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Choudhury A, Lepine C, Witarsa F, Good C. Anaerobic digestion challenges and resource recovery opportunities from land-based aquaculture waste and seafood processing byproducts: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 354:127144. [PMID: 35413421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented demand for seafood has resulted in land-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), a highly intensive but sustainable fish farming method. However, intensification also results in concentrated waste streams of fecal matter and uneaten feed. Harvesting and processing vast quantities of fish also leads to the production of byproducts, further creating disposal challenges for fish farms. Recent research indicates that anaerobic digestion (AD), often used for waste treatment in agricultural and wastewater industries, may provide a viable solution. Limited research on AD of freshwater, brackish, and saline wastewater from RAS facilities and co-digestion of seafood byproducts has shown promising results but with considerable operational and process stability issues. This review discusses challenges to AD due to low solid concentrations, salinity, low carbon/nitrogen ratio, and high lipid content in the waste streams. Opportunities for recovering valuable biomolecules and nutrients through microbial treatment, aquaponics, microalgae, and polyhydroxyalkanoate production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Choudhury
- The Conservation Fund Freshwater Institute, Shepherdstown, WV 25443, USA.
| | - Christine Lepine
- The Conservation Fund Freshwater Institute, Shepherdstown, WV 25443, USA
| | - Freddy Witarsa
- Colorado Mesa University, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Wubben Hall and Science Center, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Christopher Good
- The Conservation Fund Freshwater Institute, Shepherdstown, WV 25443, USA
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Holohan BC, Duarte MS, Szabo-Corbacho MA, Cavaleiro AJ, Salvador AF, Pereira MA, Ziels RM, Frijters CTMJ, Pacheco-Ruiz S, Carballa M, Sousa DZ, Stams AJM, O'Flaherty V, van Lier JB, Alves MM. Principles, Advances, and Perspectives of Anaerobic Digestion of Lipids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4749-4775. [PMID: 35357187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several problems associated with the presence of lipids in wastewater treatment plants are usually overcome by removing them ahead of the biological treatment. However, because of their high energy content, waste lipids are interesting yet challenging pollutants in anaerobic wastewater treatment and codigestion processes. The maximal amount of waste lipids that can be sustainably accommodated, and effectively converted to methane in anaerobic reactors, is limited by several problems including adsorption, sludge flotation, washout, and inhibition. These difficulties can be circumvented by appropriate feeding, mixing, and solids separation strategies, provided by suitable reactor technology and operation. In recent years, membrane bioreactors and flotation-based bioreactors have been developed to treat lipid-rich wastewater. In parallel, the increasing knowledge on the diversity of complex microbial communities in anaerobic sludge, and on interspecies microbial interactions, contributed to extend the knowledge and to understand more precisely the limits and constraints influencing the anaerobic biodegradation of lipids in anaerobic reactors. This critical review discusses the most important principles underpinning the degradation process and recent key discoveries and outlines the current knowledge coupling fundamental and applied aspects. A critical assessment of knowledge gaps in the field is also presented by integrating sectorial perspectives of academic researchers and of prominent developers of anaerobic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Conall Holohan
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
- NVP Energy Ltd., IDA Technology and Business Park, Mervue, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - M Salomé Duarte
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M Alejandra Szabo-Corbacho
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ana J Cavaleiro
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia F Salvador
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M Alcina Pereira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ryan M Ziels
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z 4, Canada
| | | | - Santiago Pacheco-Ruiz
- Biothane, Veolia Water Technologies, Tanthofdreef 21, 2623 EW Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Carballa
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diana Z Sousa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M Stams
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Jules B van Lier
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
- Section Sanitary Engineering, CEG Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M Madalena Alves
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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3
