletion did not affect 2g load-induced hypothermia. Thus, we concluded that 2g load-induced hypothermia resulted from sympathoinhibition via the activation of VGLUT2-expressing neurons in the VNC. Chikara Abe, Yusuke Yamaoka et al. show that chemogenetic activation of VGLUT2-expressing neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex induces hypothermia, while their deletion suppresses hypergravity load-induced hypothermia in mice. These findings suggest an important role for these glutamatergic neurons in thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Yamaoka
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yui Maejima
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomoe Mikami
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yokota
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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Morita H, Kaji H, Ueta Y, Abe C. Understanding vestibular-related physiological functions could provide clues on adapting to a new gravitational environment. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:17. [PMID: 32169037 PMCID: PMC7069930 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral vestibular organs are sensors for linear acceleration (gravity and head tilt) and rotation. Further, they regulate various body functions, including body stability, ocular movement, autonomic nerve activity, arterial pressure, body temperature, and muscle and bone metabolism. The gravitational environment influences these functions given the highly plastic responsiveness of the vestibular system. This review demonstrates that hypergravity or microgravity induces changes in vestibular-related physiological functions, including arterial pressure, muscle and bone metabolism, feeding behavior, and body temperature. Hopefully, this review contributes to understanding how human beings can adapt to a new gravitational environment, including the moon and Mars, in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
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Inprasit C, Lin YW, Huang CP, Wu SY, Hsieh CL. Targeting TRPV1 to relieve motion sickness symptoms in mice by electroacupuncture and gene deletion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10365. [PMID: 29985388 PMCID: PMC6037734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness (MS) is an acute disorder that occurs in healthy individuals worldwide regardless of gender, age, or ethnicity. Our study used a mouse model to rule out the effects of any psychological factors related to MS and EA. Subjects were randomly separated into four groups, namely the control group (Con), motion sickness inducing group (MS), mentioning sickness inducing with electroacupuncture treatment group (EA) and motion sickness inducing only in TRPV1 knockout mice group (TRPV1-/-). The consumption of kaolin, a non-nutrient substance, was measured as a behavior observed response of an emetic reflex in a murine model. This behavior is referred to as pica behavior. Our results showed that pica behavior was observed in the MS group. Moreover, kaolin consumption in the EA group decreased to the average baseline of the control group. A similar result was observed in TRPV1 null mice. We also observed an increase of TRPV1 and related molecules in the thalamus, hypothalamic and brain stem after MS stimulation and a significant decrease in the EA and TRPV1 null groups. This is the first study to demonstrate that TRPV1 pathways are possibly associated with mechanisms of MS, and can be attended through EA or TRPV1 genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanya Inprasit
- College of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science International Master Program, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- College of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Huang
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yih Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
- College of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
- College of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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Tighilet B, Léonard J, Watabe I, Bernard-Demanze L, Lacour M. Betahistine Treatment in a Cat Model of Vestibular Pathology: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Approaches. Front Neurol 2018; 9:431. [PMID: 29942281 PMCID: PMC6005348 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) approach using betahistine doses levels in unilateral vestibular neurectomized cats (UVN) comparable to those used in humans for treating patients with Menière's disease. The aim is to investigate for the first time oral betahistine administration (0.2 and 2 mg/kg/day) with plasma concentrations of betahistine and its major metabolite 2-pyridylacetic acid (2-PAA) (N = 9 cats), the time course of posture recovery (N = 13 cats), and the regulation of the enzyme synthesizing histamine (histidine decarboxylase: HDC) in the tuberomammillary nuclei (TMN) of UVN treated animals (N = the same 13 cats plus 4 negative control cats). In addition the effect of co-administration of the lower betahistine dose (0.2 mg/kg/day) and selegiline (1 mg/kg/day), an inhibitor of the monamine oxidase B (MAOBi) implicated in betahistine catabolism was investigated. The PK parameters were the peak concentration (Cmax), the time when the maximum concentration is reached (Tmax) for both betahistine and 2-PAA and the area under the curve (AUC). The PD approach consisted at quantifying the surface support area, which is a good estimation of posture recovery. The plasma concentration-time-profiles of betahistine and 2-PAA in cats were characterized by early Cmax-values followed by a phase of rapid decrease of plasma concentrations and a final long lasting low level of plasma concentrations. Co administration of selegiline and betahistine increased values of Cmax and AUC up to 146- and 180-fold, respectively. The lowest