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Wei M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Li X, Zheng X. Employing Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for Microscale Investigation of Interfaces and Interactions in Membrane Fouling Processes: New Perspectives and Prospects. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:35. [PMID: 38392662 PMCID: PMC10890076 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Membrane fouling presents a significant challenge in the treatment of wastewater. Several detection methods have been used to interpret membrane fouling processes. Compared with other analysis and detection methods, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is widely used because of its advantages in liquid-phase in situ 3D imaging, ability to measure interactive forces, and mild testing conditions. Although AFM has been widely used in the study of membrane fouling, the current literature has not fully explored its potential. This review aims to uncover and provide a new perspective on the application of AFM technology in future studies on membrane fouling. Initially, a rigorous review was conducted on the morphology, roughness, and interaction forces of AFM in situ characterization of membranes and foulants. Then, the application of AFM in the process of changing membrane fouling factors was reviewed based on its in situ measurement capability, and it was found that changes in ionic conditions, pH, voltage, and even time can cause changes in membrane fouling morphology and forces. Existing membrane fouling models are then discussed, and the role of AFM in predicting and testing these models is presented. Finally, the potential of the improved AFM techniques to be applied in the field of membrane fouling has been underestimated. In this paper, we have fully elucidated the potentials of the improved AFM techniques to be applied in the process of membrane fouling, and we have presented the current challenges and the directions for the future development in an attempt to provide new insights into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North West Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Yaozhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North West Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North West Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North West Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
- Yulin Coal Chemical Waste Resource Utilization and Low Carbon Environmental Protection Engineering Technology Research Center, Yulin High-tech Zone Yuheng No. 1 Industrial Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd., Yulin 719000, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North West Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North West Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
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Zhu M, Gao J, Chen Z, Sun X, Duan Y, Tian X, Gu J, Shi Q, Sun M. Au nano-cone array for SERS detection of associated miRNA in lymphoma patients. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 191:40. [PMID: 38110769 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Based on Au nano-cone array (Au-NCA) and a three-segment hybridization strategy, a novel SERS biosensor is proposed for the ultrasensitive detection of the microRNA miR-21. The uniform, stable, and reproducible Au-NCA was prepared by the single-layer colloidal ball template method. Subsequently, the target was hybridized with sequence 2. The resulting target-sequence 2 complex was then hybridized with sequence 1 anchored on Au-NCA. Thus, a three-segment sequence complex was formed. SERS measurements can be performed without the need for complex purification and amplification steps. Due to the ability of miR-21 to perform specific complementary hybridization with two sequences, SERS biosensors have superior specificity for miR-21 without interference from other miRNAs. Under the optimal conditions, the SERS biosensor was applied and the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 3.02 aM. This method has been successfully used to the detection of miR-21 in the serum of lymphoma patients and healthy volunteers. The results are consistent with the traditional test methods. Therefore, this novel SERS biosensor shows excellent clinical translational potential in the detection of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
- Yangzhou Institute of Hematology, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyue Chen
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Sun
- Yangzhou Institute of Hematology, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuchun Tian
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Shi
- Yangzhou Institute of Hematology, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mei Sun
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China.
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Kokilathasan N, Dittrich M. Nanoplastics: Detection and impacts in aquatic environments - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157852. [PMID: 35944628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rise in the global production of plastics has led to severe concerns about the impacts of plastics in aquatic environments. Although plastic materials degrade over extreme long periods, they can be broken down through physical, chemical, and/or biological processes to form microplastics (MPs), defined here as particles between 1 μm and 5 mm in size, and later to form nanoplastics (NPls), defined as particles <1 μm in size. We know little about the abundance and effects of NPls, even though a lot of research has been conducted on the ecotoxicological impacts of MPs on both aquatic biota. Nevertheless, there is evidence that NPls can both bypass the cell membranes of microorganisms and bioaccumulate in the tissues and organs of higher organisms. This review analyzes 150 publications collected by searching through the databases Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar using keywords such as nanoplastics*, aquatic*, detection*, toxic*, biofilm*, formation*, and extracellular polymeric substance* as singular or plural combinations. We highlight and critically synthesize current studies on the formation and degradation of NPls, NPls' interactions with aquatic biota and biofilm communities, and methods of detection. One reason for the missing data and studies in this area of research is the lack of a protocol for the detection of, and suitable methods for the characterization of, NPls in the field. Our primary aim is to identify gaps in knowledge throughout the review and define future directions of research to address the impacts of NPls in aquatic environments. The development of consistent and standardized sets of procedures would address the gaps in knowledge regarding the formation and degradation of NPls as well as sampling and characterizing natural NPls needed to observe the full extent of NPls on aquatic biota and biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigarsan Kokilathasan
- Biogeochemistry Group, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1065 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Maria Dittrich
- Biogeochemistry Group, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1065 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada.
