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Reed J, Orme A, El-Demerdash A, Owen C, Martin LBB, Misra RC, Kikuchi S, Rejzek M, Martin AC, Harkess A, Leebens-Mack J, Louveau T, Stephenson MJ, Osbourn A. Elucidation of the pathway for biosynthesis of saponin adjuvants from the soapbark tree. Science 2023; 379:1252-1264. [PMID: 36952412 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The Chilean soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria) produces soap-like molecules called QS saponins that are important vaccine adjuvants. These highly valuable compounds are sourced by extraction from the bark, and their biosynthetic pathway is unknown. Here, we sequenced the Q. saponaria genome. Through genome mining and combinatorial expression in tobacco, we identified 16 pathway enzymes that together enable the production of advanced QS pathway intermediates that represent a bridgehead for adjuvant bioengineering. We further identified the enzymes needed to make QS-7, a saponin with excellent therapeutic properties and low toxicity that is present in low abundance in Q. saponaria bark extract. Our results enable the production of Q. saponaria vaccine adjuvants in tobacco and open the way for new routes to access and engineer natural and new-to-nature immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Reed
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anastasia Orme
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Charlotte Owen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Rajesh C Misra
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Shingo Kikuchi
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Martin Rejzek
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Alex Harkess
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Thomas Louveau
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Anne Osbourn
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Cibulski S, de Souza TA, Raimundo JP, Nascimento YM, Abreu LS, Suarez N, Miraballes I, Roehe PM, de Araújo DAM, Tavares JF, da Silva MS, Silveira F. ISCOM-Matrices Nanoformulation Using the Raw Aqueous Extract of Quillaja lancifolia (Q. brasiliensis). BIONANOSCIENCE 2022; 12:1166-1171. [PMID: 35967762 PMCID: PMC9362619 DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-01023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quillaja saponins have an intrinsic capacity to interact with membrane lipids that self-assembles in nanoparticles (immunostimulating complexes or ISCOM-matrices) with outstanding immunoadjuvant activity and low toxicity profile. However, the expensive and laborious purification processes applied to purify Quillaja saponins used to assemble ISCOM-matrices show an important drawback in the large-scale use of this vaccine adjuvant. Thus, in this study, we describe a protocol to appropriately formulate ISCOM-matrices using the raw aqueous extract (AE) of Quillaja lancifolia leaves. In the presence of lipids, AE was able to self-assemble in nanostructures that resembles immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM). These negatively charged nanoparticles of approximately 40 nm were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. In addition, well-known saponins with remarkable immunoadjuvant activity, as QS-21, were detected into nanoparticles. Thus, the easier, robust, cheaper, and environmentally friendly method developed here may be an alternative to the classical methods for ISCOM-matrices production that use high-purified saponins.
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Hardi EH, Nugroho RA, Isnansetyo A, Agriandini M, Kusuma IW, Sidik AS. Simultaneous Administration of <i>Boesenbergia pandurata</i> Extract and Vaccination to Stimulate Immune Response in Tilapia, <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 22:419-426. [PMID: 31930872 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2019.419.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The use of adjuvants or immunostimulants is often necessary to increase vaccine efficacy, in this study we evaluated the improvement of the immune response in tilapia treated by either oral and immersion administration with vaccine and Boesenbergia pandurata extract (BPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS The initial concentration of BPE and the cell density of vaccine were 900 mg L-1 and 104 CFU mL-1 for oral administration while 106 CFU mL-1 for immersion, respectively. The extract and vaccine were mixed homogeneously in a ratio of 1:1. Further, the mixture was supplemented to feed at 1 mL g-1 feed. Tilapia with average initial body weight of 15 g were fed containing vaccine and BPE 3 times a day. The other group of fish was immersed with vaccine and BPE for 20 min. After 7th (d7), 14th (d14) and21th (d21) days of treatment, a challenge test was conducted by intramuscularly injection of 0.1 mL of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens mixture (1:1) at a density of 105 CFU mL-1. Antibody levels, total white blood cell (WBC) and phagocytic activity (PA) were evaluated to determine the immune improvement of the fish. Furthermore, relative percent survival (RPS) and the survival rate (SR) were evaluated at week 2 and 4 after challenge test. RESULT Results indicated that the all parameters of tilapia immune system were increased (p<0.05) after 2-4 weeks of both administration methods. Meanwhile, the efficacy of the vaccine has increased by combining BPE treatment using immersion method better than oral method. The RPS of vaccination plus extract by immersion was 83-100% and by oral administration was 83-87%. CONCLUSION The present results implied that B. pandurata extract boost the efficacy of the Pseudomonas sp. vaccine by increasing the immune system and diseases resistance in tilapia.