dose of betahistine (0.2 mg/kg) has no effects on postural function recovery but induced an acute symptomatic effect characterized by a fast balance improvement (4–6 days). The higher dose (2 mg/kg) and the co-administration treatment induced both this acute effect plus a significant acceleration of the recovery process. The histaminergic activity of the neurons in the TMN was significantly increased under treatment with the 2 mg/kg betahistine daily dose, but not with the lower dose alone or in combination with selegiline. The results show for the first time that faster balance recovery in UVN treated cats is accompanied with high plasma concentrations of betahistine and 2-PAA, and upregulation of HDC immunopositive neurons in the TMN. The higher betahistine dose gives results similar to those obtained with the lower dose when co-administrated with an inhibitor of betahistine metabolism, selegiline. From a clinical point of view, the study provides new perspectives for Menière's disease treatment, regarding the daily betahistine dose that should be necessary for fast and slow metabolizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Tighilet
- Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives, UMR 7260, Physiopathologie et Thérapie des Désordres Vestibulaires, Centre Saint-Charles, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Léonard
- Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives, UMR 7260, Physiopathologie et Thérapie des Désordres Vestibulaires, Centre Saint-Charles, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Watabe
- Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives, UMR 7260, Physiopathologie et Thérapie des Désordres Vestibulaires, Centre Saint-Charles, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Bernard-Demanze
- Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives, UMR 7260, Physiopathologie et Thérapie des Désordres Vestibulaires, Centre Saint-Charles, Marseille, France.,Service ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale Hôpital de la Conception Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Lacour
- Aix-Marseille Université - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives, UMR 7260, Physiopathologie et Thérapie des Désordres Vestibulaires, Centre Saint-Charles, Marseille, France
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Chen MM, Xu LH, Chang L, Yin P, Jiang ZL. Reduction of Motion Sickness Through Targeting Histamine N-Methyltransferase in the Dorsal Vagal Complex of the Brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 364:367-376. [PMID: 29298819 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) activity in the development of motion sickness (MS) in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) to inform the development of new drugs for MS, Beagle dogs and Sprague-Dawley rats were rotated to simulate MS. HNMT expression in the brain stem and DVC was measured. The effects of systemic application of tacrine, an HNMT inhibitor, on the development of MS were observed. Moreover, we microinjected a histamine receptor H1 inhibitor, promethazine, into the DVC to verify the involvement of histaminergic neurotransmission in MS. Finally, lentiviral vectors were microinjected into the DVC to determine the effects of altered HNMT expression on MS. We found the following: 1) HNMT expression in the medulla oblongata of dogs and rats insusceptible to MS was higher than in susceptible animals; 2) tacrine dose-dependently promoted MS in both animals and raised histamine level in rat medulla oblongata; 3) blocking histaminergic neurotransmission in the DVC with promethazine inhibited MS; 4) rotatory stimulus induced an elevation in HNMT expression, and vestibular training elevated the basal level of HNMT in the DVC during habituation to MS; 5) in vivo transfection of a lentiviral vector packaged with the HNMT gene increased HNMT expression in the DVC and reduced MS; and 6) microinjection of a lentiviral vector driving the interference of HNMT gene expression in vivo significantly inhibited HNMT expression in the DVC and exacerbated MS. In conclusion, HNMT expression in the brain stem is inversely correlated with MS development. Increasing HNMT expression or stimulating its activity in the DVC could inhibit MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Chen
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Xu
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yin
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Lin Jiang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Tu L, Lu Z, Dieser K, Schmitt C, Chan SW, Ngan MP, Andrews PLR, Nalivaiko E, Rudd JA. Brain Activation by H 1 Antihistamines Challenges Conventional View of Their Mechanism of Action in Motion Sickness: A Behavioral, c-Fos and Physiological Study in Suncus murinus (House Musk Shrew). Front Physiol 2017; 8:412. [PMID: 28659825 PMCID: PMC5470052 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness occurs under a variety of circumstances and is common in the general population. It is usually associated with changes in gastric motility, and hypothermia, which are argued to be surrogate markers for nausea; there are also reports that respiratory function is affected. As laboratory rodents are incapable of vomiting, Suncus murinus was used to model motion sickness and to investigate changes in gastric myoelectric activity (GMA) and temperature homeostasis using radiotelemetry, whilst also simultaneously investigating changes in respiratory function using whole body plethysmography. The anti-emetic potential of the highly selective histamine H1 receptor antagonists, mepyramine (brain penetrant), and cetirizine (non-brain penetrant), along with the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, were investigated in the present study. On isolated ileal segments from Suncus murinus, both mepyramine and cetirizine non-competitively antagonized the contractile action of