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Wallgren P. Control of swine dysentery at national level in Sweden. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:44. [PMID: 39238024 PMCID: PMC11378539 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine dysentery, caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, is a severe pig disease. Resistance to tylosins is common and resistance to tiamulin has been reported since the 1990s. Still, dysentery is not notifiable to authorities. The disease therefore escapes control from an overall population perspective. In Sweden, a program that aimed to control dysentery at national level was initiated in 2020, mainly due to the unexpected diagnosis of tiamulin resistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in 2016. RESULTS Through joint efforts of a network including farmers, government, animal health organisations and abattoirs it was concluded that outbreaks of dysentery had taken place in 25 herds between 2016 and 2019. By 1 January 2020, nine of these herds were still not declared free from the disease. From that date, the network decided that Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was to be cultured whenever dysentery could be suspected. Thus, 148, 157 and 124 herds were scrutinised for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, whereof five, three and two new herds were confirmed positive. By 31 December 2022, four herds were judged as impossible to sanitise. However, they posed no problem since they were identified by the network, pigs to and from these enterprises could be transported without jeopardising other herds. When Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was diagnosed in fattening herds purchasing growers, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae could not be detected in the delivering herds. That result, together with other observations, indicated that Brachyspira hyodysenteriae ought to be regarded as ubiquitous, although at a low level in healthy pigs. CONCLUSIONS Eradication of dysentery contributed to substantial welfare and financial improvements in affected herds. Dysentery was controlled successfully at national level through the united efforts from competing stake holders, such as different abattoirs and animal health organisations. However, as Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was assumed to be ubiquitous, although at a low level in healthy pigs, the duration of the successful control of dysentery was concluded to only be transient. Without permanent monitoring for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the knowledge of the national status will rapidly decline to the level prior to the initiation of the control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Wallgren
- Swedish Veterinary Agency, SVA, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Nowland TL, Stanley D, Kirkwood RN, Torok VA, Bajagai YS, Gannon NJ, Plush KJ. Maternal supplementation with phytogenic additives influenced the faecal microbiota and reproductive potential in sows. AMB Express 2021; 11:107. [PMID: 34264424 PMCID: PMC8282833 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sows undergo physiological stress during gestation and lactation, potentially leading to enteric dysbiosis and reduced reproductive potential. Phytogenic additives (PFs) may improve performance via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. This study determined whether the provision of a gestation/lactation diet containing PAs would alter the gastrointestinal microbiota of sows and their piglets, and improve performance. Sows received a commercial diet throughout gestation and lactation (CTR; n = 64), a commercial diet throughout gestation and a diet containing PAs in lactation (CTR-PA; n = 63) or a commercial diet containing PAs in gestation and lactation (PA; n = 90). Sows were weighed and backfat recorded after mating and at entry and exit from the farrowing house and piglets were weighed on days 1 and 21 of life. Faecal samples collected from sows at farrowing house entry and piglets at 21 and 35 d were subjected to 16 S rRNA gene amplicon analysis. The addition of PAs to sow diets resulted in more piglets born (P = 0.03), however, it did not improve the number of liveborn piglets (P = 0.14). There were no differences in sow weight, P2 backfat depth or lactation feed intake observed. PAs had no effect on piglet weight or survival to weaning but did alter the faecal microbiota of sows, and this change was observed in piglets at 21 and 35 d. PA supplementation to sows has the potential to increase litter size, while also potentially influencing gastrointestinal tract health of the sow and piglets reared.
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Nowland TL, Torok VA, Low WY, Plush KJ, Barton MD, Kirkwood RN. A Single Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Altered the Microbiota of Weaned Pigs. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090203. [PMID: 32942689 PMCID: PMC7555882 DOI: 10.3390/life10090203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a stressful time for piglets, often leading to weight loss and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A leading cause for these post-weaning problems is enteric dysbiosis and methods to improve piglet health at this crucial developmental stage are needed. This study aimed to determine whether an enteric dysbiosis caused by weaning could be corrected via a faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy piglets from a previous wean. Two or four focal piglets per litter were assigned to one of two treatments; FMT two days post weaning (n = 21; FMT) or a control which received saline two days post weaning (n = 21; CON). FMT consisted of homogenised donor faeces administered orally at 3 mL/kg. Weaning occurred at 18 days of age and weights and faecal samples were collected on days 18, 20, 24 and 35. 16S rRNA amplicon analysis was used to assess the faecal microbiota of piglets. FMT increased Shannon’s diversity post weaning (p < 0.001) and reduced the scratch score observed at 24 days of age (p < 0.001). The bacterial populations significantly differed in composition at each taxonomic level. In FMT pigs, significant increases in potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli were observed. However, increases in beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus mucosae and genera Fibrobacteres and Bacteroidetes were also observed in FMT treated animals. To our knowledge, this is the first study to observe a significant effect on piglet faecal microbiota following a single FMT administered post weaning. Therefore, FMT post weaning can potentially alleviate enteric dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L. Nowland
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy 5371, Australia; (V.A.T.); (R.N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-08-83-13-76-17
| | - Valeria A. Torok
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy 5371, Australia; (V.A.T.); (R.N.K.)
