1
|
Goodwin ZI, Yang X, Hoffman C, Pascual DW. Live mucosal vaccination stimulates potent protection via varied CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets against wild-type Brucella melitensis 16M challenge. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995327. [PMID: 36263034 PMCID: PMC9574439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-emerging zoonotic pathogen Brucella spp. continues to impact developing countries and persists in expanding populations of wildlife species in the US, constantly threatening infection of our domestic herds. The development of improved animal and human vaccines remains a priority. In this study, immunity to a novel live attenuated B. melitensis strain, termed znBM-mC, was characterized. An oral prime, intranasal (IN) boost strategy conferred exquisite protection against pulmonary challenge, with wild-type (wt) B. melitensis providing nearly complete protection in the lungs and spleens from brucellae colonization. Vaccination with znBM-mC showed an IFN-γ+ CD8+ T-cell bias in the lungs as opposed to Rev 1-vaccinated mice showing IFN-γ+ CD4+ T-cell inclination. Lung CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEMs) increased over 200-fold; and lung CD4+ and CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRMs) increased more than 250- and 150-fold, respectively. These T cells served as the primary producers of IFN-γ in the lungs, which was essential for vaccine clearance and the predominant cytokine generated pre-and post-challenge with wt B. melitensis 16M; znBM-mC growth could not be arrested in IFN-γ−/− mice. Increases in lung TNF-α and IL-17 were also induced, with IL-17 being mostly derived from CD4+ T cells. Vaccination of CD4−/−, CD8−/−, and B6 mice with znBM-mC conferred full protection in the lungs and spleens post-pulmonary challenge with virulent B. melitensis; vaccination of IL-17−/− mice resulted in the protection of the lungs, but not the spleen. These data demonstrate the efficacy of mucosal vaccine administration for the generation of protective memory T cells against wt B. melitensis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Y, Shi L, Zeng Y, Piao D, Xie Y, Du J, Gao M, Gao W, Tian J, Yue J, Li M, Guo X, Yao Y, Kang Y. Key immunity characteristics of diverse stages of brucellosis in rural population from Inner Mongolia, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:63. [PMID: 35659087 PMCID: PMC9167523 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis poses a serious threat to human and animal health, particularly in developing countries such as China. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is one of the most severely brucellosis-endemic provinces in China. Currently, the host immune responses functioning to control Brucella infection and development remain poorly understood. The aim of this study is to further clarify the key immunity characteristics of diverse stages of brucellosis in Inner Mongolia.
Methods We collected a total of 733 blood samples from acute (n = 137), chronic (n = 316), inapparent (n = 35), recovery (n = 99), and healthy (n = 146) groups from the rural community of Inner Mongolia between 2014 and 2015. The proportions of CD4+, CD8+, Th1, Th2, and Th17 T cells in peripheral blood and the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes were examined using flow cytometry analysis. The differences among the five groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal–Wallis method, respectively.
Results Our results revealed that the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly different among the acute, chronic, recovery, and healthy control groups (P < 0.05), with lower proportions of CD4+ T cells and a higher proportion of CD8+ T cells in the acute, chronic, and recovery groups. The proportion of Th1 cells in the acute, chronic, and inapparent groups was higher than that in the healthy and recovery groups; however, there was no significant difference between patients and healthy individuals (P > 0.05). The proportion of Th2 lymphocytes was significantly higher in the acute and healthy groups than in the inapparent group (P < 0.05). The proportion of Th17 cells in the acute group was significantly higher than that in the healthy control, chronic, and inapparent groups (P < 0.05). Finally, the highest expression of TLR4 in lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes was observed in the recovery group, and this was followed by the acute, chronic, healthy control, and inapparent groups. There was a significant difference between the recovery group and the other groups, except for the acute group (P < 0.05). Moreover, a correlation in TLR4 expression was observed in lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes among the five groups (r > 0.5), except for the inapparent group between lymphocytes and granulocytes (r = 0.34). Conclusions Two key factors (CD8+ T cells and TLR4) in human immune profiles may closely correlate with the progression of brucellosis. The detailed function of TLR4 in the context of a greater number of cell types or tissues in human or animal brucellosis and in larger samples should be further explored in the future. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhang Zhu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yige Zeng
- Department of Biological Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dongri Piao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yingbo Xie
- Baotou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Juan Du
- Baotou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Baotou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Baotou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Junli Tian
- Baotou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jun Yue
- Baotou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoKui Guo
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