histamine with pK b values of 7.5 and 8.4, respectively; scopolamine competitively antagonized the contractile action of acetylcholine with pA2 of 9.5. In responding animals, motion (1 Hz, 4 cm horizontal displacement, 10 min) increased the percentage of the power of bradygastria, and decreased the percentage power of normogastria whilst also causing hypothermia. Animals also exhibited an increase in respiratory rate and a reduction in tidal volume. Mepyramine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and scopolamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), but not cetirizine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), significantly antagonized motion-induced emesis but did not reverse the motion-induced disruptions of GMA, or hypothermia, or effects on respiration. Burst analysis of plethysmographic-derived waveforms showed mepyramine also had increased the inter-retch+vomit frequency, and emetic episode duration. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that motion alone did not induce c-fos expression in the brain. Paradoxically, mepyramine increased c-fos in brain areas regulating emesis control, and caused hypothermia; it also appeared to cause sedation and reduced the dominant frequency of slow waves. In conclusion, motion-induced emesis was associated with a disruption of GMA, respiration, and hypothermia. Mepyramine was a more efficacious anti-emetic than cetirizine, suggesting an important role of centrally-located H1 receptors. The ability of mepyramine to elevate c-fos provides a new perspective on how H1 receptors are involved in mechanisms of emesis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Karolina Dieser
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternZweibrücken, Germany
| | - Christina Schmitt
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternZweibrücken, Germany
| | - Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher EducationHong Kong, China
| | - Man P Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St. George's University of LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Nalivaiko
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of NewcastleCallaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China.,Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
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11
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Ronca AE, Baker ES, Bavendam TG, Beck KD, Miller VM, Tash JS, Jenkins M. Effects of sex and gender on adaptations to space: reproductive health. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2015; 23:967-74. [PMID: 25401943 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2014.4915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, sex/gender research relevant to reproduction on Earth, in conjunction with the extant human and animal observations in space, was used to identify knowledge gaps and prioritize recommendations for future sex- and gender-specific surveillance and monitoring of male and female astronauts. With overall increased durations of contemporary space missions, a deeper understanding of sex/gender effects on reproduction-related responses and adaptations to the space environment is warranted to minimize risks and insure healthy aging of the men and women who travel into space.
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Affiliation(s)
- April E Ronca
- 1 Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center , Mountainview, California
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12
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Tighilet B, Mourre C, Lacour M. Plasticity of the histamine H3 receptors after acute vestibular lesion in the adult cat. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 7:87. [PMID: 24427120 PMCID: PMC3879797 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN) many molecular and neurochemical mechanisms underlie the neurophysiological reorganizations occurring in the vestibular nuclei (VN) complex, as well as the behavioral recovery process. As a key regulator, the histaminergic system appears to be a likely candidate because drugs interfering with histamine (HA) neurotransmission facilitate behavioral recovery after vestibular lesion. This study aimed at analyzing the post-lesion changes of the histaminergic system by quantifying binding to histamine H3 receptors (H3R; mediating namely histamine autoinhibition) using a histamine H3 receptor agonist ([3H]N-α-methylhistamine). Experiments were done in brain sections of control cats (N = 6) and cats submitted to UVN and killed 1 (N = 6) or 3 (N = 6) weeks after the lesion. UVN induced a bilateral decrease in binding density of the agonist [3H]N-α-methylhistamine to H3R in the tuberomammillary nuclei (TMN) at 1 week post-lesion, with a predominant down-regulation in the ipsilateral TMN. The bilateral decrease remained at the 3 weeks survival time and became symmetric. Concerning brainstem structures, binding density in the VN, the prepositus hypoglossi, the subdivisions of the inferior olive decreased unilaterally on the ipsilateral side at 1 week and bilaterally 3 weeks after UVN. Similar changes were observed in the subdivisions of the solitary nucleus only 1 week after the lesion. These findings indicate vestibular lesion induces plasticity of the histamine H3R, which could contribute to vestibular function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Tighilet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260, FR - Comportement, Cerveau, Cognition (Behavior, Brain, and Cognition), Centre Saint-Charles, Case B, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Christiane Mourre
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, Centre Saint-Charles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Michel Lacour
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, UMR 7260, FR - Comportement, Cerveau, Cognition (Behavior, Brain, and Cognition), Centre Saint-Charles, Case B, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