- Food Sciences, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Waite Campus, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - Wai Y. Low
- The Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy 5371, Australia;
| | | | - Mary D. Barton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
| | - Roy N. Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy 5371, Australia; (V.A.T.); (R.N.K.)
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Mahu M, Boyen F, Canessa S, Zavala Marchan J, Haesebrouck F, Martel A, Pasmans F. An avirulent Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strain elicits intestinal IgA and slows down spread of swine dysentery. Vet Res 2017; 48:59. [PMID: 28982389 PMCID: PMC5629781 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, results in substantial economic losses in swine producing countries worldwide. Although a number of different vaccine approaches have been explored with regard to this disease, they show limitations and none of them have reached the market. We here determine the vaccine potential of a weakly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strain. The virulence of this strain was assessed in experimental infection trials and its protection against swine dysentery was quantified in a vaccination-challenge experiment using a seeder infection model. Systemic IgG production and local IgA production were monitored in serum and faeces respectively. Across all trials, pigs that were colonized by virulent, strongly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strains consistently developed swine dysentery, in contrast to none of the pigs colonized by the weakly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae vaccine strain. In the seeder vaccination trial nearly all immunised animals developed swine dysentery on subsequent challenge with a virulent strain, but the speed of spread of swine dysentery and faecal score were significantly reduced in animals immunised with the weakly haemolytic strain compared to sham-immunised animals. The IgA response of immunised animals upon challenge with a virulent B. hyodysenteriae strain significantly correlated to a later onset of disease. The correlation between local IgA production and protection induced by a weakly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strain provides leads for future vaccine development against swine dysentery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Mahu
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stefano Canessa
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jackeline Zavala Marchan
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Abstract
Swine dysentery is a severe enteric disease in pigs, which is characterized by bloody to mucoid diarrhea and associated with reduced growth performance and variable mortality. This disease is most often observed in grower–finisher pigs, wherein susceptible pigs develop a significant mucohemorrhagic typhlocolitis following infection with strongly hemolytic spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira. While swine dysentery is endemic in many parts of the world, the disease had essentially disappeared in much of the United States by the mid-1990s as a result of industry consolidation and effective treatment, control, and elimination methods. However, since 2007, there has been a reported increase in laboratory diagnosis of swine dysentery in parts of North America along with the detection of novel pathogenic Brachyspira spp worldwide. Accordingly, there has been a renewed interest in swine dysentery and Brachyspira spp infections in pigs, particularly in areas where the disease was previously eliminated. This review provides an overview of knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of swine dysentery, with insights into risk factors and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Song Y, La T, Phillips ND, Bellgard MI, Hampson DJ. A reverse vaccinology approach to swine dysentery vaccine development. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:111-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Holden J, Coloe PJ, Smooker PM. An evaluation of the immunogenicity and protective responses to Brachyspira hyodysenteriae recombinant SmpB vaccination. Vet Microbiol 2008; 128:354-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jacobson M, Fellström C, Lindberg R, Wallgren P, Jensen-Waern M. Experimental swine dysentery: comparison between infection models. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:273-280. [PMID: 15017282 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a reproducible porcine infection model with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The influence of different factors was evaluated, namely, age, a diet containing large quantities of soybean meal, housing and administration of cortisol or antacids. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of additional bacteria (Escherichia coli O141, Bacteroides vulgatus or a mixture of Bacteroides fragilis, a field isolate of Bacteroides and Fusobacterium necrophorum) was studied. Experimental infection resulted in an increase in the serum concentrations of the acute-phase proteins serum amyloid A and haptoglobin and the percentages of neutrophils and monocytes. These alterations were specifically related to haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Inoculation combined with feeding of large quantities of soybean meal and group-housing induced swine dysentery in all experimental animals. If the pigs were fed soybean meal, kept in single pens and circulated between the pens, five out of nine developed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences1 and Department of Pathology2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Fellström
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences1 and Department of Pathology2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronny Lindberg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences1 and Department of Pathology2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Wallgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences1 and Department of Pathology2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jensen-Waern