| | - YaoXia Kang
- Baotou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China. .,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Comprehensive Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu J, Li S, Wang L, Dong Z, Si L, Bao L, Wu L. Pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis-game of Brucella death. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:96-120. [PMID: 34214000 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1944055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. Human infection often results from direct contact with tissues from infected animals or by consumption of undercooked meat and unpasteurised dairy products, causing serious economic losses and public health problems. The male genitourinary system is a common involved system in patients with brucellosis. Among them, unilateral orchitis and epididymitis are the most common. Although the clinical and imaging aspect of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis have been widely described, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the damage and the immune response in testis and epididymis have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we first summarised the clinical characteristics of Brucella epididymo-orchitis and the composition of testicular and epididymal immune system. Secondly, with regard to the mechanism of Brucella epididymoorchitis, we mainly discussed the process of Brucella invading testis and epididymis in temporal and spatial order, including i) Brucella evades innate immune recognition of testicular PRRs;ii) Brucella overcomes the immune storm triggered by the invasion of testis through bacterial lipoproteins and virulence factors, and changes the secretion mode of cytokines; iii) Brucella breaks through the blood-testis barrier with the help of macrophages, and inflammatory cytokines promote the oxidative stress of Sertoli cells, damaging the integrity of BTB; iv) Brucella inhibits apoptosis of testicular phagocytes. Finally, we revealed the structure and sequence of testis invaded by Brucella at the tissue level. This review will enable us to better understand the pathogenesis of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for the treatment of brucellosis and the prevention of transition to chronic form. Facing the testicle with immunity privilege, Brucella is like Bruce Lee in the movie Game of Death, winning is survival while losing is death.HIGHLIGHTSWe summarized the clinical features and pathological changes of Brucellaepididymoorchitis.Our research reveals the pathogenesis of Brucella epididymoorchitis, which mainly includes the subversion of testicular immune privilege by Brucella and a series of destructive reactions derived from it.As a basic framework and valuable resource, this study can promote the exploration of the pathogenesis of Brucella and provide reference for determining new therapeutic targets for brucellosis in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuwang Yu
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiheng Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lengge Si
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lidao Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Mongolian Medicine School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barbuddhe SB, Vergis J, Rawool DB. Immunodetection of bacteria causing brucellosis. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
5
|
Milillo MA, Trotta A, Serafino A, Marin Franco JL, Marinho FV, Alcain J, Genoula M, Balboa L, Oliveira SC, Giambartolomei GH, Barrionuevo P. Bacterial RNA Contributes to the Down-Modulation of MHC-II Expression on Monocytes/Macrophages Diminishing CD4 + T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2181. [PMID: 31572389 PMCID: PMC6753364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus, the causative agent of brucellosis, displays many resources to evade T cell responses conducive to persist inside the host. Our laboratory has previously showed that infection of human monocytes with B. abortus down-modulates the IFN-γ-induced MHC-II expression. Brucella outer membrane lipoproteins are structural components involved in this phenomenon. Moreover, IL-6 is the soluble factor that mediated MHC-II down-regulation. Yet, the MHC-II down-regulation exerted by lipoproteins was less marked than the one observed as consequence of infection. This led us to postulate that there should be other components associated with viable bacteria that may act together with lipoproteins in order to diminish MHC-II. Our group has recently demonstrated that B. abortus RNA (PAMP related to pathogens' viability or vita-PAMP) is involved in MHC-I down-regulation. Therefore, in this study we investigated if B. abortus RNA could be contributing to the down-regulation of MHC-II. This PAMP significantly down-modulated the IFN-γ-induced MHC-II surface expression on THP-1 cells as well as in primary human monocytes and murine bone marrow macrophages. The expression of other molecules up-regulated by IFN-γ (such as co-stimulatory molecules) was stimulated on monocytes treated with B. abortus RNA. This result shows that this PAMP does not alter all IFN-γ-induced molecules globally. We also showed that other bacterial and parasitic RNAs caused MHC-II surface expression down-modulation indicating that this phenomenon is not restricted to B. abortus. Moreover, completely degraded RNA was also able to reproduce the phenomenon. MHC-II down-regulation on monocytes treated with RNA and L-Omp19 (a prototypical lipoprotein of B. abortus) was more pronounced than in monocytes stimulated with both components separately. We also demonstrated that B. abortus RNA along with its lipoproteins decrease MHC-II surface expression predominantly by a mechanism of inhibition of MHC-II expression. Regarding the signaling pathway, we demonstrated that IL-6 is a soluble factor implicated in B. abortus RNA and lipoproteins-triggered MHC-II surface down-regulation. Finally, CD4+ T cells functionality was affected as macrophages treated with these components showed lower antigen presentation capacity. Therefore, B. abortus RNA and lipoproteins are two PAMPs that contribute to MHC-II down-regulation on monocytes/macrophages diminishing CD4+ T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ayelén Milillo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldana Trotta