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13
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Lychakov DV. Motion sickness in lower vertebrates: Studies in weightlessness and under normal conditions. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093012050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Horii A, Nakagawa A, Uno A, Kitahara T, Imai T, Nishiike S, Takeda N, Inohara H. Implication of substance P neuronal system in the amygdala as a possible mechanism for hypergravity-induced motion sickness. Brain Res 2012; 1435:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Abe C, Iwata C, Shiina T, Shimizu Y, Morita H. Effect of daily linear acceleration training on the hypergravity-induced vomiting response in house musk shrew (Suncus murinus). Neurosci Lett 2011; 502:138-42. [PMID: 21741451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of repeated linear acceleration training and the antimotion sickness drug, promethazine, on hypergravity-induced motion sickness were examined in musk shrew (Suncus murinus), which is known to show a vomiting response to motion stimulation. Animals were assigned into five groups: vestibular intact, untreated animals (Sham), vestibular lesioned (VL) animals, vestibular intact animals with promethazine hydrochloride administered as daily drinking water (Prom), vestibular intact animals who underwent horizontal linear accelerator motion training (Train), and vestibular intact animals treated with both promethazine hydrochloride and linear acceleration training (Prom+Train). In Sham animals, the number of vomiting episodes was 14±2 during 2 G exposure for 10min, and was accompanied by intense Fos expression in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVe), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the area postrema (AP), and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN). The vomiting response and Fos expression were completely abolished in VL animals, indicating that these responses are mediated via the vestibular system. Although Train and Prom animals experienced a significantly reduced number of hypergravity-induced vomiting episodes compared with Sham animals, the effect was significantly greater in Train animals than in Prom animals. Fos expression in the NTS, AP, and PVN were significantly more reduced in Train animals than in Prom animals. Higher dose of bolus injection of promethazine (50mg/kg, i.p.) completely abolished the vomiting episodes, although the animals were drowsy and sedated due to side effects. In conclusion, daily linear acceleration training and promethazine could prevent the hypergravity-induced vomiting episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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16
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Abe C, Tanaka K, Iwata C, Morita H. Vestibular-mediated increase in central serotonin plays an important role in hypergravity-induced hypophagia in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1635-43. [PMID: 20847126 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00515.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a hypergravity environment induces acute transient hypophagia, which is partially restored by a vestibular lesion (VL), suggesting that the vestibular system is involved in the afferent pathway of hypergravity-induced hypophagia. When rats were placed in a 3-G environment for 14 days, Fos-containing cells increased in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the medial vestibular nucleus, the raphe nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the area postrema. The increase in Fos expression was completely abolished or significantly suppressed by VL. Therefore, these regions may be critical for the initiation and integration of hypophagia. Because the vestibular nucleus contains serotonergic neurons and because serotonin (5-HT) is a key neurotransmitter in hypophagia, with possible involvement in motion sickness, we hypothesized that central 5-HT increases during hypergravity and induces hypophagia. To examine this proposition, the 5-HT concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid were measured when rats were reared in a 3-G environment for 14 days. The 5-HT concentrations increased in the hypergravity environment, and these increases were completely abolished in rats with VL. Furthermore, a 5-HT(2A) antagonist (ketanserin) significantly reduced 3-G (120 min) load-induced Fos expression in the medial vestibular nucleus, and chronically administered ketanserin ameliorated hypergravity-induced hypophagia. These results indicate that hypergravity induces an increase in central 5-HT via the vestibular input and that this increase plays a significant role in hypergravity-induced hypophagia. The 5-HT(2A) receptor is involved in the signal transduction of hypergravity stress in the vestibular nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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17