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences1 and Department of Pathology2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 3National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ochiai S, Adachi Y, Asano T, Prapasarakul N, Ogawa Y, Ochi K. Presence of 22-kDa protein reacting with sera in piglets experimentally infected with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2000; 28:43-7. [PMID: 10767606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2000.tb01455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the effect of spectinomycin on outbreaks of swine dysentery, experimental infection of piglets with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was carried out. Feed with and without spectinomycin (SP) was given to each piglet ad libitum and the susceptibility of the piglets to infection with B. hyodysenteriae was compared between SP-treated and untreated piglets. The results showed that the SP-treated piglets did not display clinical signs of swine dysentery unlike the untreated piglets. The sera obtained from these piglets were examined by the microscopic agglutination test and antibodies to B. hyodysenteriae in both groups of experimentally infected piglets were detected and the reaction was serogroup-specific. The agglutination titers were very high in the untreated piglets with dysentery while the titers in the SP-treated piglets were lower than those in the untreated piglets. In addition, the immunoblotting technique was applied and the results demonstrated that 22- and 17-kDa proteins in strain ATCC 31212 (serogroup B) reacted strongly with the sera from the untreated piglets but not with the sera from the SP-treated piglets. The 22- and 17-kDa proteins also reacted with strain ATCC 27164 (serogroup A) which belongs to a different serogroup. The 22- and 17-kDa proteins were also confirmed in six other strains of B. hyodysenteriae which belong to six different serogroups. These proteins were sensitive to proteinase K. These results indicate that the 22- and 17-kDa proteins are common to eight strains of B. hyodysenteriae which differ serologically from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ochiai
- Animal Health Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
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Deplazes P, Thompson RC, Constantine CC, Penhale WJ. Primary infection of dogs with Echinococcus granulosus: systemic and local (Peyer's patches) immune responses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 40:171-84. [PMID: 8160357 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Local and systemic lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production were tested in five dogs 35 days after primary experimental infection with Echinococcus granulosus. A significant cell proliferation was demonstrated by [3H] thymidine incorporation in mesenteric, popliteal and/or Peyer's patches (PPs) cells in response to E. granulosus protoscolex or adult worm antigen in three of five infected dogs, but not in five control animals. In contrast, blood mononuclear cells responded very weakly in only two of the infected dogs to parasite antigens. Elevated levels (compared with preinfection status) of protoscolex- and adult worm antigen-specific serum IgG were detected (ELISA) in four of the five dogs 35 days after infection. Furthermore, slightly elevated levels of parasite-specific IgE and IgA were observed in the sera of three and four in four infected dogs, respectively. Specific serum IgM was not significantly higher 35 days after infection than before infection. Local antibody production was studied in vitro using PPs, mesenteric and popliteal cells isolated from three infected and three uninfected dogs by ELISA using adult worm antigen. In two of three cultures of unstimulated PPs cells of infected dogs, parasite-specific IgG was detectable. Parasite-specific IgA and IgM were detected in one of the unstimulated PPs cell culture derived from an infected dog. Following in vitro stimulation with parasite antigen, PPs cells from two infected dogs showed increased parasite-specific IgG and PPs cells of all three infected dogs produced parasite-specific IgA. PPs cells from uninfected dogs did not produce significant quantities of parasite-specific antibodies and cells from mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes of infected or uninfected dogs neither produced antibodies whilst in in vitro cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Smith SC, Barrett LM, Muir T, Christopher WL, Coloe PJ. Application and evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting for detection of antibodies to Treponema hyodysenteriae in swine. Epidemiol Infect 1991; 107:285-96. [PMID: 1936151 PMCID: PMC2272052 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800048937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) has been developed to detect serum Immunoglobulin antibodies G and M to Treponema hyodysenteriae in vaccinated, experimentally infected and naturally infected swine. Naturally infected swine gave ELISA titres that were similar to experimentally infected swine, but were significantly less than the titres of vaccinated swine. When serum from naturally infected swine was used to probe nitrocellulose blots of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresed whole cell proteins of T. hyodysenteriae, the immunoblotting patterns showed IgG antibodies were produced against many T. hyodysenteriae protein antigens and against lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The IgG antibodies directed against LPS were serotype-specific for that LPS and could be used to identify the serotype involved in the T. hyodysenteriae infection in that herd. IgM immunoblots also reacted with the many protein antigens but were less specific for LPS antigen, with a substantial degree of cross-reaction between the LPS of all serotypes. The data demonstrate that a microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, coupled with immunoblotting, is a very specific and sensitive test for detection of antibody to Treponema hyodysenteriae in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Smith
- Department of Applied Biology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Victoria, Australia
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Rees AS, Lysons RJ, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ. The effect of parenteral immunisation on antibody production in the pig colon. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1989; 23:171-8. [PMID: 2617847 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(89)90119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Local and systemic antibody production was studied in pigs to compare responses to live and killed bacterial antigen and purified protein antigen, with and without prior mucosal stimulation. Recovery from challenge with live bacteria and intramuscular injection with killed bacteria gave rise to similar high levels of serum IgG antibody, but the ratio of specific IgA to IgG in the colon was significantly higher after infection than following vaccination with killed bacteria. Vaccination with a protein antigen gave rise to serum and local antibody production. Prior feeding of the antigen had a tolerising effect on the serum antibody response, but production of IgG and IgA antibody by the colon was not suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Rees
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol, Langford, Avon, Great Britain
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