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Wallace F, Bennadji Z, Ferreira F, Olivaro C. Structural characterisation of new immunoadjuvant saponins from leaves and the first study of saponins from the bark of Quillaja brasiliensis by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation ion trap mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2019; 30:644-652. [PMID: 31059191 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quillaja brasiliensis (St. A. -Hil. & Tul) Mart (Quillajaceae) is a species native to South America, which is rich in saponins. Saponins are used in different industries, so there is a constant demand for this type of compound. Based on the wide range of applications for the saponins found in this species, notably as immunoadjuvants, we conducted a comprehensive study of this tree and its saponins. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work is to complete the characterisation of the immunoadjuvant saponin fraction from Q. brasiliensis leaves and further study the saponin fraction obtained from Q. brasiliensis bark. METHODOLOGY Saponin fractions were studied using mass spectrometry in combination with classical methods of monosaccharide and methylation analysis. We performed direct infusion and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation ion trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry (DI-ESI-IT-MSn and LC-ESI-IT-MS2 ). RESULTS Seventy-five saponins, 21 from leaves and 54 from bark, were tentatively identified according to their molecular mass, fragmentation pattern and chromatographic behaviour. This work represents the first investigation of saponins from the bark of Q. brasiliensis and some of them presented new structural motifs not previously reported in the genus Quillaja. CONCLUSION The efficiency and selectivity of the data dependent LC-MS2 method allowed the rapid profiling of saponins from Q. brasiliensis. The results of the monosaccharide and methylation analysis performed in saponins from Q. brasiliensis fractions and Q. saponaria Molina (Quillajaceae) fraction gives further support to the structures proposed according to the mass spectral data, validating the strategy used in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Wallace
- Espacio de Ciencia y Tecnología Química, Centro Universitario de Tacuarembó, UdelaR, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Zohra Bennadji
- Programa Nacional de Investigación en Producción Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Espacio de Ciencia y Tecnología Química, Centro Universitario de Tacuarembó, UdelaR, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Carbohidratos y Glicoconjugados, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Udelar, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cristina Olivaro
- Espacio de Ciencia y Tecnología Química, Centro Universitario de Tacuarembó, UdelaR, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
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Jiang X, Strobel BW, Cedergreen N, Cao Y, Hansen HCB. Stability of saponin biopesticides: hydrolysis in aqueous solutions and lake waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1204-1214. [PMID: 31241099 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Saponins form a group of plant-produced glycosides with potential as biopesticide ingredients. The environmental fate of saponins has never been fully investigated. In the present study, we use QS-18, a specific saponin from Quillaja saponaria as an example, to quantify hydrolysis under different conditions of pH, temperature and water chemical composition. Saponin hydrolysis in buffer solutions was base-catalyzed and followed first-order kinetics. Thus, hydrolysis was slow at pH 5.1 with a half-life of 330 ± 220 d (26 °C), which increases to 0.06 ± 0.01 d at pH 10.0. Hydrolysis rates were highly sensitive to temperature with an activation energy of 56.9 ± 14.2 kJ mol-1 at pH 7.2. In strong contrast, hydrolysis in lake waters (pH 6.4-8.2) produced different patterns with a fast initial dissipation of 25 to 60% of the added saponin within the first five hours, followed by an extremely slow reaction with 25 to 75% unreacted saponin left after reaction times longer than 120 h. The fast dissipation followed by slow hydrolysis in lake water was hypothesized to be attributed to sorption and/or flocculation of saponins by inorganic nanoparticles and/or solutes in the lake water followed by inactivation of hydrolysis due to the sorption/flocculation. The present study demonstrates that saponins may hydrolyze slowly under acidic and cold conditions. In addition, it demonstrates that dissipation kinetics in natural waters may deviate substantially from the kinetics predicted based on laboratory experiments with "clean" buffered solutions. This emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of the processes affecting the dissipation kinetics of potential toxins under natural conditions, as fate models based on laboratory derived kinetic data may be seriously flawed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Jiang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Hans Chr Bruun Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Arrau S, Rodríguez-Díaz M, Cassels BK, Valenzuela-Barra G, Delporte C, Barriga A, Miranda HF. Antihyperalgesic Activity of Quillaic Acid Obtained from Quillaja Saponaria Mol. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:927-930. [PMID: 31072292 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190509115741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quillaja saponaria Mol. bark contains a high concentration of triterpene saponins that have been used for centuries as a cleansing, antiinflammatory and analgesic agent in Chilean folk medicine. In earlier studies, in mice, both the anti-inflammatory as well as the antinociceptive effect of the major sapogenin, quillaic acid have been demonstrated (QA). OBJECTIVE To determine the antihyperalgesic effect of QA one and seven days after itpl administration of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in male mice using the hot plate test in the presence of complete Freund's adjuvant (HP/CFA) as an acute and chronic skeletal muscle pain model. METHODS The present study evaluated the antihyperalgesic activity of QA against acute and chronic skeletal muscle pain models in mice using the hot plate test in the presence of complete Freund's adjuvant (HP/CFA), at 24 h (acute assay) and 7 days (chronic assay) , with dexketoprofen (DEX) as the reference drug. RESULTS In acute and chronic skeletal muscle pain assays, QA at 30 mg/kg ip elicited its maximal antihyperalgesic effects (65.0% and 53.4%) at 24 h and 7 days, respectively. The maximal effect of DEX (99.0 and 94.1 at 24 h and 7 days, respectively) was induced at 100 mg/kg. CONCLUSION QA and DEX elicit dose-dependent antihyperalgesic effects against acute and chronic skeletal muscle pain, but QA is more potent than DEX in the early and late periods of inflammatory pain induced by CFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Arrau
- Departamento Nucleo de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Mayor, 8580745, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maité Rodríguez-Díaz
- Escuela de Quimica y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370092, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruce K Cassels
- Departamento de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 7800003, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Valenzuela-Barra
- Departamento de Quimica Farmacologica y Toxicologica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Delporte
- Departamento de Quimica Farmacologica y Toxicologica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Barriga
- Unidad de Espectrometria de Masa, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad de Chile. 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo F Miranda
- Escuela de Medicina, Programa de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 8380456, Santiago, Chile
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Fleck JD, Betti AH, da Silva FP, Troian EA, Olivaro C, Ferreira F, Verza SG. Saponins from Quillaja saponaria and Quillaja brasiliensis: Particular Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:E171. [PMID: 30621160 PMCID: PMC6337100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quillaja saponaria Molina represents the main source of saponins for industrial applications. Q. saponaria triterpenoids have been studied for more than four decades and their relevance is due to their biological activities, especially as a vaccine adjuvant and immunostimulant, which have led to important research in the field of vaccine development. These saponins, alone or incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs), are able to modulate immunity by increasing antigen uptake, stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte production (Th1) and cytokines (Th2) in response to different antigens. Furthermore, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antitumor activities are also reported as important biological properties of Quillaja triterpenoids. Recently, other saponins from Q. brasiliensis (A. St.-Hill. & Tul.) Mart. were successfully tested and showed similar chemical and biological properties to those of Q. saponaria barks. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the current advances in phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge of saponins from Quillaja plants, including the particular chemical characteristics of these triterpenoids. The potential applications of Quillaja saponins to stimulate further drug discovery research will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Deise Fleck
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Andresa Heemann Betti
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Francini Pereira da Silva
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Artur Troian
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Olivaro
- Science and Chemical Technology Department, University Center of Tacuarembó, Udelar, Tacuarembó 45000, Uruguay.