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Sato G, Uno A, Horii A, Umehara H, Kitamura Y, Sekine K, Tamura K, Fukui H, Takeda N. Effects of hypergravity on histamine H1 receptor mRNA expression in hypothalamus and brainstem of rats: implications for development of motion sickness. Acta Otolaryngol 2009; 129:45-51. [PMID: 18607976 DOI: 10.1080/00016480802008173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION The study findings suggest that histamine was released from the axon terminals in the hypothalamus and brainstem and the released histamine activated post-synaptic H1 receptors there, resulting in the development of motion sickness. OBJECTIVES We first examined which subtype of post-synaptic histaminergic receptor was responsible for the development of motion sickness. We then examined whether H1 receptors were up-regulated in various areas of the rat brain after 2 G hypergravity load, because the stimulation of H1 receptor was reported to up-regulate the level of H1 receptor protein expression through augmentation of H1 receptor mRNA expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose, we used an animal model of motion sickness, using pica (eating non-nutritive substances such as kaolin), as a behavioral index in rats. RESULTS After 2 G hypergravity load, rats ate a significant amount of kaolin, indicating that they suffered from motion sickness. The hypergravity-induced kaolin intake was suppressed by mepyramine, but not by terfinadine or zolantizine. This finding indicates that cerebral post-synaptic H1 but not H2 or peripheral H1 receptors play an important role in the development of motion sickness. The expression of H1 receptor mRNA was up-regulated in the hypothalamus and brainstem, but not in the cerebral cortex after 2 G hypergravity load in rats.
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18
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Abstract
Histamine is a transmitter in the nervous system and a signaling molecule in the gut, the skin, and the immune system. Histaminergic neurons in mammalian brain are located exclusively in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and send their axons all over the central nervous system. Active solely during waking, they maintain wakefulness and attention. Three of the four known histamine receptors and binding to glutamate NMDA receptors serve multiple functions in the brain, particularly control of excitability and plasticity. H1 and H2 receptor-mediated actions are mostly excitatory; H3 receptors act as inhibitory auto- and heteroreceptors. Mutual interactions with other transmitter systems form a network that links basic homeostatic and higher brain functions, including sleep-wake regulation, circadian and feeding rhythms, immunity, learning, and memory in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut L Haas
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Lychakov DV, Aristakesian EA, Oganesyan GA. Effect of swinging on EEG of rats of juvenile age in the wakefulness state. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209300705009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Tighilet B, Trottier S, Mourre C, Lacour M. Changes in the histaminergic system during vestibular compensation in the cat. J Physiol 2006; 573:723-39. [PMID: 16613878 PMCID: PMC1779741 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.107805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine how the histaminergic system is implicated in vestibular compensation, we studied the changes in histidine decarboxylase (HDC; the enzyme synthesizing histamine) mRNA regulation in the tuberomammillary (TM) nuclei of cats killed 1 week, 3 weeks and 3 months after unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN). We also used one- and two-step bilateral vestibular neurectomized (BVN) cats to determine whether HDC mRNA regulation depended on the asymmetrical vestibular input received by the TM nuclei neurons. In addition, we analysed the HDC mRNA changes in the TM nuclei and the recovery of behavioural functions in UVN cats treated with thioperamide, a pure histaminergic drug. Finally, we quantified binding to histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) in the medial vestibular nucleus (VN) by means of a histamine H3R agonist ([3H]N-alpha-methylhistamine) in order to further investigate the sites and mechanisms of action of histamine in this structure. This study shows that UVN increases HDC mRNA expression in the ipsilateral TM nucleus at 1 week. This increased expression persisted 3 weeks after UVN, and regained control values at 3 months. HDC mRNA expression was unchanged in the one-step BVN cats but showed mirror asymmetrical increases in the two-step BVN compared to the 1 week UVN cats. Three weeks' thioperamide treatment induced a bilateral HDC mRNA up-regulation in the UVN cats, which was higher than in the untreated UVN group. Binding to histamine H3Rs in the MVN showed a strong bilateral decrease after thioperamide treatment, while it was reduced ipsilaterally in the UVN cats. That such changes of the histaminergic system induced by vestibular lesion and treatment may play a functional role in vestibular compensation is strongly supported by the behavioural data. Indeed, spontaneous nystagmus, posture and locomotor balance were rapidly recovered in the UVN cats treated with thioperamide. These results demonstrate that changes in histamine levels are related to vestibular compensation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cats
- Functional Laterality
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Histamine/metabolism
- Histamine Agonists/metabolism
- Histamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Histamine Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Histidine Decarboxylase/genetics
- Histidine Decarboxylase/metabolism
- Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/drug effects
- Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/enzymology
- Methylhistamines/metabolism
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Nystagmus, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/therapeutic use
- Postural Balance/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H3/drug effects
- Receptors, Histamine H3/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Vestibular Nerve/surgery
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/drug effects
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/enzymology
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/innervation
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Tighilet
- UMR 6149 Neurobiologie Intégrative et Adaptative, Pôle 3C Comportement, Cerveau, Cognition, Centre de St Charles - Case B, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France.