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Malga JM, Trigo M, Martínez B, Aubourg SP. Preservative Effect on Canned Mackerel ( Scomber colias) Lipids by Addition of Octopus ( Octopus vulgaris) Cooking Liquor in the Packaging Medium. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030739. [PMID: 35164004 PMCID: PMC8840104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The preservative properties of waste liquor obtained from octopus (Octopus vulgaris) cooking were investigated. Three different concentrations (high, medium, and low) of octopus cooking liquor (OCL) were included, respectively, in the aqueous packaging medium employed for mackerel (Scomber colias) canning. As a result, the canning process led to an increase (p < 0.05) of lipid content, lipid oxidation (development of fluorescent compounds and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), lipid hydrolysis (formation of free fatty acids, FFA) and ω3/ω6 ratio in fish muscle. In all canned samples, primary (peroxides) and secondary (TBARS) levels of lipid oxidation were low. Remarkably, the presence in the packaging medium of the high and medium OCL concentrations led to lower (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation development (fluorescent compound and TBARS detection, respectively). Furthermore, an increasing OCL presence led to an average decrease of peroxide and FFA content and to an average increase of the polyene index (PI). All OCL-packaged muscle showed lower average values of saturated fatty acids and ω3/ω6 ratio and higher average values of PI and monounsaturated fatty acid presence. This study provides a first approach to novel and beneficial use of the present marine waste to inhibit lipid damage of commercial canned fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Malga
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.M.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcos Trigo
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.M.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Beatriz Martínez
- Department of Food Technologies, CIFP Coroso, Avda. da Coruña, 174, 15960 Ribeira, Spain;
| | - Santiago P. Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.M.M.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Asgharnejad H, Khorshidi Nazloo E, Madani Larijani M, Hajinajaf N, Rashidi H. Comprehensive review of water management and wastewater treatment in food processing industries in the framework of water-food-environment nexus. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4779-4815. [PMID: 34190421 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Food processing is among the greatest water-consuming industries with a significant role in the implementation of sustainable development goals. Water-consuming industries such as food processing have become a threat to limited freshwater resources, and numerous attempts are being carried out in order to develop and apply novel approaches for water management in these industries. Studies have shown the positive impact of the new methods of process integration (e.g., water pinch, mathematical optimization, etc.) in maximizing water reuse and recycle. Applying these methods in food processing industries not only significantly supported water consumption minimization but also contributed to environmental protection by reducing wastewater generation. The methods can also increase the productivity of these industries and direct them to sustainable production. This interconnection led to a new subcategory in nexus studies known as water-food-environment nexus. The nexus assures sustainable food production with minimum freshwater consumption and minimizes the environmental destructions caused by untreated wastewater discharge. The aim of this study was to provide a thorough review of water-food-environment nexus application in food processing industries and explore the nexus from different aspects. The current study explored the process of food industries in different sectors regarding water consumption and wastewater generation, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The most recent wastewater treatment methods carried out in different food processing sectors were also reviewed. This review provided a comprehensive literature for choosing the optimum scenario of water and wastewater management in food processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Asgharnejad
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khorshidi Nazloo
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Madani Larijani
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Nima Hajinajaf
- Chemical Engineering Program, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Hamidreza Rashidi
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Venugopal V. Valorization of Seafood Processing Discards: Bioconversion and Bio-Refinery Approaches. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.611835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The seafood industry generates large volumes of waste. These include processing discards consisting of shell, head, bones intestine, fin, skin, voluminous amounts of wastewater discharged as effluents, and low-value under-utilized fish, which are caught as by-catch of commercial fishing operations. The discards, effluents, and by-catch are rich in nutrients including proteins, amino acids, lipids containing good proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), carotenoids, and minerals. The seafood waste is, therefore, responsible for loss of nutrients and serious environmental hazards. It is important that the waste is subjected to secondary processing and valorization to address the problems. Although chemical processes are available for waste treatment, most of these processes have inherent weaknesses. Biological treatments, however, are environmentally friendly, safe, and cost-effective. Biological treatments are based on bioconversion processes, which help with the recovery of valuable ingredients from by-catch, processing discards, and effluents, without losing their inherent bioactivities. Major bioconversion processes make use of microbial fermentations or actions of exogenously added enzymes on the waste components. Recent developments in algal biotechnology offer novel processes for biotransformation of nutrients as single cell proteins, which can be used as feedstock for the recovery of valuable ingredients and also biofuel. Bioconversion options in conjunction with a bio-refinery approach have potential for eco-friendly and economical management of seafood waste that can support sustainable seafood production.