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry Department, Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates Laboratory, Udelar, Mondevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Simone Gasparin Verza
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
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Gupta PD, Birdi TJ. Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2017; 8:266-275. [PMID: 28869082 PMCID: PMC5747506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics in the previous century lead to reduction in mortality and morbidity due to infectious diseases but their inappropriate and irrational use has resulted in emergence of resistant microbial populations. Alteration of target sites, active efflux of drugs and enzymatic degradations are the strategies employed by the pathogenic bacteria to develop intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. This has led to an increased interest in medicinal plants since 25-50% of current pharmaceuticals are plant derived. Crude extracts of medicinal plants could serve as an alternate source of resistance modifying agents owing to the wide variety of secondary metabolites. These metabolites (alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols etc.) could act as potentials for antimicrobials and resistance modifiers. Plant extracts have the ability to bind to protein domains leading to modification or inhibition protein-protein interactions. This enables the herbals to also present themselves as effective modulators of host related cellular processes viz immune response, mitosis, apoptosis and signal transduction. Thus they may exert their activity not only by killing the microorganism but by affecting key events in the pathogenic process, thereby, the bacteria, fungi and viruses may have a reduced ability to develop resistance to botanicals. The article is meant to stimulate research wherein the cidal activity of the extract is not the only parameter considered but other mechanism of action by which plants can combat drug resistant microbes are investigated. The present article emphasizes on mechanisms involved in countering multi drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja D Gupta
- The Foundation for Medical Research, 84-A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai, 400 018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tannaz J Birdi
- The Foundation for Medical Research, 84-A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai, 400 018, Maharashtra, India.
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Tippel J, Reim V, Rohn S, Drusch S. Colour stability of lutein esters in liquid and spray dried delivery systems based on Quillaja saponins. Food Res Int 2016; 87:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Maier C, Conrad J, Steingass CB, Beifuss U, Carle R, Schweiggert RM. Quillajasides A and B: New Phenylpropanoid Sucrose Esters from the Inner Bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8905-8911. [PMID: 26375986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic composition of freshly prepared aqueous extracts of the inner bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina was compared to that of commercially available Quillaja extracts, which are currently used as emulsifiers in foods and cosmetics. Major phenolics in both extracts were (+)-piscidic acid and several p-coumaroyl sucrose esters. Among the latter, two new compounds were isolated and characterized: α-l-rhap-(1→4)-α-l-rhap-(1→3)-(4-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-α-d-glup-(1→2)-(3-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-fruf (quillajaside A) and β-d-apif-(1→4)-α-l-rhap-(1→4)-α-l-rhap-(1→3)-(4-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-α-d-glup-(1→2)-(3-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-fruf (quillajaside B). In addition, a putative biosynthetic pathway of at least 20 structurally related p-coumaroyl sucrose esters was tentatively identified. Besides their antioxidant activity and their potential function as substrate for enzymatic browning reactions, the new compounds are highly characteristic for both the inner bark of Q. saponaria and commercial extracts derived therefrom. Consequently, they might serve as authenticity markers for the detection of Quillaja extracts in food and cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Maier
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Conrad
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christof B Steingass
- Department of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Beifuss
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Department of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80257, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf M Schweiggert
- Department of Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Prevention of rotavirus infections in vitro with aqueous extracts of Quillaja Saponaria Molina. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1083-97. [PMID: 20725585 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in newborns and young children worldwide, estimated to be responsible for over 300,000 childhood deaths every year, mostly in developing countries. Rotavirus-related deaths represent approximately 5% of all deaths in children younger than 5 years of age worldwide. Saponins are readily soluble in water and are approved by the US FDA for inclusion in beverages intended for human consumption. The addition of saponins to existing water supplies offers a new form of intervention into the cycle of rotavirus infection. We believe that saponins will 'coat' the epithelium of the host's small intestine and prevent attachment of rotavirus. DISCUSSION This experiment provides in vitro data for the possibility of including saponin in drinking water to prevent infections of rotavirus. We demonstrate that microgram amounts of extract, while exhibiting no cell cytotoxicity or direct virucidal activity, prevent rotavirus from infecting its host cells. In addition, the presence of residual amounts of extract continue to block viral infection and render cells resistant to infection for at least 16 h after the removal of the extract from the cell culture media. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that two Quillaja extracts possess strong antiviral activity at concentrations more than 1000-fold lower than concentrations exhibiting cell cytotoxicity. Extract concentrations as high as 1000 μg/ml are not cytotoxic, but concentrations as low as 1.0 μg/ml are able to block rotavirus and reovirus attachment and infection.