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21
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Francia N, Santucci D, Aloe L, Alleva E. Neurobehavioral coping to altered gravity: endogenous responses of neurotrophins. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:185-94. [PMID: 14699965 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
An altered gravitational environment represents a unique challenge for biological systems that have evolved against gravitational background. Ground-based and space research indicates that the developing nervous system is potentially affected by exposure to hyper/microgravity. With the construction of the orbiting International Space Station long-term research on the nervous system will be possible. With this perspective, we started ground-based studies to characterize mouse behavioral responses to rotation-induced 2 g hypergravity, using a custom-made centrifuge device. Brain levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as NGF and BDNF expression and mast cell distribution in heart and lung, were evaluated and correlated with the changes in mouse behavior upon hypergravity exposure. Hypergravity strongly affected the spontaneous activity of the animals, selectively modifying mouse behavioral repertoire. Such changes were mainly related to variations in brain levels of NGF, while BDNF was slightly affected, thus confirming a role for these neurotrophins in neuronal plasticity underlying experience-induced neurobehavioral changes. Moreover, gender differences were observed in both behavioral and neurobiological responses to hypergravity. These results indicate that changes in the gravitational environment might represent a useful tool to investigate the neurobiological and behavioral responses to stressors and may provide insights into the mechanisms underlying development and plasticity of nervous system in brain, heart, and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Francia
- Behavioral Pathophysiology Section, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
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22
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Nakagawa A, Uno A, Horii A, Kitahara T, Kawamoto M, Uno Y, Fukushima M, Nishiike S, Takeda N, Kubo T. Fos induction in the amygdala by vestibular information during hypergravity stimulation. Brain Res 2003; 986:114-23. [PMID: 12965235 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Altered gravity environments including both hypo- and hypergravity can elicit motion sickness. Vestibular information is known to be essential for motion sickness, but its other neural substrates are poorly understood. We previously showed that bilateral lesions of the amygdala suppressed hypergravity-induced motion sickness in rats, using pica behavior as an emetic index. We show in the present study that during hypergravity stimulation, vestibular information activated the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), as determined by the induction of Fos expression, in comparison between normal and bilaterally labyrinthectomized rats. The finding that Fos expression was confined to the CeA and almost completely absent in other subnuclei of the amygdala contrasted with many previous studies that used other stressful stimuli such as foot shock, restraint and forced swimming, suggesting a specific vestibular effects on the amygdala. Prolongation of hypergravity resulted in reduction of Fos expression in the CeA, suggesting a process of habituation. Such decreases appeared earlier than in the vestibular nucleus, suggesting that adaptive changes in the CeA to hypergravity were independent of changes in the vestibular input. Our results suggest the amygdala is a neural substrate involved in the development of and habituation to motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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23
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Rudd JA, Yamamoto K, Yamatodani A, Takeda N. Differential action of ondansetron and dexamethasone to modify cisplatin-induced acute and delayed kaolin consumption ("pica") in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 454:47-52. [PMID: 12409004 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cisplatin to induce acute (0-24 h) and delayed (24-48 and 48-72 h) phases of kaolin ingestion (pica) was investigated in the rat. Cisplatin 3 mg/kg, i.p., induced kaolin consumption during the 0-24- (P<0.001) and 48-72-h (P<0.05) periods that was antagonised by dexamethasone 1 mg/kg, i.p., administered every 12 h alone or in combination with ondansetron 2 mg/kg, i.p., administered every 12 h (P<0.05). As a single treatment, ondansetron 2 mg/kg, i.p., administered every 12 h potentiated cisplatin-induced kaolin consumption by 41% (P<0.05) during the 0-24-h period but had no action to modify the delayed response (P>0.05). Dexamethasone 1 mg/kg, i.p., administered every 12 h and cisplatin 3 and 6 mg/kg, i.p., but not ondansetron 2 mg/kg, i.p., administered every 12 h (P>0.05) reduced food consumption and decreased rat weight. The highest dose of cisplatin 6 mg/kg, i.p., induced acute (P<0.001) but not delayed kaolin ingestion (P>0.05). The action of cisplatin to induce acute and delayed pica is complicated and may be affected by drugs that modify appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Rudd