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4
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Colboc H, Moguelet P, Letavernier E, Frochot V, Bernaudin JF, Weil R, Rouzière S, Senet P, Bachmeyer C, Laporte N, Lucas I, Descamps V, Amode R, Brunet-Possenti F, Kluger N, Deschamps L, Dubois A, Reguer S, Somogyi A, Medjoubi K, Refregiers M, Daudon M, Bazin D. Pathologies related to abnormal deposits in dermatology: a physico-chemical approach. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Xue YX, Dai FF, Yang Q, Chen JH, Lin QJ, Fang LJ, Lin WW. Fabrication of PEBA/HZIF-8 Pervaporation Membranes for High Efficiency Phenol Recovery. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23467-23478. [PMID: 35847335 PMCID: PMC9280946 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenol and its chemical derivatives serve as essential chemical materials are indispensable for the synthesis of many kinds of polymers. However, they are highly toxic, carcinogenic, difficult to be degraded biologically, and often found in aqueous effluents. Recovery of hazardous phenol from wastewater remains a daunting challenge. Herein, we prepared a hybrid membrane containing polyether block amide (PEBA) matrix and HZIF-8 fillers. To improve the compatibility between ZIF-8 and PEBA, ZIF-8 was modified by using polystyrene (PS) as a template to prepare porous HZIF-8. ZIF-8, composed of zinc nodes linked by the imidazole ring skeleton, is a kind of inorganic material with high hydrothermal stability, ordered pores, and hydrophobic microporous surfaces, which has a wide range of applications in membrane separation. The separation performance of the PEBA/HZIF-8 based membranes for phenol/water is improved due to the presence of PS on the surface of HZIF-8 and the imidazole ring skeleton in ZIF-8, which enhance the π-π interaction between HZIF-8 and phenol molecules. The effects of HZIF-8 content, feed phenol concentration, and feed temperature on the pervaporation performance of PEBA/HZIF-8 membranes were further investigated. The results showed that the pervaporation performance of the PEBA/HZIF-8-10 membrane was promising with a separation factor of 80.89 and permeate flux of 247.70 g/m2·h under the feed phenol concentration of 0.2 wt % at 80 °C. In addition, the PEBA/HZIF-8-10 membrane presented excellent stability, which has great prospect for practical application in phenol recovery from waste water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue Xue
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Fei Fei Dai
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
- Fujian
Province University Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and
Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Jian Hua Chen
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
- Fujian
Province University Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and
Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Qiao Jing Lin
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Li Jun Fang
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Wei Wei Lin
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
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Lin Q, Yang Y, Shao Z. Non-metallic T2-MRI agents based on conjugated polymers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1994. [PMID: 35422068 PMCID: PMC9010432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing non-metallic contrast agents of clinically applied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an alternative strategy to reduce the toxicity of heavy metal elements in current MRI agents. These non-metallic MRI agents usually generate contrasts by unpaired electrons, which are prone to be deactivated by in vivo radical scavenging pathways. Since the unpaired electrons in conjugated polymers exhibit satisfying stability for in vivo imaging, developing conjugated polymers based MRI agents may solve the in vivo stability problem of current non-metallic agents. However, MRI-active properties have not been reported in existing conjugated polymers yet. Herein we report on MRI-active conjugated polymer nanoparticles based on polypyrrole (PPy), which can be used for in vivo imaging. Our method not only introduce a kind of non-metallic MRI agents but extends the applications of conjugated polymers from optical imagings to MRI. The toxicity of heavy metals for MRI contrast agents is an issue. Here, the authors report on the development of conjugated polymers nanoparticles based on paramagnetic polypyrrole to generate T2 MRI contrast effects by changing the interactions between polarons and water protons.