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Bankefors J, Broberg S, Nord LI, Kenne L. Electrospray ionization ion-trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry of Quillaja saponins. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:658-665. [PMID: 21706675 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen identified C-18 fatty acyl-containing saponin structures from Quillaja saponaria Molina have been investigated by electrospray ionization ion-trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry (ESI-IT-MS(n)) in positive ion mode. Their MS(1)-MS(3) spectra were analyzed and ions corresponding to useful fragments, important for the structural identification of Quillaja saponins, were recognized. A few key fragments could describe the structural variations in the C-3 and the C-28 oligosaccharides of the Quillaja saponins. A flowchart involving a stepwise procedure based on key fragments from the MS(1)-MS(3) spectra of these saponins, together with key fragments from these saponins and 13 previously investigated saponins, was constructed for the identification of structural elements in Quillaja saponins. Peak intensity ratios in MS(3) spectra were found to be correlated to structural features of the investigated saponins and is therefore of value for the identification of regioisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bankefors
- Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Tam KI, Roner MR. Characterization of in vivo anti-rotavirus activities of saponin extracts from Quillaja saponaria Molina. Antiviral Res 2011; 90:231-41. [PMID: 21549151 PMCID: PMC3106224 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in newborns and young children worldwide with approximately 300,000 pre-adolescent deaths each year. Quillaja saponins are a natural aqueous extract obtained from the Chilean soapbark tree. The extract is approved for use in humans by the FDA for use in beverages as a food addictive. We have demonstrated that Quillaja extracts have strong antiviral activities in vitro against six different viruses. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo antiviral activity of these extracts against rhesus rotavirus (RRV) using a mouse model. We established that at a dosage of 0.015 mg/mouse of saponin extract, RRV induced diarrhea can be significantly reduced from 79% to 11% when mice are exposed to 500 plaque-forming-units (PFU) for each of five consecutive days. Additionally, while a reduction of RRV induced diarrhea depended both on the concentration of virus introduced and on the amount of Quillaja extract given to each mouse, the severity and interval of diarrhea under a variety of conditions tested, in all the treated mice were greatly reduced when compared to those that did not receive the Quillaja extracts. Mechanistically, there is strong evidence that the Quillaja extracts are able to "block" rotavirus infection by inhibiting virus-host attachment through disruption of cellular membrane proteins and/or virus receptors. We believe that Quillaja extracts have promise as antivirals to reduce rotavirus infection and the severity of the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Ian Tam
- The University of Texas Arlington, Department of Biology, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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14
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Rodríguez-Díaz M, Delporte C, Cartagena C, Cassels BK, González P, Silva X, León F, Wessjohann LA. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of quillaic acid from Quillaja saponaria Mol. and some derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:718-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Quillaic acid is the major aglycone of the widely studied saponins of the Chilean indigenous tree Quillaja saponaria Mol. The industrial availability of quillaja saponins and the extensive functionalisation of this triterpenoid provide unique opportunities for structural modification and pose a challenge from the standpoint of selectivity in regard to one or the other secondary alcohol group, the aldehyde, and the carboxylic acid functions. The anti-inflammatory activity of this sapogenin has not been studied previously and it has never been used to obtain potential anti-inflammatory derivatives.
Methods
A series of quillaic acid derivatives were prepared and subjected to topical assays for the inhibition of inflammation induced by arachidonic acid or phorbol ester.
Key findings
Quillaic acid exhibited strong topical anti-inflammatory activity in both models. Most of its derivatives were less potent, but the hydrazone 8 showed similar potency to quillaic acid in the TPA assay.