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Serafino
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Luis Marin Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fábio V Marinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Julieta Alcain
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melanie Genoula
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Balboa
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín" (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meta-Analysis of the Changes of Peripheral Blood T Cell Subsets in Patients with Brucellosis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8439813. [PMID: 29888294 PMCID: PMC5985067 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8439813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases in the world, but its pathogenesis is not very clear. At present, it is thought that it may be related to the immunity of T cells. The conclusions of related studies are inconsistent, and its clinical significance is not explicit. We searched published articles in electronic databases up to December 2017 identified as relating to the clinical features of human brucellosis in China. Only eight studies had sufficient quality for data extraction. Meta-analysis showed a significantly decreased proportion of CD4+ T cells in human brucellosis patients compared to healthy subject individuals. The frequency of CD8+ T cells was significantly higher in human brucellosis patients than that in the healthy control group. The pooled analysis presented a significant decrease of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in human brucellosis patients compared to healthy subjects. There is immunologic dysfunction of T lymphocyte in patients with human brucellosis, the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells might be the important factors affecting the progress of brucellosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Budak F, Bal SH, Tezcan G, Guvenc F, Akalin EH, Goral G, Deniz G, Oral HB. MicroRNA Expression Patterns of CD8+ T Cells in Acute and Chronic Brucellosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165138. [PMID: 27824867 PMCID: PMC5100978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although our knowledge about Brucella virulence factors and the host response increase rapidly, the mechanisms of immune evasion by the pathogen and causes of chronic disease are still unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the immunological factors which belong to CD8+ T cells and their roles in the transition of brucellosis from acute to chronic infection. Using miRNA microarray, more than 2000 miRNAs were screened in CD8+ T cells of patients with acute or chronic brucellosis and healthy controls that were sorted from peripheral blood with flow cytometry and validated through qRT-PCR. Findings were evaluated using GeneSpring GX (Agilent) 13.0 software and KEGG pathway analysis. Expression of two miRNAs were determined to display a significant fold change in chronic group when compared with acute or control groups. Both miRNAs (miR-126-5p and miR-4753-3p) were decreased (p <0.05 or fold change > 2). These miRNAs have the potential to be the regulators of CD8+ T cell-related marker genes for chronic brucellosis infections. The differentially expressed miRNAs and their predicted target genes are involved in MAPK signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, endocytosis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and focal adhesion indicating their potential roles in chronic brucellosis and its progression. It is the first study of miRNA expression analysis of human CD8+ T cells to clarify the mechanism of inveteracy in brucellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferah Budak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - S. Haldun Bal
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Tezcan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Furkan Guvenc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - E. Halis Akalin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Guher Goral
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H. Barbaros Oral
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Barrionuevo P, Delpino MV, Pozner RG, Velásquez LN, Cassataro J, Giambartolomei GH. Brucella abortus induces intracellular retention of MHC-I molecules in human macrophages down-modulating cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:487-502. [PMID: 23107169 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella abortus elicits a vigorous Th1 immune response which activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes. However, B. abortus persists in its hosts in the presence of CD8(+) T cells, establishing a chronic infection. Here, we report that B. abortus infection of human monocytes/macrophages inhibited the IFN-γ-induced MHC-I cell surface expression. This phenomenon was dependent on metabolically active viable bacteria. MHC-I down-modulation correlated with the development of diminished CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell response as evidenced by the reduced expression of the activation marker CD107a on CD8(+) T lymphocytes and a diminished percentage of IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells. Inhibition of MHC-I expression was not due to changes in protein synthesis. Rather, we observed that upon B. abortus