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Yadav A, Labhasetwar PK, Shahi VK. Fabrication and optimization of tunable pore size poly(ethylene glycol) modified poly(vinylidene-co-hexafluoropropylene) membranes in vacuum membrane distillation for desalination. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Mollahosseini A, Argumeedi S, Abdelrasoul A, Shoker A. A case study of poly (aryl ether sulfone) hemodialysis membrane interactions with human blood: Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental analyses. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 197:105742. [PMID: 32947069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Patients with end-stage renal diseases (ESRD) require specific health cares as the accumulation of toxins due to the lack of kidney functionality would affect their lives. However, the mortality rate is still high due to cardiovascular diseases, socks, etc. A majority of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) require hemodialysis services. Blood purifying membranes, as the main component of hemodialysis setups, however, still suffer from lack of optimum biocompatibility, which results in morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis service receiving patients. The goal of the present case study is to have an in-depth understanding of the current blood-hemodialysis membrane interactions occurring during hemodialysis sessions using poly (aryl ether sulfone)-poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PAES-PVP) membrane. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transmission infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy were used to assess the initial chemical structure of the PAES-PVP membrane along with the variations after with the infections with human blood. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transition electron microscopy (TEM) were used to visualize the structural variation of the membrane, blood aggregations, and blood clots on the membrane surface. Besides, Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to assess the interaction of PAES-PVP with major human blood proteins, in terms of interaction energy, which is a novel contribution to the area. The macromolecules (human serum albumin (HSA), human serum transferrin (TRF), and human fibrinogen (HFG)) were chosen from the plasma protein component. These protein structures were chosen based on their different molecular size. Three advanced spectroscopy techniques and two advanced visualization techniques were used for the assessment of the membranes. Spectroscopy studies revealed amine related peak displacement and intensity shifts as indices for attachment of biological species to the polymeric membrane surfaces. Raman peaks around 370, 798, and 1299 cm-1, which experienced significant shifts that were related to carbon-nitrogen and sulfur-oxygen bonds due to protein adhesion. Visualization techniques illustrated blood protein fouling patterns and extracellular vesicles' presence in the pore structures into membranes. The findings highlight the importance of whole structure biocompatibility improvement, rather than only focusing on surface modifications of hemodialysis membranes. Molecular dynamics simulation assessment showed various interaction behaviors for different proteins suggesting molecular weight and active residues of the protein macromolecules play an important role in interacting with polymeric structure. FB had the highest interaction (4,274,749.07 kcal/mol) and binding (10,370.90 kcal/mol) energy with the PAES-PVP structure. TRF owned the lowest interaction energy with respect to its lower molecular weight and fewer active residue count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mollahosseini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A9, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Srija Argumeedi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A9, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Amira Abdelrasoul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A9, Saskatchewan, Canada; Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon S7N 5A9, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Ahmed Shoker
- Nephrology Division, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Saskatchewan Transplant Program, St. Paul's Hospital, 1702 20th Street West Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7M 0Z9 Canada
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9
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Bahamonde Soria R, Zhu J, Gonza I, Van der Bruggen B, Luis P. Effect of (TiO2: ZnO) ratio on the anti-fouling properties of bio-inspired nanofiltration membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Akbari B, Lashanizadegan A, Darvishi P, Pouranfard A. Preparation of hydrophobic flat sheet membranes from PVDF-HFP copolymer for enhancing the oxygen permeance in nitrogen/oxygen gas mixture. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Morphological, Electrical, and Chemical Characteristics of Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) Coated PVDF Ultrafiltration Membranes after Plasma Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101689. [PMID: 31618983 PMCID: PMC6836023 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A commercial ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (HFM-183 de Koch Membrane Systems) made of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), was recovered with a negatively-charged polyelectrolyte (poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)) (PSS), and the effects on its electric, chemical, and morphological properties were analyzed. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), liquid–liquid displacement porometry, Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the modifications induced by the deposition of PSS on the PVDF positively-charged membrane and after its treatment by a radio frequency Ar-plasma. These techniques confirmed a real deposition and posterior compaction of PSS with increasing roughness and decreasing pore sizes. The evolution of the electric resistances of the membranes confirmed crosslinking and compaction with shielding of the sulfonated groups from PSS. In this way, a membrane with a negatively-charged active layer and a pore size which was 60% lower than the original membrane was obtained. The composition of the additive used by manufacturers to modify PVDF to make it positively charged was obtained by different procedures, all of which depended upon the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, leading to fairly consistent results. This polymer, carrying positive charges, contains quaternary nitrogen, as confirmed by XPS. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy confirmed that PVDF changes from mostly the β to the α phase, which is more stable as a substrate for the deposited PSS. The aim of the tested modifications was to increase the retention of divalent anions without reducing permeability.
