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Nooruzzaman M, Hossain I, Rahman MM, Uddin AJ, Mustari A, Parvin R, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR. Comparative pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease viruses of three different genotypes. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105641. [PMID: 35714848 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly immunosuppressive and often fatal viral disease of young chickens. The causal agent IBD virus (IBDV) is an avian Birnavirus having two genome segments that have evolved independently and contributed to the emergence of many genotypes with different pathogenic profile. The present study aimed at genetic and pathogenic characterization of IBDVs from Bangladesh. We performed phylogenetic analysis of 15 IBDV isolates recovered from field outbreaks in chickens during 2020-2021 and compared the pathogenicity of three selected isolates belonging to different genotypes on experimental infection in chickens. Out of 15 isolates, one was the typical vvIBDV of genotype A3B2, 13 were reassortant vvIBDV of genotype A3B3 having very virulent-like segment A and early Australian-like segment B, and the remaining one isolate was a classical virulent IBDV of A1aB1 genotype. A few amino acid substitutions were observed between the genotypes in four putative antigenic sites on VP2. In a comparative pathogenicity study, the typical vvIBDV isolate BD-25(A3B2) appeared to be the most virulent with 100% morbidity and 90% mortality, followed by the segment-reassortant vvIBDV isolate BD-28(A3B3) with 50% morbidity and 30% mortality. However, the gross and histopathological lesions in the bursa of Fabricius were similar. The classical virulent isolate BD-26(A1aB1) did not cause any clinical disease. In conclusion, three genotypes of IBDV are co-circulating in poultry of Bangladesh and the typical vvIBDV of A3B2 genotype was more virulent than the reassortant vvIBDV of A3B3 genotype. Further studies are required to assess the country-wide distribution of IBDV of different genotypes and the efficacy of the currently available vaccines in protecting chickens against different genotypes of IBDV in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ismail Hossain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mijanur Rahman
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abm Jalal Uddin
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afrina Mustari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Lupini C, Felice V, Silveira F, Mescolini G, Berto G, Listorti V, Cecchinato M, Catelli E. Comparative in vivo pathogenicity study of an ITA genotype isolate (G6) of infectious bursal disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:1025-1031. [PMID: 31715072 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new genotype of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), named ITA, was detected in IBD-vaccinated Italian broilers. Genome characterization revealed ITA to be a genetically different IBDV, belonging to genogroup 6 according to a recently proposed IBDV classification. The currently available clinical data do not allow any definition of the degree of pathogenicity of the ITA-IBDV isolates. In the present study, a pathogenicity trial was conducted by the oral inoculation of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Birds were housed in poultry isolators and inoculated at 35 days of age with an ITA-IBDV isolate (35 birds) or a strain belonging to the G1a genogroup as a comparison (35 birds). Control birds (25 birds) were contextually mock-inoculated with sterile water. Birds were observed daily for clinical signs and at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi) were bled for IBDV antibody detection. At 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 dpi, five birds from each of the inoculated groups, and three from the control group, were euthanized and subjected to a post-mortem examination; the bursa:body weight and thymus:body weight ratios were calculated. Microscopic lesions of the bursa and thymus were scored on the basis of lymphoid necrosis and/or depletion or cortex atrophy, respectively. Both viruses induced a subclinical course of disease, as neither clinical signs nor mortality were recorded during the study, even in the presence of typical IBDV gross and microscopic lesions. Bursal damage, measured by the bursa:body weight ratio, was more noticeable and precocious after ITA-IBDV inoculation. Histopathology scores of the bursa, indicative of rapid lymphoid depletion, confirmed the aggressiveness of the ITA-IBDV strain in this organ. This study showed that, although the ITA-IBDV strain tested causes infection with a subclinical course, it induces severe damage to lymphoid tissues. Therefore, its circulation in birds might be a threat for the poultry industry and may jeopardize the success of the production cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Viviana Felice
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Flavio Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | | | - Valeria Listorti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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Silveira F, Felice V, Franzo G, Mescolini G, Catelli E, Cecchinato M, Berto G, Listorti V, Lupini C. Inoculation of specific pathogen-free chickens with an infectious bursal disease virus of the ITA genotype (G6) leads to a high and persistent viral load in lymphoid tissues and to a delayed antiviral response. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:136-142. [PMID: 31282371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) of the ITA genotype (G6) was shown to have peculiar molecular characteristics and, despite a subclinical course, aggressiveness towards lymphoid tissues after experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare with a Classical IBDV strain, ITA IBDV distribution and persistence in various tissues (bursa of Fabricious, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, caecal tonsils, Harderian gland, kidney, liver and proventriculus), its cloacal shedding and the involvement of gut TLR-3 in duodenum tissues. The 35-day-old SPF chickens were experimentally infected and sampled up to 28 days post infection (dpi) for IBDV detection and TLR-3 quantification by qRT-PCR. The ITA IBDV strain was detected in lymphoid and most non-lymphoid tissues up to the end of the trial, with higher loads compared to the Classical IBDV. Most of those differences were found during the first 2 weeks post-infection. Notably, bone marrow and caecal tonsils presented higher viral loads until 28 dpi, allowing to speculate that these organs may serve as non-bursal lymphoid tissues supporting virus replication. Differences in relative TLR-3 gene expression between ITA IBDV-infected birds and Classical-IBDV infected ones were observed at 4, 14 and 21 dpi, being initially higher in Classical group and later in ITA group. Our results provide new insights into IBDV pathogenesis showing that IBDV of ITA genotype leads to a high and persistent viral load in lymphoid tissues and to a delayed antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Viviana Felice
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giacomo Berto
- CEVA Salute Animale, Viale Bartolomeo Colleoni, 15, 20864, Agrate Brianza, MB, Italy