Conclusions
The structural modifications performed and the biological results suggest that the aldehyde and carboxyl groups are relevant to the anti-inflammatory activity in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maité Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla, Chile
| | - Carla Delporte
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla, Chile
| | - Carlos Cartagena
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla, Chile
| | - Bruce K Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla, Chile
- Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ximena Silva
- Public Health Institute, Marathon, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fredy León
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg, Halle, Germany
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15
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Regalado EL, Jiménez-Romero C, Genta-Jouve G, Tasdemir D, Amade P, Nogueiras C, Thomas OP. Acanthifoliosides, minor steroidal saponins from the Caribbean sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Bankefors J, Nord LI, Kenne L. Multidimensional profiling of components in complex mixtures of natural products for metabolic analysis, proof of concept: Application to Quillaja saponins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:471-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Vincken JP, Heng L, de Groot A, Gruppen H. Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:275-97. [PMID: 17141815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a structurally diverse class of compounds occurring in many plant species, which are characterized by a skeleton derived of the 30-carbon precursor oxidosqualene to which glycosyl residues are attached. Traditionally, they are subdivided into triterpenoid and steroid glycosides, or into triterpenoid, spirostanol, and furostanol saponins. In this study, the structures of saponins are reviewed and classified based on their carbon skeletons, the formation of which follows the main pathways for the biosynthesis of triterpenes and steroids. In this way, 11 main classes of saponins were distinguished: dammaranes, tirucallanes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, taraxasteranes, ursanes, cycloartanes, lanostanes, cucurbitanes, and steroids. The dammaranes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, ursanes, and steroids are further divided into 16 subclasses, because their carbon skeletons are subjected to fragmentation, homologation, and degradation reactions. With this systematic classification, the relationship between the type of skeleton and the plant origin was investigated. Up to five main classes of skeletons could exist within one plant order, but the distribution of skeletons in the plant kingdom did not seem to be order- or subclass-specific. The oleanane skeleton was the most common skeleton and is present in most orders of the plant kingdom. For oleanane type saponins, the kind of substituents (e.g. -OH, =O, monosaccharide residues, etc.) and their position of attachment to the skeleton were reviewed. Carbohydrate chains of 18 monosaccharide residues can be attached to the oleanane skeleton, most commonly at the C3 and/or C17 atom. The kind and positions of the substituents did not seem to be plant order-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update covering the period 1999-2000. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:595-662. [PMID: 16642463 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and continues coverage of the field from the previous review published in 1999 (D. J. Harvey, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates, 1999, Mass Spectrom Rev, 18:349-451) for the period 1999-2000. As MALDI mass spectrometry is acquiring the status of a mature technique in this field, there has been a greater emphasis on applications rather than to method development as opposed to the previous review. The present review covers applications to plant-derived carbohydrates, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, mucins, glycosaminoglycans, bacterial glycolipids, glycosphingolipids, glycoglycerolipids and related compounds, and glycosides. Applications of MALDI mass spectrometry to the study of enzymes acting on carbohydrates (glycosyltransferases and glycosidases) and to the synthesis of carbohydrates, are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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19
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Fester T, Wray V, Nimtz M, Strack D. Is stimulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots a general phenomenon? PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1781-6. [PMID: 16002104 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The identification and quantification of cyclohexenone glycoside derivatives from the model legume Lotus japonicus revealed far higher levels than expected according to the stoichiometric relation to another, already determined carotenoid cleavage product, i.e., mycorradicin. Mycorradicin is responsible for the yellow coloration of many arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) roots and is usually esterified in a complex way to other compounds. After liberation from such complexes it has been detected in AM roots of many, but not of all plants examined. The non-stoichiometric occurrence of this compound compared with other carotenoid cleavage products suggested that carotenoid biosynthesis might be activated upon mycorrhization even in plant species without detectable levels of mycorradicin. This assumption has been supported by inhibition of a key enzyme of carotenoid biosynthesis (phytoene desaturase) and quantification of the accumulating enzymic substrate (phytoene). Our observations suggest that the activation of carotenoid biosynthesis in AM roots is a general phenomenon and that quantification of mycorradicin is not always a good indicator for this activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fester
- Department of Secondary Metabolism, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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20
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de Leder Kremer RM, Gallo-Rodriguez C. Naturally occurring monosaccharides: properties and synthesis. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2005; 59:9-67. [PMID: 15607763 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(04)59002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M de Leder Kremer
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Levavi-Sivan B, Hedvat R, Kanias T, Francis G, Becker K, Kerem Z. Exposure of tilapia pituitary cells to saponins: insight into their mechanism of action. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 140:79-86. [PMID: 15792626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell permeation and durable effects of triterpenoidal saponin preparations from soybean (SbS), Quillaja saponaria Molina (QsS) and Gypsophila paniculata (GypS), were studied. A concentration-dependent change in hemolysis rates was observed when cells were incubated with QsS or GypS, but not with SbS. Dose dependence was also observed for the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; MW 142,000) and of Luteinizing Hormone (LH; MW 35,000) from tilapia pituitary dispersed cells. Exposure of pituitary fragments to a combination of GnRH and GypS or QsS, resulted in a significantly high release of LH. GypS were shown to be more potent in inducing hemolysis of human RBC's and LH release from tilapia pituitary fragments. Interestingly, tilapia pituitary fragments treated with QsS were able to secrete LH in a characteristic manner, in response to a second Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) pulse, while fragments exposed to GypS did not respond to the second hormone pulse. The rapid recovery of pituitary fragments after the removal of QsS, may suggest a rearrangement of membranes rather than pore formation as the mechanism of action of QsS. Understanding the structural features underlying the reversible rearrangement of membranes and the lack of hemolysing activity by specific saponins may lead to the development of novel bioactive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University, Israel.