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12
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Membrane characterization via evapoporometry (EP) and liquid-liquid displacement porosimetry (LLDP) techniques. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Development of A Novel Corrugated Polyvinylidene difluoride Membrane via Improved Imprinting Technique for Membrane Distillation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050865. [PMID: 31086013 PMCID: PMC6571879 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is an attractive technology for desalination, mainly because its performance that is almost independent of feed solute concentration as opposed to the reverse osmosis process. However, its widespread application is still limited by the low water flux, low wetting resistance and high scaling vulnerability. This study focuses on addressing those limitations by developing a novel corrugated polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane via an improved imprinting technique for MD. Corrugations on the membrane surface are designed to offer an effective surface area and at the same time act as a turbulence promoter to induce hydrodynamic by reducing temperature polarization. Results show that imprinting of spacer could help to induce surface corrugation. Pore defect could be minimized by employing a dual layer membrane. In short term run experiment, the corrugated membrane shows a flux of 23.1 Lm−2h−1 and a salt rejection of >99%, higher than the referenced flat membrane (flux of 18.0 Lm−2h−1 and similar rejection). The flux advantage can be ascribed by the larger effective surface area of the membrane coupled with larger pore size. The flux advantage could be maintained in the long-term operation of 50 h at a value of 8.6 Lm−2h−1. However, the flux performance slightly deteriorates over time mainly due to wetting and scaling. An attempt to overcome this limitation should be a focus of the future study, especially by exploring the role of cross-flow velocity in combination with the corrugated surface in inducing local mixing and enhancing system performance.
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14
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Hydrosilylation-based UV-curable polydimethylsiloxane pervaporation membranes for n-butanol recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Supekar OD, Brown JJ, Greenberg AR, Gopinath JT, Bright VM. Real-Time Detection of Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Scaling via Raman Spectroscopy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omkar D. Supekar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Membrane Science, Engineering and Technology Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joseph J. Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Membrane Science, Engineering and Technology Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alan R. Greenberg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Membrane Science, Engineering and Technology Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Juliet T. Gopinath
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Membrane Science, Engineering and Technology Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Victor M. Bright
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Membrane Science, Engineering and Technology Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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16
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Baghel R, Upadhyaya S, Singh K, Chaurasia SP, Gupta AB, Dohare RK. A review on membrane applications and transport mechanisms in vacuum membrane distillation. REV CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2016-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The main aim of this article is to provide a state-of-the-art review of the experimental studies on vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) process. An introduction to the history of VMD is carried out along with the other membrane distillation configurations. Recent developments in process, characterization of membrane, module design, transport phenomena, and effect of operating parameters on permeate flux are discussed for VMD in detail. Several heat and mass transfer correlations obtained by various researchers for different VMD modules have been discussed. The impact of membrane fouling with its control in VMD is discussed in detail. In this paper, temperature polarization coefficient and concentration polarization coefficient are elaborated in detail. Integration of VMD with other membrane separation processes/industrial processes have been explained to improve the performance of the system and make it more energy efficient. A critical evaluation of the VMD literature is incorporated throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Baghel
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Malaviya National Institute of Technology , Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan , India
| | - Sushant Upadhyaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Malaviya National Institute of Technology , Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan , India
| | - Kailash Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Malaviya National Institute of Technology , Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan , India
| | - Satyendra P. Chaurasia
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Malaviya National Institute of Technology , Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan , India
| | - Akhilendra B. Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering , Malaviya National Institute of Technology , Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan , India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Dohare
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Malaviya National Institute of Technology , Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan , India
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17