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Sanghamitra P, Mazumder D, Mukherjee S. Treatment of wastewater containing oil and grease by biological method- a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:394-412. [PMID: 33573477 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1884468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the complex environmental problems that triggers at present is oily wastewater contamination arising out of the activities related to engineering vehicular (automobile) workshop or garage, kitchens in houses and restaurants, gas stations, metal finishing house, petrochemical industry, edible oil production unit etc. Oily wastewater discharge is a major issue of environmental pollution in the present decade as some of its constituents are hazardous in nature. Hence, appropriate treatment technology for oily wastewater needs to be addressed. Biological treatment (BT) technique would be the best option in this regard, because it has multiple advantages over various other techniques as available today. BT degrades effectively the harmful constituents of oily wastewater into innocuous products that are environment friendly and it is considered to be the economical method. The resulting effluent of pretreatment followed by biological treatment of oily wastewater can be reused after conforming discharge limits. Again, numerous research works in these days have optimized the function and result of existing laboratory and pilot scale treatment technologies. This review paper describes a comprehensive understanding of the origin and characteristics, existing techniques in laboratory and pilot scale, screening of different methods, justification for advocating biological methods for treatment of oily wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanghamitra
- Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Mazumder
- Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Civil Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Jeddi M, Karray F, Loukil S, Mhiri N, Ben Abdallah M, Sayadi S. Anaerobic biological treatment of industrial saline wastewater: fixed bed reactor performance and analysis of the microbial community structure and abundance. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:1715-1725. [PMID: 30403923 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1545802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work is to treat saline Tuna fish wastewater, with the salt concentration of 43 g L-1 and total organic carbon (TOC) of 8.3 g L-1, using an anaerobic fixed bed reactor involving salt-tolerant bacteria from the natural hypersaline environment during 150 days. The highest volatile solids (VS) removal efficiency of 84.1% was recorded for the organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.04 g TOC L-1.d-1 and the lowest salinity of 14.6 g NaCl L-1. In addition, the maximum biogas production of 0.8 L-1.d-1 for a working volume of 4 L and an organic loading rate of 2.07 g TOC L-1.d-1 correlated with the decrease of Volatile fatty acids (VFA) content. The Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and the phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial community showed the action of hydrolytic, acidogenic, halotolerant sulfate-reducing and halophilic fermentative bacterium during the processing time. A stable archaeal and methanogenic community's diversity including hydrogenotrophic methanogens was demonstrated with Quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR). The highest bacterial population abundance was detected for 1.45 g TOC L-1.d-1 and the important methanogenic community abundance for 2.07 g TOC L-1.d-1 may be related to the highest biogas production in this charge for an effluent salinity of 27.7 g NaCl L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Jeddi
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Karray
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Loukil
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Najla Mhiri
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Ben Abdallah
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Militon C, Hamdi O, Michotey V, Fardeau ML, Ollivier B, Bouallagui H, Hamdi M, Bonin P. Ecological significance of Synergistetes in the biological treatment of tuna cooking wastewater by an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:18230-18238. [PMID: 26194235 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lab-scale 2L-anaerobic sequencing batch reactor was operated under mesothermic conditions. The degradation of protein-rich organic matter was determined by chemical oxygen demand, biogas production, and protein-removal activity over the operation. The structure of the microbial community was determined by qPCR and next-generation sequencing on 16S rRNA genes. At the steady state, a very efficient removal of protein (92%) was observed. Our results demonstrate a decrease of archaeal and bacterial abundance over time. Members of the phylum Synergistetes, with a peculiar emphasis for those pertaining to families Dethiosulfovibrionaceae and Aminiphilaceae, are of major ecological significance regarding the treatment of this industrial wastewater. The prominent role to be played by members of the phylum Synergistetes regarding protein and/or amino acid degradation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Militon
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Olfa Hamdi
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'écologie et biotechnologie microbienne, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Carthage, Centre Urbain Nord, BP 676, 1080, Tunis Cedex, Tunisie
| | - Valerie Michotey
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Laure Fardeau
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Ollivier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Hassib Bouallagui
- Laboratoire d'écologie et biotechnologie microbienne, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Carthage, Centre Urbain Nord, BP 676, 1080, Tunis Cedex, Tunisie
| | - Moktar Hamdi
- Laboratoire d'écologie et biotechnologie microbienne, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Carthage, Centre Urbain Nord, BP 676, 1080, Tunis Cedex, Tunisie
| | - Patricia Bonin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France.
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Chen JL, Ortiz R, Steele TWJ, Stuckey DC. Toxicants inhibiting anaerobic digestion: a review. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1523-34. [PMID: 25457225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion is increasingly being used to treat wastes from many sources because of its manifold advantages over aerobic treatment, e.g. low sludge production and low energy requirements. However, anaerobic digestion is sensitive to toxicants, and a wide range of compounds can inhibit the process and cause upset or failure. Substantial research has been carried out over the years to identify specific inhibitors/toxicants, and their mechanism of toxicity in anaerobic digestion. In this review we present a detailed and critical summary of research on the inhibition of anaerobic processes by specific organic toxicants (e.g., chlorophenols, halogenated aliphatics and long chain fatty acids), inorganic toxicants (e.g., ammonia, sulfide and heavy metals) and in particular, nanomaterials, focusing on the mechanism of their inhibition/toxicity. A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind inhibition/toxicity will enhance the wider application of anaerobic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin Chen
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141
| | - Raphael Ortiz
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141
| | - Terry W J Steele
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141.
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Oh ST, Martin AD. Long chain fatty acids degradation in anaerobic digester: Thermodynamic equilibrium consideration. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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García-Sifuentes CO, Pacheco-Aguilar R, Valdez-Hurtado S, Márquez-Rios E, Lugo-Sánchez ME, Ezquerra-Brauer JM. Impacto del agua de cola de la industria pesquera: tratamientos y usos Impact of stickwater produced by the fishery industry: treatment and uses. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11358120902850412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Najafpour G, Zinatizadeh A, Lee L. Performance of a three-stage aerobic RBC reactor in food canning wastewater treatment. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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