infection MHC-I molecules were retained within the Golgi apparatus. Overall, these results describe a novel mechanism based on the intracellular sequestration of MHC-I molecules whereby B. abortus would avoid CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell responses, evading their immunological surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas 'José de San Martín', (CONICET/UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Akhvlediani T, Chitadze N, Laws TR, Makharadze M, Chubinidze M, Tsanava S, Commander NJ, Perkins SD, Dyson EH, Rivard RG, Hepburn MJ, Simpson AJH, Imnadze P, Trapaidze N. Comparison of total antibody and interferon-γ T-cell responses in patients following infection with brucellosis in Georgia. J Infect Public Health 2012; 5:321-31. [PMID: 23164560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an ancient disease that still remains a significant threat to humans and is typically linked to exposure to infected animals and/or consumption of unpasteurized animal products. Despite this history, we have a relatively limited understanding of the host characteristics of this disease; consequently, further research is necessary. In this study, we examined the humoral immune response in 43 Georgian individuals that had been diagnosed with brucellosis 3-12 months before enrollment in the study, many of whom still had symptoms after the completion of antibiotic therapy. In total, 35 of 43 (83%) of the patients had antibodies that bound to Brucella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by COMPELISA, and 34 of 38 (89%) patients had demonstrable specific antibodies to Brucellergene™ antigens; the results from the two ELISAs were highly correlated (p=0.031, r=0.851). We also studied the cellular immune responses in 15 patients. All of the patients generated interferon (IFN)-γ in response to ex vivo stimulation with Brucella protein antigens, and the majority of the patients maintained measurable humoral responses to both LPS and protein antigens. From this initial study, we conclude that measurement of antibody and of cellular (IFN-γ) responses to brucellergene OCB protein epitopes may be worthy of further investigation as an alternative or adjunct to current diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Akhvlediani
- Clinical Research Unit-CRU, Technology Management Company-TMC, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brucella abortus induces apoptosis of human T lymphocytes. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:639-50. [PMID: 22387699 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Immune evasion is essential for Brucella abortus to survive in the face of robust adaptive CD4+ T cell response. We have previously demonstrated that B. abortus can indirectly inhibit CD4+ T cells by down-regulating MHC-II expression and antigen presentation on macrophages. However, whether B. abortus is able to directly interfere with T lymphocytes is not known. We report here that B. abortus induces apoptosis of human T lymphocytes, even though invasion of T lymphocytes was low and non-replicative. The ability of heat-killed B. abortus to reproduce the same phenomenon suggested that there was a bacterial structural component involved. We demonstrated that a prototypical B. abortus outer membrane lipoprotein (l-Omp19), but not its unlipidated form, induced T lymphocyte apoptosis. Moreover, a synthetic lipohexapeptide that mimics the structure of the protein lipid moiety also induced an increase in T lymphocyte cell death, indicating that the structural component implicated in the phenomenon could be any B. abortus lipoprotein. B. abortus-induced T lymphocyte apoptosis was dependent on the secretion of TNF-α since pre-incubation of T lymphocytes with anti-TNF-α mAb inhibited the apoptosis of the cells. Overall, these results represent a new mechanism whereby B. abortus by directly inhibiting T cell-mediated responses may evade adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cannella AP, Tsolis RM, Liang L, Felgner PL, Saito M, Sette A, Gotuzzo E, Vinetz JM. Antigen-specific acquired immunity in human brucellosis: implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:1. [PMID: 22919593 PMCID: PMC3417515 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp., are Gram negative bacteria that cause disease by growing within monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. Clinical manifestations of brucellosis are immune mediated, not due to bacterial virulence factors. Acquired immunity to brucellosis has been studied through observations of naturally infected hosts (cattle, goats), mouse models (mice), and human infection. Even though Brucella spp. are known for producing mechanisms that evade the immune system, cell-mediated immune responses drive the clinical manifestations of human disease after exposure to Brucella species, as high antibody responses are not associated with protective immunity. The precise mechanisms by which cell-mediated immune responses confer protection or lead to disease manifestations remain undefined. Descriptive studies of immune responses in human brucellosis show that TH1 (interferon-γ-producing T cells) are associated with dominant immune responses, findings consistent with animal studies. Whether these T cell responses are protective, or determine the different clinical responses associated with brucellosis is unknown, especially with regard to undulant fever manifestations, relapsing disease, or are associated with responses to distinct sets of Brucella spp. antigens are unknown. Few data regarding T cell responses in terms of specific recognition of Brucella spp. protein antigens and peptidic epitopes, either by CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, have been identified in human brucellosis patients. Additionally because current attenuated Brucella vaccines used in animals cause human disease, there