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22
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Sparg SG, Light ME, van Staden J. Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 94:219-43. [PMID: 15325725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant saponins are widely distributed amongst plants and have a wide range of biological properties. The more recent investigations and findings into their biological activities were summarized. Isolation studies of saponins were examined to determine which are the more commonly studied plant families and in which families saponins have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sparg
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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23
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Kite GC, Howes MJR, Simmonds MSJ. Metabolomic analysis of saponins in crude extracts of Quillaja saponaria by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for product authentication. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2859-2870. [PMID: 15517552 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of 50% aqueous methanolic extracts of bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina (quillaja) by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), using negative ion electrospray, revealed over 100 saponins. The majority could be assigned to known structures or generalised variations of these from the product ion spectra obtained by serial mass spectrometry in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Ten saponins contained a fatty acid domain terminated with both a pentose and deoxyhexose unit, a feature thus far only reported in QS-III. Twenty saponins were based on a hydroxylated derivative of quillaic acid, whereas only six 22beta-hydroxyquillaic acid saponins have been described. The occurrence of pairs of saponins differing only by the presence of a rhamnose or xylose unit in the C-3-substituted saccharide was readily observed in two-dimensional mass maps, and these showed the presence of the unreported 'rhamnose partner' of QS-III. However, one sample labelled as Q. saponaria appeared to lack all saponins containing rhamnose in the C-3 saccharide. Methods to authenticate saponin extracts of quillaja by LC/MS are suggested based on the general metabolomic profile, the occurrence of specific major saponins covering known structural variations, or the presence of saponins containing the unusual fatty acid domain, revealed by neutral loss analysis.
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24
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Pelah D, Abramovich Z, Markus A, Wiesman Z. The use of commercial saponin from Quillaja saponaria bark as a natural larvicidal agent against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2002; 81:407-409. [PMID: 12127245 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The larvicidal activity of commercial bark saponin extract (Sigma) from Quillaja saponaria was studied on 3rd-4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens (vectors for dengue fever and Western Nile virus, respectively). The larvae were exposed to serial concentrations (1000, 800, 500, 300, 100, 10, 1, 0.1 and 0.01 mg/l) of the extract for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 11 days. The results indicate that commercial bark saponin is toxic, causing 100% larval mortality in A. aegypti and C. pipiens after 1 and 5 days at a dosage of 800 and 1000 mg/l, respectively. Interestingly, while bark saponins had a toxic effect on larvae there was no effect on egg hatchability in either species. The results obtained suggest that, in addition to their known activities, saponins can also serve as natural larvicidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pelah
- The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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25
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26
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Nord LI, Kenne L. Novel acetylated triterpenoid saponins in a chromatographic fraction from Quillaja saponaria Molina. Carbohydr Res 2000; 329:817-29. [PMID: 11125824 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Six novel fucose 3-O-acetylated saponins, with a quillaic acid aglycone, were isolated from a bark extract from the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree. In addition, a saponin with a novel aglycone (phytolaccagenic acid) and a novel fatty acyl group [(S)-2-methylbutanoyl] for Quillaja saponins was found. The compounds were characterised using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Nord
- Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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27
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Guo S, Kenne L. Structural studies of triterpenoid saponins with new acyl components from Quillaja saponaria Molina. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 55:419-428. [PMID: 11140603 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Eight new triterpenoid saponins were isolated from a bark extract of Quillaja saponaria Molina by silica and reverse phase chromatography. The saponins were characterized by spectroscopic data and chemical methods as phytolaccagenic acid, 22beta-hydroxy-quillaic acid, and echinocystic acid substituted with different oligosaccharides at C-3 and C-28. The O-4 of the fucosyl residue in the 28-O-oligosaccharide was substituted with either acetyl, (S)-2-methylbutanoyl, or (3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-methylhexanoyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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