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Virtanen T, Reinikainen SP, Kögler M, Mänttäri M, Viitala T, Kallioinen M. Real-time fouling monitoring with Raman spectroscopy. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Vibrational spectroscopies to investigate concretions and ectopic calcifications for medical diagnosis. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Moslehyani A, Ismail AF, Othman MHD, Isloor AM. Novel hybrid photocatalytic reactor-UF nanocomposite membrane system for bilge water degradation and separation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01491c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilge water degradation and separation via a hybrid photocatalytic membrane reactor based on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/halloysite nanotube clay (HNTs) nanocomposite membrane has been achieved by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Moslehyani
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 UTM Skudai
- Malaysia
- Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Energy Engineering
| | - A. F. Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 UTM Skudai
- Malaysia
- Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Energy Engineering
| | - M. H. D. Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC)
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 UTM Skudai
- Malaysia
- Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Energy Engineering
| | - Arun M. Isloor
- Membrane Technology Laboratory
- Chemistry Department
- National Institute of Technology Karnataka
- Mangalore 575 025
- India
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Shirazi MMA, Kargari A, Tabatabaei M. Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD) as an Alternative for Integration of Bioethanol Processing: Study on a Commercial Membrane and Operating Parameters. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2013.848805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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22
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Performance evaluation and fouling analysis for reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes during processing of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Spain E, Keyes TE, Forster RJ. Polypyrrole–gold nanoparticle composites for highly sensitive DNA detection. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Fan H, Peng Y, Li Z, Chen P, Jiang Q, Wang S. Preparation and characterization of hydrophobic PVDF membranes by vapor-induced phase separation and application in vacuum membrane distillation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Chen X, Deng H. Effects of electric fields on the removal of ultraviolet filters by ultrafiltration membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 393:429-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Shrestha A, Pellegrino J, Husson SM, Wickramasinghe SR. A modified porometry approach towards characterization of MF membranes. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Hou D, Dai G, Wang J, Fan H, Zhang L, Luan Z. Preparation and characterization of PVDF/nonwoven fabric flat-sheet composite membranes for desalination through direct contact membrane distillation. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Lamsal R, Harroun SG, Brosseau CL, Gagnon GA. Use of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for studying fouling on nanofiltration membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Peng Y, Han H, Fan H. Characterization and performance of PVA/Psf composite hollow fiber UF membrane prepared with interfacial polymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Ong YK, Widjojo N, Chung TS. Fundamentals of semi-crystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane formation and its prospects for biofuel (ethanol and acetone) separation via pervaporation. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Tamime R, Wyart Y, Siozade L, Baudin I, Deumie C, Glucina K, Moulin P. Membrane characterization by microscopic and scattering methods: multiscale structure. MEMBRANES 2011; 1:91-7. [PMID: 24957612 PMCID: PMC4021929 DOI: 10.3390/membranes1020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several microscopic and scattering techniques at different observation scales (from atomic to macroscopic) were used to characterize both surface and bulk properties of four new flat-sheet polyethersulfone (PES) membranes (10, 30, 100 and 300 kDa) and new 100 kDa hollow fibers (PVDF). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with “in lens” detection was used to obtain information on the pore sizes of the skin layers at the atomic scale. White Light Interferometry (WLI) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) using different scales (for WLI: windows: 900 × 900 μm2 and 360 × 360 μm2; number of points: 1024; for AFM: windows: 50 × 50 μm2 and 5 × 5 μm2; number of points: 512) showed that the membrane roughness increases markedly with the observation scale and that there is a continuity between the different scan sizes for the determination of the RMS roughness. High angular resolution ellipsometric measurements were used to obtain the signature of each cut-off and the origin of the scattering was identified as coming from the membrane bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Tamime
- Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2-CNRS UMR 6181), Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille, Europôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex 04, France.
| | - Yvan Wyart
- Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2-CNRS UMR 6181), Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille, Europôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex 04, France.
| | - Laure Siozade
- Institut FRESNEL (UMR 6133), Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille, Domaine Universitaire de St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Isabelle Baudin
- Suez Environnement, CIRSEE, Pôle Qualité Eau, 38, rue du Président-Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France.
| | - Carole Deumie
- Institut FRESNEL (UMR 6133), Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille, Domaine Universitaire de St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Karl Glucina
- Suez Environnement, CIRSEE, Pôle Qualité Eau, 38, rue du Président-Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France.
| | - Philippe Moulin
- Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2-CNRS UMR 6181), Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille, Europôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex 04, France.