is a true need for a recombinant protein subunit vaccine for human brucellosis, as well as for improved diagnostics in terms of prognosis and identification of unusual forms of brucellosis. This review will focus on current understandings of antigen-specific immune responses induced Brucella peptidic epitopes that has promise for yielding new insights into vaccine and diagnostics development, and for understanding pathogenetic mechanisms of human brucellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Cannella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martirosyan A, Moreno E, Gorvel JP. An evolutionary strategy for a stealthy intracellular Brucella pathogen. Immunol Rev 2011; 240:211-34. [PMID: 21349096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Brucella is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes abortion and infertility in mammals and leads to a debilitating febrile illness that can progress into a long lasting disease with severe complications in humans. Its virulence depends on survival and replication properties in host cells. In this review, we describe the stealthy strategy used by Brucella to escape recognition of the innate immunity and the means by which this bacterium evades intracellular destruction. We also discuss the development of adaptive immunity and its modulation during brucellosis that in course leads to chronic infections. Brucella has developed specific strategies to influence antigen presentation mediated by cells. There is increasing evidence that Brucella also modulates signaling events during host adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Martirosyan
- Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Skendros P, Pappas G, Boura P. Cell-mediated immunity in human brucellosis. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:134-42. [PMID: 21034846 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella can parasitize within human antigen-presenting cells modifying phagocytosis, phagolysosome fusion, antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and apoptosis. Subversion of innate immune mechanisms by Brucella leads to defective Th1 immune responses and T-cell anergy in chronic brucellosis patients. This review summarizes the cellular immune responses in brucellosis, based on data derived exclusively from human cells or cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Skendros
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bouhet S, Lafont V, Billard E, Gross A, Dornand J. The IFNgamma-induced STAT1-CBP/P300 association, required for a normal response to the cytokine, is disrupted in Brucella-infected macrophages. Microb Pathog 2008; 46:88-97. [PMID: 19041714 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To develop intracellularly within phagocytes and cause chronic infection, Brucella must overcome different steps of the host immune responses. IFNgamma is a key mediator of the innate and adaptive responses produced during Brucella infection. Therefore, Brucella would control host defenses by impairing macrophage responses to IFNgamma. We first showed that in infected human macrophages (VD3-differentiated THP-1 cells) Brucella escaped the microbicidal environment generated by IFNgamma. We then analyzed the IFNgamma-mediated signaling in Brucella-infected cells. We observed no decrease in STAT1 tyrosine or serine phosphorylation, or in dimerization of phosphorylated STAT1 (P-STAT1) and P-STAT1 translocation to the nucleus or in P-STAT1 binding to GAS, a minimal IFNgamma-response DNA sequence. In contrast, immuno-precipitation experiments indicated that the IFNgamma-mediated association of P-STAT1 with CBP/P300 transactivators was markedly reduced in infected macrophages, demonstrating that P-STAT1 was unable to normally recruit these transactivators. The host cell cAMP pathway triggered by Brucella could be responsible for this defect, CBP/P300 mobilization by phosphorylated CREB (P-CREB) disrupting the IFNgamma-induced STAT1-CBP/P300 association, required for a normal response of macrophages to IFNgamma. In any case, the inhibition of an essential protein-protein interaction probably lead to a deteriorated response to IFNgamma and thus participated in the pathogen's establishment within its host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bouhet
- Université Montpellier1, Centre d'étude d'Agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS), France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alluwaimi A, Ali AA, Haroon AA. The Relation of the Cytokines and the CD Markers to the Antibody Titers in Patients with Brucellosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2008.641.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
16
|
Riber U, Jungersen G. Cell-mediated immune responses differentiate infections with Brucella suis from Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 116:13-25. [PMID: 17270281 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to almost identical lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigens, infections with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 (YeO:9) cause false positive serological reactions (FPSR) in tests for Brucella and thus cause problems in National Brucella surveillance programs. As LPS are strong inducers of antibody responses it was hypothesized that cell-mediated immune responses to non-LPS antigens of the two bacteria can be used to separate immune responses to these two biologically very different infections. Following subclinical experimental infections with Brucella suis biovar 2, high interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) assay responses with a commercial Brucella melitensis antigen preparation (Brucellergene OCB) preceded the development of antibodies. High IFN-gamma responses in the seven B. suis inoculated pigs with serological evidence of infection were consistent throughout a 20-week