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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24
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Abstract
Recent studies, which have shown an increase of plasma vasopressin (VP) in experimental motion sickness and the efficacy of VP antagonists for motion sickness, suggest an important role of VP in the development of vestibulo-autonomic responses. We have recently found evidence of the co-existence of vasopressinergic neurons with the stress-sensitive chemokinergic neuronal system in the hypothalamo-pituitary pathway in rats, which uses cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) as an effector molecule. In this study, to elucidate possible roles of VP and CINC in the vestibulo-autonomic responses, we simultaneously measured plasma VP and CINC concentrations after electrical or caloric vestibular stimulation in urethane-anesthetized rats. Electrical vestibular stimulation with more than 200 microA increased the plasma levels of VP in a current intensity-dependent manner, and stimulation with 500 microA increased the plasma VP levels to 350% of the normal control group, which received no stimulation. Caloric vestibular stimulation with cold water increased the plasma VP levels to 262% of the control group, which received caloric stimulation with water at 37 degrees C, and stimulation with warm water tended to increase the plasma VP levels. Plasma CINC levels were neither affected by electrical nor caloric vestibular stimulation. These findings indicate that vestibular stimulation increased plasma levels of VP but not CINC, and this vestibular-induced activation of VP neurons may be involved in a mechanism of vestibulo-autonomic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Horii
- Department of Otolaryngology and Sensory Organ Surgery, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
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25
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Kumei Y, Shimokawa R, Kimoto M, Kawauchi Y, Shimokawa H, Makita K, Ohya K, Toda K. Gravity stress elevates the nociceptive threshold level with immunohistochemical changes in the rat brain. ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2001; 49:381-390. [PMID: 11669125 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-5765(01)00114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Young Wistar male rats were exposed to 2G hypergravity by continuous centrifugation for 15 minutes. The nociceptive threshold was measured by using the von Frey type filament on the rat skin surfaces after hypergravity exposure. Following the hypergravity exposure, rats were sacrificed with anesthesia, then perfused and fixed for immunohistochemical examination. The 2G hypergravity elevated the nociceptive threshold up to 2-fold and induced analgesic effects on rats that remained for 2 hours after termination of centrifugation. Expression of Fos-immunoreactive proteins was prominently induced by 2G hypergravity in the arcuate nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The 15-minute flash exposure to 2G hypergravity induced pain suppression in rats, which might be attributed to change of neuronal activity in rat hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kumei
- Section of Biochemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549
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26
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Abstract
Histamine-releasing neurons are located exclusively in the TM of the hypothalamus, from where they project to practically all brain regions, with ventral areas (hypothalamus, basal forebrain, amygdala) receiving a particularly strong innervation. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of TM neurons (slow spontaneous firing, broad action potentials, deep after hyperpolarisations, etc.) are extremely similar to other aminergic neurons. Their firing rate varies across the sleep-wake cycle, being highest during waking and lowest during rapid-eye movement sleep. In contrast to other aminergic neurons somatodendritic autoreceptors (H3) do not activate an inwardly rectifying potassium channel but instead control firing by inhibiting voltage-dependent calcium channels. Histamine release is enhanced under extreme conditions such as dehydration or hypoglycemia or by a variety of stressors. Histamine activates four types of receptors. H1 receptors are mainly postsynaptically located and are coupled positively to phospholipase C. High densities are found especially in the hypothalamus and other limbic regions. Activation of these receptors causes large depolarisations via blockade of a leak potassium conductance, activation of a non-specific cation channel or activation of a sodium-calcium exchanger. H2 receptors are also mainly postsynaptically located and are coupled positively to adenylyl cyclase. High densities are found in hippocampus, amygdala and basal ganglia. Activation of these receptors also leads to mainly excitatory effects through blockade of calcium-dependent potassium channels and modulation of the