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32
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Guillen GR, Pan Y, Li M, Hoek EMV. Preparation and Characterization of Membranes Formed by Nonsolvent Induced Phase Separation: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie101928r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Guillen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yinjin Pan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Minghua Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Eric M. V. Hoek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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33
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Sun SP, Wang KY, Rajarathnam D, Hatton TA, Chung T. Polyamide‐imide nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes with elongation‐induced nano‐pore evolution. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Peng Sun
- Singapore‐MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
- Dept. of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
| | - Kai Yu Wang
- Dept. of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
| | - D. Rajarathnam
- Dept. of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Singapore‐MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Tai‐Shung Chung
- Singapore‐MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
- Dept. of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
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34
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Son DN, Kasai H. Proton transport through aqueous Nafion membrane. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2009; 29:351-361. [PMID: 19644717 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2009-10500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new model for proton transport through a single proton-conducting channel of an aqueous Nafion membrane based on a mechanism in which protons move under electrostatic effect provided by the sulfonate (SO3-)groups of the Nafion side chains, the spin effect of active components, the hydrogen bonding effect with water molecules, and the screening effect of water media. This model can describe the proton transport within various levels of humidification ranging from the low humidity to the high humidity as a function of operating temperature. At low humidity, this model approaches to the so-called surface mechanism, while at high humidity, it approaches the well-known Grotthuss one. Proton motion is considered as the transfer from cluster to cluster under a potential energy. A proton-proton interaction is comprised in the calculation. Using Green function method, we obtained the proton current as a function of the Nafion membrane temperature. We found that the lower the temperature, the higher the proton current transfer through the Nafion membrane in low temperatures compared to the critical point 10K, which separates magnetic regime from non-magnetic regime. The increasing of proton current at very low temperatures is attributed to the spin effect. As the membrane temperature is higher than 40 ( degrees ) C , the decreasing of proton current is attributed to the loss of water uptake and the polymer contraction. The results of this study are qualitatively in good agreement with experiments. The expression for the critical temperature is also presented as a function of structural and tunable parameters, and interpreted by experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Son
- Kasai Laboratory, Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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35
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Shan J, Hu J, Ong S. Adsorption of neutral organic fractions in reclaimed water on RO/NF membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Wyart Y, Georges G, Deumié C, Amra C, Moulin P. Membrane characterization by optical methods: Ellipsometry of the scattered field. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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37
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Wyart Y, Georges G, Deumié C, Amra C, Moulin P. Membrane characterization by microscopic methods: Multiscale structure. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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39
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PERATITUS M, LLORENS J. Characterization of meso- and macroporous ceramic membranes in terms of flux measurement: A moment-based analysis. J Memb Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Liu LF, Yu SC, Wu LG, Gao CJ. Study on a novel polyamide-urea reverse osmosis composite membrane (ICIC-MPD). J Memb Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Morehouse JA, Taylor DL, Lloyd DR, Lawler DF, Freeman BD, Worrel LS. The effect of uni-axial stretching on the roughness of microfiltration membranes. J Memb Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Xiarchos I, Doulia D. Interaction behavior in ultrafiltration of nonionic surfactant micelles by adsorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 299:102-11. [PMID: 16545839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of nonionic surfactant micelles onto ultrafiltration (UF), membranes was studied. Two homologous series of nonionic surfactants, namely, Tritons (alkylphenol ethoxylates) and Neodols (alcohol ethoxylates), were used to characterize surface properties of two polymeric ultrafiltration membranes with 20,000 nominal cutoff. Particularly, a cellulose acetate and a polysulfone membrane were investigated. Static adsorption experiments were carried out using surfactant solutions at concentrations above their critical micelle concentration. The characterization of surface properties of UF membranes was based on the adsorption behavior of surfactant species. The adsorption extent on UF membranes was affected by the hydrophobicity-to-hydrophilicity ratio mainly determining the interactions developed at the membrane-surfactant species interface. Adsorption experimental data seem generally to fit the Langmuir isotherm model. Atomic force microscopy was used to examine the alteration of the top membrane surface morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Xiarchos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 9 Iroon Politechniou, GR-15780 Athens, Greece