| | - Valeria Listorti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
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Hibi H, Hatama S, Obata A, Shibahara T, Kadota K. Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and papilloma associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 in a horse. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1029-1033. [PMID: 31167980 PMCID: PMC6656819 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and squamous papilloma in a 19-year-old Thoroughbred stallion is described. The animal exhibited severe wheezing caused by
laryngopharyngeal stenosis. Histological examination identified laryngeal, laryngotracheal, and guttural pouch tumor masses consisting of areas of SCC. In the epiglottic lesion, the
overlying epithelium was replaced by papilloma cells, and superficial cells frequently had nuclear inclusion bodies that expressed oncoprotein E6, which is characteristic of high risk human
papillomaviruses. The papillomatous epithelium was continuous with epithelium composed of SCC cells. Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2) DNA was detected in the guttural
pouch tumor. These findings suggest that laryngeal SCC and papilloma are a continuum of EcPV2-induced neoplastic lesions in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hibi
- Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen, Kawanishi, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Obata
- Shiga Prefectural Livestock Technology Promotion Center, 695 Yamamoto, Hino, Gamo, Shiga 529-1651, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Koichi Kadota
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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Hatama S, Murakami K, Yamamoto S, Kadota K. Detection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 DNA in calf conjunctival myofibroblastoma. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1544-1548. [PMID: 30158370 PMCID: PMC6207528 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-month-old male Japanese Black calf was referred for the evaluation of a slow-growing
conjunctival mass in the right eye. A superficial keratectomy was performed followed by
recurrence on two occasions. No metastases were found in surrounding tissues.
Histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural investigation revealed that both
the primary and the recurrent lesions were benign, conjunctival, myofibroblastomas.
Interestingly, bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) DNA was detected in both
myofibroblastoma lesions. Archival bovine myofibroblastomas from the vulva and neck were
also analyzed for papillomaviral genomes. BPV-2 DNA was also amplified from these lesions.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing a potential causal
relationship between BPV-2 infection and conjunctival myofibroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kenji Murakami
- Nakasorachi NOSAI, 1-5-14 Omachi, Takikawa, Hokkaido 073-0022, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Souya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 8-3 Midorigaoka, Hamatonbetsu, Esashi, Hokkaido 098-5738, Japan
| | - Koichi Kadota
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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Vagnozzi AE, Espinosa R, Cheng S, Brinson D, O'Kane P, Wilson J, Zavala G. Study of dynamic of chicken infectious anaemia virus infection: which sample is more reliable for viral detection? Avian Pathol 2018; 47:489-496. [PMID: 29974790 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1492089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) is a widely distributed immunosuppressive agent. SPF flocks and eggs used for vaccine production and diagnostics must be CIAV-free. Detection of CIAV infection in SPF flocks involves primarily serology or other invasive methods. In order to evaluate different types of samples for rapid detection of CIAV infection, a trial was conducted in serologically negative broiler breeder pullets vaccinated with a commercial live-attenuated CIAV vaccine. Controls and vaccinated groups were sampled before and after vaccination. Invasive and non-invasive samples were used for CIAV DNA detection by real-time PCR. Seroconversion occurred at 14 days post-inoculation (DPI) in the vaccinated group, whereas CIAV genome was detected by qPCR at 7 DPI in both invasive and non-invasive samples. Only invasive samples remained qPCR positive for CIAV DNA by 21 DPI despite seroconversion of the chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E Vagnozzi
- a Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas , Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria , Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Espinosa
- b Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center , University of Georgia , USA
| | - Sunny Cheng
- b Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center , University of Georgia , USA
| | - Denise Brinson
- b Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center , University of Georgia , USA
| | - Peter O'Kane
- b Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center , University of Georgia , USA
| | - Jeanna Wilson
- c Department of Poultry Science , University of Georgia , USA
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Trinh DQ, Ogawa H, Bui VN, Nguyen TTH, Gronsang D, Baatartsogt T, Kizito MK, AboElkhair M, Yamaguchi S, Nguyen VK, Imai K. Development of a blocking latex agglutination test for the detection of antibodies to chicken anemia virus. J Virol Methods 2015; 221:74-80. [PMID: 25952731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A blocking latex agglutination test (b-LAT) developed in this study was evaluated for the detection of antibodies against chicken anemia virus (CAV) in chickens. Polystyrene latex beads were coupled with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CAV (mAb-beads). When mAb-beads were mixed with antigens prepared from the lysate of MDCC-MSB1 cells infected with CAV, agglutination occurred. A short pre-incubation of CAV antigens with CAV-specific antiserum inhibited the agglutination of mAb-beads. The test results were obtained within 5min. The specificity of b-LAT was evaluated using sera from specific pathogen-free chickens and sera containing antibodies to avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, and Marek's disease virus; nonspecific agglutination and cross-reactivity with antibodies to unrelated viruses were not observed. The examination of 94 serum samples collected from commercial breeder chickens of various ages (17-63 weeks) revealed good agreement (93.6%, Kappa value=0.82) between b-LAT and a virus neutralization test, known to be most sensitive and specific in the detection of antibodies to CAV. These results indicate that b-LAT, a simple and rapid test, is a useful and reliable tool in CAV serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Quang Trinh
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tham Thi Hong Nguyen
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dulyatad Gronsang
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tugsbaatar Baatartsogt
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mugimba Kahoza Kizito
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mohammed AboElkhair