hyperpolarisation-activated cation channel. H3 receptors are exclusively presynaptically located and are negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. High densities are found in the basal ganglia. These receptors mediated presynaptic inhibition of histamine release and the release of other neurotransmitters, most likely via inhibition of presynaptic calcium channels. Finally, histamine modulates the glutamate NMDA receptor via an action at the polyamine binding site. The central histamine system is involved in many central nervous system functions: arousal; anxiety; activation of the sympathetic nervous system; the stress-related release of hormones from the pituitary and of central aminergic neurotransmitters; antinociception; water retention and suppression of eating. A role for the neuronal histamine system as a danger response system is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Brown
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40001, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Uno A, Takeda N, Horii A, Sakata Y, Yamatodani A, Kubo T. Effects of amygdala or hippocampus lesion on hypergravity-induced motion sickness in rats. Acta Otolaryngol 2000; 120:860-5. [PMID: 11132721 DOI: 10.1080/000164800750061732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of amygdala lesion (AL) or hippocampal lesion (HL) on hypergravity-induced motion sickness in rats. Rats do not vomit, but the behavior known as pica, the eating of non-nutritive substances such as kaolin, can be used as an index of motion sickness. In the present study, hypergravity-induced kaolin intake and apomorphine-induced kaolin intake were measured before and after brain lesions. After AL, hypergravity-induced kaolin intake and the ratio of the hypergravity- to apomorphine-induced kaolin intakes were decreased. These results indicate that AL suppressed motion sickness more than pica behavior itself, suggesting that the amygdala plays an important role in the development of motion sickness in rats. Conversely, after HL, hypergravity-induced kaolin intake was increased, as was the ratio of the hypergravity- to apomorphine-induced kaolin intakes. These results indicate that HL aggravates motion sickness induced by hypergravity in rats, suggesting that the hippocampus counteracts motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uno
- Department of Otolaryngology, Suita Municipal Hospital, Japan.
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28
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Gustave Dit Duflo S, Gestreau C, Lacour M. Fos expression in the rat brain after exposure to gravito-inertial force changes. Brain Res 2000; 861:333-44. [PMID: 10760495 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The immediate-early genes constitute useful neurobiological tools for mapping brain functional activity after sensory stimulation. We immunohistochemically investigated Fos protein expression in the brain of rats exposed to gravito-inertial force changes. Experiments were performed in hypergravity rats born and housed for 60 days in terrestrian gravity (1xg) and thereafter exposed for 90 min to 2xg or 4xg in a centrifuge, and in hypogravity rats born and housed for 60 days at 2xg and submitted for 90 min to 1xg. Data from these two experimental groups were quantified by light microscopy and compared to those from two groups of control rats born and permanently housed in either 1xg or 2xg environments that never had to adapt to novel gravito-inertial environments. Results showed a low basal Fos expression in the controls and a strong Fos staining in the experimental rats. Only the hypergravity rats displayed Fos-positive cells in vestibular-related brainstem regions (medial, inferior, and superior vestibular nuclei (VN); group y; dorsomedial cell column (DMCC) of the inferior olive (IO)). By contrast, many suprabulbar areas were strongly labeled in both the hyper- and hypogravity rats, as shown by the numerous Fos-positive cells in mesencephalic (colliculus, laterodorsal periaqueductal gray, autonomic nuclei), diencephalic (hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei), and telencephalic (parietal, temporal, entorhinal and visual cortices) structures. These spatial patterns of Fos expression suggest that an increase in gravito-inertial force activates otolith-vestibulo-olivar pathways and various suprabulbar structures underlying the corticovestibular interactions, which govern the multiple representations of vestibular information in the cortex. A decrease in gravito-inertial force has the opposite effects on the vestibulo-olivar structures as a result of otolith system disfacilitation which, in turn, modifies the activity of complex neural pathways. Exposure to both hyper- and hypogravity environments likely induces neurovegetative and/or stress effects that could account for Fos labeling in autonomic nuclei and in nervous structures involved in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gustave Dit Duflo
- UMR 6562 Université de Provence/CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Restaurations Fonctionnelles, 52, Faculté des Sciences de St. Jérôme, Case 361, Marseille, France
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