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43
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Rana D, Matsuura T, Khulbe KC, Feng C. Study on the spin probe-added polymeric dense membranes by13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Rana D, Matsuura T, Khulbe KC, Feng C. Study on the spin probe added polymeric dense membranes by13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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46
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Rana D, Matsuura T, Narbaitz RM, Khulbe KC. Influence of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene additives on the poly(ether sulfone) ultra-filtration membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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48
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Boussu K, Van der Bruggen B, Volodin A, Snauwaert J, Van Haesendonck C, Vandecasteele C. Roughness and hydrophobicity studies of nanofiltration membranes using different modes of AFM. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 286:632-8. [PMID: 15897082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the surface roughness by AFM is crucial to the study of particle fouling in nanofiltration. It is, however, very difficult to compare the different roughness values reported in the literature because of a lack in uniformity in the methods applied to determine surface roughness. AFM is used in both noncontact mode and tapping mode; moreover, the size of the scan area is highly variable. This study compares, for six different nanofiltration membranes (UTC-20, N30F, Desal 51HL, Desal 5DL, NTR7450, NF-PES-10), noncontact mode AFM with tapping mode AFM for several sizes of the scan area. Although the absolute roughness values are different for noncontact AFM and tapping mode AFM, no difference is found between the two modes of AFM in ranking the nanofiltration membranes with respect to their surface roughness. NTR 7450 and NF-PES-10 are the smoothest membranes, while the roughest surface can be found with Desal 51HL and Desal 5DL. UTC-20 and N30F are characterized by an intermediate roughness value. An increase in roughness with increasing scan area is observed for both AFM modes. Larger differences between the roughnesses of the membranes are obtained with tapping mode AFM because of the tapping of the tip on the surface. Phase imaging is an extension of tapping mode AFM, measuring the phase shift between the cantilever oscillation and the oscillation of the piezo driver. This phase shift reflects the interaction between the cantilever and the membrane surface. A comparison with contact angle measurements proves that a small phase shift corresponds to a large contact angle, representing a hydrophobic membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Boussu
- Laboratory for Applied Physical Chemistry and Environmental Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, K.U. Leuven, W. de Croylaan 46, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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49
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Silver J, Withnall R. Probes of structural and electronic environments of phosphor activators: Mössbauer and Raman spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2005; 104:2833-55. [PMID: 15186182 DOI: 10.1021/cr0203544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Silver
- Center for Phosphors and Display Materials, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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50
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Diallo MS, Christie S, Swaminathan P, Johnson JH, Goddard WA. Dendrimer enhanced ultrafiltration. 1. Recovery of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions using PAMAM dendrimers with ethylene diamine core and terminal NH2 groups. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:1366-1377. [PMID: 15787379 DOI: 10.1021/es048961r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the feasibility of using dendrimer enhanced ultrafiltration (DEUF)to recover Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Building upon the results of fundamental investigations of Cu(II) binding to PAMAM dendrimers with ethylenediamine (EDA) core and terminal NH2 groups, we combine (i) dead-end ultrafiltration (UF) experiments with (ii) atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization of membrane fouling to assess the feasibility of using DEUF to recover Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. On a mass basis, the Cu(II) binding capacities of the EDA core PAMAM dendrimers are much larger and more sensitive to solution pH than those of linear polymers with amine groups. The dendrimer-Cu(II) complexes can be efficiently separated from aqueous solutions by ultrafiltration. The metal ion laden dendrimers can be regenerated by decreasing the solution pH to 4.0; thus enabling the recovery of the bound Cu(II) ions and recycling of the dendrimers. The UF measurements and AFM characterization studies show that EDA core PAMAM dendrimers with terminal NH2 groups have very lowtendency to foul the commercially available regenerated cellulose (RC) membranes evaluated in this study. The overall results of these experiments suggest that DEUF is a promising process for recovering metal ions such as Cu(II) from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou S Diallo
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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