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Shigeo Yamaguchi
- Japan Livestock Technology Association, 3-20-9 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Viet Khong Nguyen
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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8
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Trinh DQ, Ogawa H, Bui VN, Baatartsogt T, Kizito MK, Yamaguchi S, Imai K. Characterization of mAbs to chicken anemia virus and epitope mapping on its viral protein, VP1. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1086-1097. [PMID: 25568186 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three (MoCAV/F2, MoCAV/F8 and MoCAV/F11) of four mouse mAbs established against the A2/76 strain of chicken anemia virus (CAV) showed neutralization activity. Immunoprecipitation showed a band at ~50 kDa in A2/76-infected cell lysates by neutralizing mAbs, corresponding to the 50 kDa capsid protein (VP1) of CAV, and the mAbs reacted with recombinant VP1 proteins expressed in Cos7 cells. MoCAV/F2 and MoCAV/F8 neutralized the 14 CAV strains tested, whereas MoCAV/F11 did not neutralize five of the strains, indicating distinct antigenic variation amongst the strains. In blocking immunofluorescence tests with the A2/76-infected cells, binding of MoCAV/F11 was not inhibited by the other mAbs. MoCAV/F2 inhibited the binding of MoCAV/F8 to the antigens and vice versa, suggesting that the two mAbs recognized the same epitope. However, mutations were found in different parts of VP1 of the escape mutants of each mAb: EsCAV/F2 (deletion of T89+A90), EsCAV/F8 (I261T) and EsCAV/F11 (E144G). Thus, the epitopes recognized by MoCAV/F2 and MoCAV/F8 seemed to be topographically close in the VP1 structure, suggesting that VP1 has at least two different neutralizing epitopes. However, MoCAV/F8 did not react with EsCAV/F2 or EsCAV/F8, suggesting that binding of MoCAV/F8 to the epitope requires coexistence of the epitope recognized by MoCAV/F2. In addition, MoCAV/F2, with a titre of 1 : 12 800 to the parent strain, neutralized EsCAV/F2 and EsCAV/F8 with low titres of 32 and 152, respectively. The similarity of the reactivity of MoCAV/F2 and MoCAV/F8 to VP1 may also suggest the existence of a single epitope recognized by these mAbs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Chicken anemia virus/genetics
- Chicken anemia virus/immunology
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Epitope Mapping
- Immunoprecipitation
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Q Trinh
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Vuong N Bui
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tugsbaatar Baatartsogt
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mugimba K Kizito
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shigeo Yamaguchi
- Japan Livestock Technology Association, 3-20-9 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Yamada M, Hatama S, Ishikawa Y, Kadota K. Intranuclear coccidiosis caused by Cyclospora spp. in calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:678-82. [PMID: 25012083 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714542869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranuclear coccidiosis in 3 calves is described. Two calves with no genetic relationship were kept in the same pen, and the third calf was on another farm. The animals suffered from watery diarrhea or severe emaciation. Histologic examination showed epithelial desquamation (cases 1 and 2) or atrophy (case 3) of the jejunal villi. Coccidial meronts or merozoites were present in the nuclei of the majority of villus epithelial cells. There were rare intranuclear macrogametocytes, macrogametes, microgametocytes, microgametes, and oocysts in cases 1 and 2, but these were more easily observed in case 3. Parasite 18S ribosomal RNA sequences from case 1 showed 99.5% sequence identity with Cyclospora sp. Guangzhou 1, which has been found in fecal samples of cattle from China. In addition to the molecular results in one of the cases, the fact that the microgametocytes and oocysts were noticeably smaller in size than those of Eimeria alabamensis in all cases indicates the close association between Cyclospora and the 3 cases described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Yamada
- Oita Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Oita, Japan (Yamada)Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Toyohira, Sapporo, Japan (Hatama, Ishikawa, Kadota)
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- Oita Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Oita, Japan (Yamada)Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Toyohira, Sapporo, Japan (Hatama, Ishikawa, Kadota)
| | - Yoshiharu Ishikawa
- Oita Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Oita, Japan (Yamada)Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Toyohira, Sapporo, Japan (Hatama, Ishikawa, Kadota)
| | - Koichi Kadota
- Oita Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Oita, Japan (Yamada)Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Toyohira, Sapporo, Japan (Hatama, Ishikawa, Kadota)
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Ohizumi T, Nakamura K, Yamamoto Y, Mase M, Yamada M. Detection of fowl adenovirus DNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections by PCR and classification of serotypes by sequencing of PCR products. Avian Dis 2013; 56:741-3. [PMID: 23397848 DOI: 10.1637/10201-041312-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Detection of fowl adenovirus (FAV) DNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections was attempted by PCR. Serotypes of FAV were classified by sequencing the PCR products. In trials of PCR using a positive control infected with serotype 2 FAV, the best primer set was 57F forward primer (5'-CAARTTCAGRCAGACGGT-3') and 26R reverse primer (5'-GGCTTGACGTACGCTCCGTA-3'). A second PCR with the same primer set revealed a clearer band in the electrophoresis of generated PCR products. Generated PCR products were confirmed to be derived from infected FAV. In addition, PCR and sequencing of PCR products of the liver FFPE sections, from two natural inclusion body hepatitis cases that were not examined for virologic isolation, suggested that the detected FAV was serotype 8a. The PCR of FFPE sections, and serotyping by the sequencing of PCR products, are useful for diagnosis and epidemiologic analysis of FAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ohizumi
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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11
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Yamaguchi S, Kaji N, Munang'andu HM, Kojima C, Mase M, Tsukamoto K. Quantification of chicken anaemia virus by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathol 2012; 29:305-10. [PMID: 19184819 DOI: 10.1080/03079450050118421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative method for chicken anaemia virus (CAV) was developed using competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Competitive template was constructed by deletion of 33 nucleotides from a wildtype DNA clone of CAV. Quantification of CAV DNA molecules by the competitive PCR was rapid and highly reproducible when compared with conventional infectivity titration methods. The ratios of the viral DNA molecules and infectivity titres in MDCC-MSB1 cells varied between 1.3 and 3.55 log(10) among several isolates, suggesting the existence of different infection efficiencies to MDCC-MSB1 cells by isolates. The competitive PCR will be useful for studying CAV infection in vivo and/or in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamaguchi
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
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12
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Nakamura K, Mase M, Yamamoto Y, Takizawa K, Kabeya M, Wakuda T, Matsuda M, Chikuba T, Yamamoto Y, Ohyama T, Takahashi K, Sato N, Akiyama N, Honma H, Imai K. Inclusion body hepatitis caused by fowl adenovirus in broiler chickens in Japan, 2009-2010. Avian Dis 2012; 55:719-23. [PMID: 22313000 DOI: 10.1637/9813-052511-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
From January 2009 to June 2010, many broiler chicks suddenly died without clinical signs. The mortality rates were from 1.2% to 17.0% in affected flocks. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) was detected in 13 prefectures (northern, eastern, western, and southern areas) in Japan. The livers were enlarged and pale. The bursa of Fabricius and thymus had not atrophied. Multifocal necroses of hepatocytes with basophilic intranuclear inclusions were seen in the liver. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes were rare. Focal necrosis of acinar cells with basophilic intranuclear inclusions was found in the pancreas. Basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were detected in intact surface epithelial cells of gizzard and epithelial cells of the small intestine. The intranuclear inclusions of liver, pancreas, gizzard, and small intestine were stained positively for immunohistochemistry of fowl adenovirus (FAV) antigen. Ultrastructurally, basophilic intranuclear inclusions consisted of viral particles approximately 70 nm in diameter and arranged in a crystalline array. FAV was isolated from the liver of chickens affected with IBH. The serotype of most isolates was 2. This study suggests that IBH produced by FAV is epidemic in broiler chicks in Japan and that the present cases occurred as the primary disease without the association of infectious bursal disease virus or chicken anemia virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuyasu Nakamura
- National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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13
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Amer HM, Elzahed HM, Elabiare EA, Badawy AA, Yousef AA. An Optimized Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay to Identify Avian Virus Vaccine Contamination with Chicken Anemia Virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:34-40. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of embryonating chicken eggs in preparation of avian virus vaccines is the principle cause for contamination with Chicken anemia virus (CAV). Identification of CAV in contaminated vaccines relies on the expensive, tedious, and time-consuming practice of virus isolation in lymphoblastoid cell lines. The experience of the last 2 decades indicates that polymerase chain reaction is extending to replace most of the classic methods for detection of infectious agents. In the present report, a simple, rapid, and accurate polymerase chain reaction method for detection of CAV in poultry vaccines is described. Oligonucleotide primers homologous to highly conserved sequences of the VP1 gene were used to amplify a fragment of 676 bp. The developed assay was specific for detecting CAV from different sources, with no cross reactivity with many avian viruses. No inter- and intra-assay variations were observed. The analytical sensitivity of the test was high enough to detect 5 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) of the virus per reaction; however, different factors related to the vaccine matrix showed considerable effects on the detection limit. In conclusion, this method may represent a suitable alternative to virus isolation for identification of CAV contamination of poultry virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham M. Amer
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- the Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M. Elzahed
- Central Laboratories for Control of Veterinary Biologics, Abassia, Egypt
| | - Elham A. Elabiare
- Central Laboratories for Control of Veterinary Biologics, Abassia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Badawy
- Central Laboratories for Control of Veterinary Biologics, Abassia, Egypt
| | - Ausama A. Yousef
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- the Central Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Hufof, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Nishida T, Hatama S, Ishikawa Y, Kadota K. Intranuclear coccidiosis in a calf. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 71:1109-13. [PMID: 19721369 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of intranuclear coccidiosis in an 11-month-old female Japanese Black calf is described. Because the calf exhibited diarrhea and failure to grow and then became moribund, euthanasia was performed. Histologically, the small intestinal villi were highly atrophic, and the epithelial cells frequently had meronts or merozoites within the nuclei. A few intranuclear gametocytes were also seen. The presence of Eimeria alabamensis-specific DNA in the lesions was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequence analyses. Electron microscopy disclosed that most parasites were within nuclear inclusions encircled by the two membranes derived from the nuclear envelope, and that intracytoplasmic meronts and merozoites were in direct contact with the cytosol. Apparently, mature merozoites could be free without destruction of the host cells, and this may be associated with the relatively low pathogenicity of this coccidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nishida
- Iburi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Noboribetsu, Japan
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15
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Davidson I, Artzi N, Shkoda I, Lublin A, Loeb E, Schat KA. The contribution of feathers in the spread of chicken anemia virus. Virus Res 2008; 132:152-9. [PMID: 18177972 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) spreads vertically and horizontally, however, the process is mostly still obscure. To further clarify the horizontal CAV spread, we examined the contribution of feathers. We demonstrated that CAV could be amplified from DNA purified from feather shafts of experimentally infected chicks, and the process efficacy was evaluated by comparing the amplification of DNA purified from feather shafts and lymphoid organs of CAV-experimentally infected chicks. DNA from feathers was found as an efficient source for CAV detection. Further, to substantiate whether CAV reaches the feather shafts passively via the blood, or intrinsically, causing histopathological changes, the feather follicle tissues were examined for CAV-induced lesions. Specific histological changes were found, however, immunohistochemistry failed to detect viral proteins. To determine whether the feather shafts are a source of infective virus, they were homogenized and used to infect 1-day-old chicks via the mucosal entries (eyes, nose and oropharynx). That infection mode simulates the natural route of horizontal infection in commercial poultry houses. We demonstrated the CAV-infection by serology, virology and pathology, showing that feather shafts carry infectious CAV either on their surface or within their feather pulp, and concluded that feathers contribute to the horizontal CAV dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Davidson
- Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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16
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Maeda Y, Shibahara T, Wada Y, Kadota K, Kanno T, Uchida I, Hatama S. An outbreak of teat papillomatosis in cattle caused by bovine papilloma virus (BPV) type 6 and unclassified BPVs. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:242-8. [PMID: 17239550 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Out of 700 heifers at a local farm in Hokkaido, the Northern island of Japan, 560 (80%) were found to have benign teat tumors. All of the analyzed tumors were macroscopically of the flat-and-round type, and no other types such as rice-grain or frond epithelial type were found. The lesions were characterized by epithelial hyperplasia, acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. Unlike in typical fibropapilloma, fibroplasia of the underlying dermis was not observed. Bovine papilloma virus (BPV) capsid antigen and virus particles were found in basophilic intranuclear inclusions of the stratum granulosum of the epidermis by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, respectively. BPV-specific DNA was also detected in the lesions. By means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing of the PCR products, the viruses causing this outbreak were identified mainly as BPV-6 (64%), partly as unclassified BPVs (14%) and their co-infections (21%). Our findings suggest that this outbreak of benign teat tumors was associated with several BPV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Maeda
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Japan
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17
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Simionatto S, Lima-Rosa CADV, Binneck E, Ravazzolo AP, Canal CW. Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Brazilian Chicken Anaemia Virus. Virus Genes 2006; 33:5-10. [PMID: 16791412 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) was detected by a Nested-PCR assay in field samples from different regions of Brazil. The 539 bp amplified fragments of vp1 gene from 44 field samples were sequenced and 10 new nucleotide sequences of CAV were observed. These sequences were phylogenetically analysed by Mega2 using neighbour joining distance methods with 1000 bootstrap replications. Phylogenetic analysis did not show correlation between CAV pathology pattern and genetic groups. The 10 nucleotide sequences of the Brazilian samples were also analysed together with 30 sequences of CAV strains previously described from other countries. The genetic variability observed was not related to the geographical distribution. Amino acid substitutions were detected at 9 positions of the Brazilian sequences and two of them had not been observed before, (65)R replacing the Q residue and (98)F replacing Y residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Simionatto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cep: 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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18
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Krapez U, Barlic-Maganja D, Toplak I, Hostnik P, Rojs OZ. Biological and Molecular Characterization of Chicken Anemia Virus Isolates from Slovenia. Avian Dis 2006; 50:69-76. [PMID: 16617985 DOI: 10.1637/7413.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The presence of chicken anemia virus (CAV) in Slovenia was confirmed by inoculation of 1-day-old chickens without antibodies against CAV and isolation of the virus on the Marek's disease chicken cell-MSB1 line and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Experimental inoculation of 1-day-old chickens resulted in lower hematocrit values, atrophy of the thymus, and atrophy of bone marrow. CAV was confirmed by PCR in the thymus, bone marrow, bursa of Fabricius, liver, spleen, ileocecal tonsils, duodenum, and proventriculus. The nucleotide sequence of the whole viral protein (VP)1 gene was determined by direct sequencing. Alignment of VP1 nucleotide sequences of Slovenian CAV isolates (CAV-69/00, CAV-469/01, and CAV-130/03) showed 99.4% to 99.9% homology. The VP1 nucleotide sequence alignment of Slovenian isolates with 19 other CAV strains demonstrated 94.4% to 99.4% homology. Slovenian isolates shared highest homology with the BD-3 isolate from Bangladesh. Alignment of the deduced VP1 amino acids showed that the Slovenian isolates shared 100% homology and had an amino acid sequence most similar to the BD-3 strain from Bangladesh (99.6%) and were 99.1% similar to the G6 strain from Japan and the L-028 strain from the United States. The Slovenian isolates were least similar (96.6%) to the 82-2 strain from Japan. A phylogeneric analysis on the basis of the alignment of the VP1 amino acids showed that CAV isolates used in the study formed three groups that indicated the possible existence of genetic groups among CAV strains. The CAV isolates were grouped together independent of their geographic origin and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uros Krapez
- Institute of Poultry Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbikeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Caterina KM, Frasca S, Girshick T, Khan MI. Development of a multiplex PCR for detection of avian adenovirus, avian reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, and chicken anemia virus. Mol Cell Probes 2005; 18:293-8. [PMID: 15294316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) was developed and optimized for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of avian reovirus (ARV), avian adenovirus group I (AAV-I), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), and chicken anemia virus (CAV). Four sets of specific oligonucleotide primers were used in this test for ARV, AAV-I, IBDV, and CAV. The mPCR DNA products were visualized by gel electrophoresis and consisted of fragments of 365 bp for IBDV, 421 bp for AAV-I, 532 bp for ARV, and 676 bp for CAV. The mPCR assay developed in this study was found to be sensitive and specific. Detection of PCR-amplified DNA products was 100 pg for both CAV and IBDV, and 10pg for both ARV and AAV-I and this mPCR did not amplify nucleic acids from the other avian pathogens tested. The mPCR demonstrated similar sensitivity in tests using experimental fecal cloacal swab specimens that were spiked with ARV, AAV-1, IBDV, and CAV, and taken from specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. This mPCR detected and differentiated various combinations of RNA/DNA templates from ARV, AAV-I, CAV, and IBDV without reduction of amplification from feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Caterina
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3089, USA
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20
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van den Berg TP, Morales D, Eterradossi N, Rivallan G, Toquin D, Raue R, Zierenberg K, Zhang MF, Zhu YP, Wang CQ, Zheng HJ, Wang X, Chen GC, Lim BL, Müller H. Assessment of genetic, antigenic and pathotypic criteria for the characterization of IBDV strains. Avian Pathol 2005; 33:470-6. [PMID: 15545026 DOI: 10.1080/03079450400003650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was the selection and comparison of representative infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) strains. Nine strains of IBDV, isolated at different times and from different geographic regions of Europe and China, were characterized. Batches of all strains were prepared following standardized protocols and checked for the absence of contaminating viruses. Criteria used for their characterization were: (i) the nucleotide sequence of the VP2 variable region, (ii) binding to a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and (iii) virulence in specific pathogen free chickens after infection with a standardized number of median embryo infective doses. Based on the first two criteria, two of nine strains were classified as classical virulent (cv) IBDV (F52/70, Cu-1wt), and five as very virulent (vv) IBDV (849VB, 96108, HK46, GX, Harbin). Remarkably, although a clear-cut difference was demonstrable between European cvIBDV (F52/70 and Cu-1wt) and vvIBDV (849VB and 96108) strains, there was a continuum in the pathogenicity of Chinese vvIBDVs. Our results indicate the probable existence of differences in virulence within IBDV lineages determined on the basis of antigenic typing using monoclonal antibodies and the alignment of the VP2 sequences. This indicates limitations in the analysis of IBDV pathotypes based on the VP2 variable region and emphasizes that these criteria may not be sufficient for the classification of IBDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P van den Berg
- Avian Virology & Immunology Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research centre Groeselenberg 99 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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Nishimori T, Ishihara R, Kanno T, Jayawardane GL, Nishimori K, Uchida I, Imai K. Experimental transmission of ovine herpesvirus-2 in sheep. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 66:1171-6. [PMID: 15528844 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) in sheep via natural contact and nasal secretions was examined. OvHV-2-free lambs were produced by separating newborn lambs from their mothers within 5 days of birth and raising them in an isolation facility. Transmission experiments via natural contact were conducted by keeping OvHV-2-free lambs with OvHV-2-infected sheep of different ages. Six of the infected ewes in this experiment were pregnant and gave birth during the experimental period. OvHV-2 was not transmitted from the adult sheep, though viral DNA was consistently detected in their peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). On the other hand, OvHV-2 was transmitted from recently infected lambs to sheep at 10 or 12 weeks after the onset of contact. In addition, we attempted the experimental transmission of OvHV-2 via nasal secretions, by transferring nasal washings from infected sheep to the nostrils of uninfected sheep. Sheep receiving the nasal washings from infected adult sheep maintained their negative status for 15 months, whereas sheep receiving nasal washings from recently infected lambs acquired OvHV-2 by 8 months. The results of these experiments support that OvHV-2 is more easily transmitted to negative sheep by recently infected lambs than by adult sheep. Further, it is supposed that the nasal cavity is a portal for entry and shedding of infectious OvHV-2 in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nishimori
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo, Japan
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22
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Jung K, Ha Y, Kim SH, Chae C. Development of polymerase chain reaction and comparison with in situ hybridization for the detection of Haemophilus parasuis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:841-5. [PMID: 15297757 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA extraction and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were developed for the detection of Haemophilus parasuis from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. The results for nested PCR were compared with those determined by in situ hybridization. The optimal results obtained show that use of xylene deparaffinization, digestion with proteinase K followed by nested PCR is a reliable detection method. A distinct positive signal was detected in 20 pigs naturally infected with H. parasuis by in situ hybridization. The rate of agreement between nested PCR and in situ hybridization for the detection of H. parasuis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues was 100%. The nested PCR could be applied successfully to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues for the detection of H. parasuis with bacterial isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
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23
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van Santen VL, Kaltenboeck B, Joiner KS, Macklin KS, Norton RA. Real-time quantitative PCR-based serum neutralization test for detection and titration of neutralizing antibodies to chicken anemia virus. J Virol Methods 2004; 115:123-35. [PMID: 14667528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Detection and titration of chicken anemia virus (CAV)-neutralizing antibodies has relied on tedious, time-consuming passaging of infected cells, or subjective recognition of cytopathic effect in individual cells, because CAV replicates in culture only in lymphoblastoid cell lines, and thus generates no plaques. This paper describes a rapid method, in which CAV genomes in infected cells are quantitated by qPCR 3-4 days postinfection (p.i.), without passaging cells. Three sera, weakly positive with a commercial CAV ELISA kit, from broiler chickens immunized with a commercial CAV vaccine, were used to develop the assay. Virus neutralization titers of these sera were determined using two different CAV-susceptible cell lines (MDCC-MSB1 and MDCC-CU147) by the conventional method of passaging cells infected with 10,000 TCID(50) CAV per well, and by qPCR-based methods using cells infected with 100 or 10,000 TCID(50) per well in 24-well or 96-well plates. The method was also adapted to conventional PCR. The positive sera exhibited virus neutralization activity at dilutions ranging from 1:10 to 1:320 by the various assays. Although virus neutralization titers differed somewhat depending on the assay conditions used, the relative order of the titers of the three positive sera was the same for all assays. The qPCR-based assays are as sensitive and more rapid for detection of neutralizing antibody than the conventional assay based on passaging infected cells, and more sensitive for detection of low-level CAV antibodies than a commercial blocking ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky L van Santen
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 264 Greene Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5519, USA.
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24
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Davidson I, Kedem M, Borochovitz H, Kass N, Ayali G, Hamzani E, Perelman B, Smith B, Perk S. Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus Infection in Israeli Commercial Flocks: Virus Amplification, Clinical Signs, Performance, and Antibody Status. Avian Dis 2004; 48:108-18. [PMID: 15077804 DOI: 10.1637/7072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The impact of chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) infection on commercial chicken flocks in Israel was examined by analyzing flocks with or without typical CIAV signs, signs of other diseases, or apparently healthy flocks. In 23 flocks (broilers and layers) of ages up to 8 wk, typical signs of CIAV infection (stunting, gangrenous dermatitis, and secondary bacterial infections) were recorded. When permitted by flock owners, in several cases among these 23 flocks the morbidity, mortality, and performance parameters were recorded; the presence of CIAV was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); and the antibody status of parents and broilers was measured. In addition, total mortality, number of birds sold, total kilograms of meat sold, density (kg/m2), mean age at slaughter, daily growth rate in grams, total kilogram of food consumed, food conversion rate, and the European Index were calculated. We also surveyed flocks affected by other diseases, such as tumors, respiratory diseases, or coccidiosis, and flocks with no apparent clinical signs. The latter flocks were negative by CIAV-PCR, indicating that typical CIAV clinical signs are associated with one-step PCR-CIAV amplification. However, a small amount of CIAV might still be present in these flocks, acting to induce the subclinical effects of CIAV infection. These data indicate a link between the presence of virus sequences and typical CIAV signs and strengthen the concept that CIAV infection has a negative economic impact on the chicken industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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25
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Cho WS, Chae C. PCR detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeapxIV gene in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues and comparison with in situ hybridization. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 37:56-60. [PMID: 12803557 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues from pigs experimentally infected with 12 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes were used to develop nested PCR for the detection of apxIV gene. METHODS AND RESULTS The PCR results from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were compared with in situ hybridization. The apxIV gene was detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues from all 39 pigs experimentally infected with 12 A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes by nested PCR. In situ hybridization produced a distinct positive signal in all 39 pigs experimentally infected with 12 A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes. Agreement rates between nested PCR and in situ hybridization were 100% for the detection of apxIV gene in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung tissues. Acceptable PCR signals were detected from lung tissues fixed for periods up to 180 days. CONCLUSIONS The apxIV gene is species-specific rather than serotype-specific and is therefore an important diagnostic marker. The nested PCR assay would be a useful method for the detection of apxIV gene to diagnose A. pleuropneumoniae infection when formalin-fixed tissues are submitted. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study confirmed the possibility of using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues for the diagnosis of A. pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-S Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Imai K, Ishihara R, Jayawardane GW, Nishimori K, Nishimori T. Development of a shuttle polymerase chain reaction for the detection of bovine herpesvirus 2. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:953-6. [PMID: 12419876 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols were evaluated for their ability to detect bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2): single-step PCR with 3 reaction stages (denaturation, annealing and extension), 2 reaction stages (denaturation and annealing/extension; shuttle PCR), and semi-nested PCR with 3 reaction stages. All the PCR protocols showed the same sensitivity (detection limit of 0.4 TCID(50)). A non-specific band sometimes appeared in mock cell DNA at annealing temperatures below 64 degrees C. The shuttle PCR was found to be superior to the other protocols under consideration because of the speed of its application. Furthermore, no non-specific band was detected in DNAs of eight other DNA viruses. Thus, the shuttle PCR seems to be an excellent diagnostic tool for BoHV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunitoshi Imai
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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27
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Islam MR, Johne R, Raue R, Todd D, Müller H. Sequence analysis of the full-length cloned DNA of a chicken anaemia virus (CAV) strain from Bangladesh: evidence for genetic grouping of CAV strains based on the deduced VP1 amino acid sequences. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2002; 49:332-7. [PMID: 12420868 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) was detected in the bursa of Fabricius of a 4-week-old chicken obtained from an outbreak of acute infectious bursal disease in Bangladesh. Repeated attempts to grow this virus in MDCC-MSB1 cells were not successful. A full-length PCR amplicon of the genome of this strain, designated as BD-3 CAV, was cloned and sequenced. The complete nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence were compared with those of 12 other CAV strains. The genetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of VP1 indicated the possible existence of genetic groups among CAV strains, as BD-3 CAV along with four other strains (CIA-1, L-028, Isolate 704 and TR-20) formed a distinct lineage. These strains have four signatory amino acids in VP1, such as 75I/T, 97L, 139Q and 144Q, out of which the latter two are located in a small hydrophilic peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Islam
- Institute for Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
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Kiatipattanasakul-Banlunara W, Tantileartcharoen R, Katayama KI, Suzuki K, Lekdumrogsak T, Nakayama H, Doi K. Psittacine beak and feather disease in three captive sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita) in Thailand. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:527-9. [PMID: 12130840 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita) were diagnosed as psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD). Histopathology of the feather pulp and follicles showed intracytoplasmic botryoid clusters or granular inclusion bodies in epithelial cells and macrophages. Electron microscopy revealed multiple cytoplasmic clusters of electron dense viral particles corresponding to the inclusions. PBFD virus (circovirus) DNA-specific product was detected from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded feathers by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
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Kiatipattanasakul-Banlunara W, Tantilertcharoen R, Suzuki K, Albarenque SM, Thanawongnuwech R, Nakayama H, Doi K. Detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) DNA by nested PCR from formalin-fixed tissues of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) pigs in Thailand. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:449-52. [PMID: 12069080 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) DNA was conducted by nested PCR method in 16 cases of swine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Thailand. Histopathology showed characteristic lesions of PMWS and intracytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies in macrophages infiltrating in lymphoid tissues. PCV-2 DNA was detected from formalin-fixed and/or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from all pigs with PMWS. The amplified products were digested with Hae III.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- D Todd
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland
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31
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Kim J, Chae C. Optimized protocols for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues using nested polymerase chain reaction and comparison of nested PCR with in situ hybridization. J Virol Methods 2001; 92:105-11. [PMID: 11226557 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Optimized DNA extraction method and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were developed for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Conventional PCR, nested PCR, and in situ hybridization methods were also compared for the detection of PCV2 in archival tissues. A method based on xylene deparaffinization followed by proteinase K digestion yielded DNA of sufficient quality for PCR analyses reliably and consistently. Twenty-six (70%) of the 37 tissues examined gave positive results with conventional PCR, whereas all the 37 tissues gave positive results using the nested PCR. A distinct positive signal for PCV2 was detected in spleen and lymph node from all the 37 pigs by in situ hybridization. The nested PCR and in situ hybridization could be applied successfully to archival tissues for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Kyounggi-Do, South Korea
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32
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Imai K, Nishimori T, Horino R, Kawashima K, Murata H, Tsunemitsu H, Saito T, Katsuragi K, Yaegashi G. Experimental transmission of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever from sheep to Japanese deer (Cervus nippon) and cattle. Vet Microbiol 2001; 79:83-90. [PMID: 11230931 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The assumption that sheep carry ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), is widely accepted, albeit OvHV-2 has not been isolated. We attempted experimental contact transmission of MCF from Japanese sheep persistently infected with OvHV-2 to Japanese deer (Cervus nippon) and cattle. In Experiment 1, a deer was kept in close quarters with an infected ewe. In Experiment 2, a second deer was kept with the same ewe. In Experiment 3, two cows were each kept with two infected wethers. In Experiment 1, the deer developed clinical signs at 138 days after first contact and then died. OvHV-2 genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescent antibodies to Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 were detected in the affected deer. Moreover, sequences of PCR products (423bp), obtained by amplification of materials from the sheep and from the affected deer, coincided. These results clearly confirmed that the sheep was a carrier of OvHV-2, and that this virus had induced SA-MCF in a deer. In other experiments, no OvHV-2 infection occurred in deer and cattle during the 6-18 months periods of contact, though viral genes were detected in the nasal swabs and white blood cells of the sheep. To our knowledge, this is the first report on successful experimental transmission of MCF from OvHV-2-infected sheep to deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Imai
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Hitsujigaoka 4, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-0045, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Imai K, Mase M, Tsukamoto K, Hihara H, Yuasa N. Persistent infection with chicken anaemia virus and some effects of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus infection on its persistency. Res Vet Sci 1999; 67:233-8. [PMID: 10607503 DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.1999.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) infectivity and the effect of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus (hv IBDV) infection on CAV's infectivity were examined in chickens inoculated with CAV or inoculated dually with CAV and hv IBDV. Five chickens inoculated dually with hv IBDV at 35 days old and then with CAV at 40 days old exhibited no clinical signs of disease, but showed atrophic bursae of Fabricius when necropsied 4 weeks later. Upon examining the chickens at 7 days postinoculation (dpi) with CAV, it was found that hv IBDV infection had inhibited production of virus neutralising (VN) antibody to CAV, and that it was possible to recover CAV from plasma of these chickens. Although VN antibody to CAV appeared after 14 dpi, CAV was recovered from blood cells (BC s) at high titres ranging from 10(2.5)to 10(5.5)TCID(50)/0.1 ml, 7 to 28 dpi in IBDV -induced immunosuppressed chickens. In addition, CAV was sporadically recovered, using rectal swabs, from the dually inoculated chickens at low titers, ranging from 10(1.0)to 10(2. 0)TCID(50)/0.1 ml). In contrast, although CAV was recovered from BC s in most of the chickens inoculated with CAV alone, the titers were lower (10(1.0)to 10(2.5)TCID(50)/0.1 ml). No CAV was detected from the rectal swabs of these chickens. The results of virus recovery were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. This study first examined the persistency of CAV in BC s and the effective enhancement of primary CAV infection as a result of immunosuppression caused by hv IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Imai
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305, Japan
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