post-inoculation observation period. In contrast, IFN-gamma responses in two B. suis inoculated pigs without bacteriological or serological evidence of infection were below a cut-point of 25pg/ml at all samplings. IFN-gamma responses in repeated samplings from 5 uninfected control pigs and 18 pigs experimentally infected with YeO:9 were all negative, except for solitary false positives in 3.7% of the samples from both the experimentally YeO:9 infected pigs and control pigs. Skin tests using the same commercial Brucella antigen confirmed the ability of cell-mediated immune responses to differentiate between the two infections. In addition, a field evaluation of the diagnostic use of cell-mediated immune responses by IFN-gamma assay and skin test to resolve serological suspicions of Brucella was conducted in an YeO:9 infected pig herd. Following a screening of 200 pigs 39 pigs were identified with false positive serological Brucellosis reactions. While 36 of the 39 FPSR pigs were also FPSR in a second test, none of the pigs were test positive in whole blood IFN-gamma assay or Brucellergene OCB skin test. In conclusion, use of IFN-gamma assay and skin test as measurements of cell-mediated immune responses to non-LPS Brucella antigens were specific and sensitive in discriminating subclinical experimental infections with B. suis from both natural and experimental infections with YeO:9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Riber
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Skendros P, Boura P, Kamaria F, Raptopoulou-Gigi M. CD80/CD28 co-stimulation in human brucellosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:400-8. [PMID: 17100758 PMCID: PMC1810400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite treatment, 10-30% of brucellosis patients develop chronic disease, characterized by atypical clinical picture and/or relapses. A defective T helper 1 (Th1) response and a low [corrected] percentage of CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells have been described in chronic brucellosis patients. CD80/CD28 co-stimulation is critical for an efficient Th1 response and has not been studied previously in human brucellosis. In order to investigate the role of CD80/CD28 co-stimulation, 13 acute brucellosis patients (AB), 22 chronic brucellosis patients (CB, 12/22 relapsing type-CB1 and 10/22 atypical type-CB2), 11 'cured' subjects and 15 healthy volunteers (controls) were studied. The percentage of CD4(+)/CD28(+) T lymphocytes and CD14(+)/CD80(+) monocytes were analysed by flow cytometry both ex vivo and after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulation with or without heat-killed Brucella abortus (HkBA). Ex vivo analysis showed no differences between all groups studied. PHA stimulation up-regulated the percentage of CD80(+) monocytes in AB compared to 'cured' subjects and controls (P < 0.001), although the proportion of CD4(+)/CD28(+) cells did not alter. A higher percentage of CD80(+) monocytes was observed in the CB1 subgroup, compared to AB, 'cured' subjects and controls (P = 0.042, < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). CB2 was characterized by a lower percentage of CD80(+) monocytes in comparison to CB1 (P = 0.020). HkBA in PHA cultures down-regulated the percentage of CD80(+) monocytes compared to PHA alone in all groups, especially in AB and CB patients (P < 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). In conclusion, the diminished percentage of CD4(+)/CD25(+) T cells in CB is not associated with inadequate CD80/CD28 co-stimulation. We speculate that differential frequency of CD80(+) monocytes after PHA stimulation could serve as a qualitative parameter of disease status, related to the different clinical forms of chronic brucellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Skendros
- Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zheng CF, Ma LL, Jones GJ, Gill MJ, Krensky AM, Kubes P, Mody CH. Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells use granulysin to kill Cryptococcus neoformans, and activation of this pathway is defective in HIV patients. Blood 2006; 109:2049-57. [PMID: 17038537 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-009720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An important mechanism of host defense to Cryptococcus neoformans involves the direct microbicidal activity of lymphocytes. The importance of CD4+ T cells is illustrated by the incidence of this infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients; however, the relative activity of microbicidal CD4+ T cells compared with CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells has not been established. Further, although NK cells and CD8+ T cells use perforin or granulysin, respectively, to kill C neoformans, the effector molecule used by CD4+ T cells is not known. Experiments demonstrated that IL-2-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy adults acquire anticryptococcal activity, and surprisingly, that CD4+ T cells had the most profound effect on this activity. Using SrCl(2)induced degranulation and siRNA knockdown, granulysin was shown to be the effector molecule. Although activation by anti-CD3 + IL-2 resulted in the additional expression of perforin, this did not improve the anticryptococcal activity. Cryptococcal killing by CD4+ T cells was defective in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients due to dysregulated granulysin and perforin production in response to IL-2 or anti-CD3 + IL-2. In conclusion, CD4+ T cells are the major subset of cells responsible for killing C neoformans in peripheral blood. These cells use granulysin as the effector molecule, and priming is dysregulated in HIV-infected patients, which results in defective microbicidal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Fu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Skendros P, Boura P, Chrisagis D, Raptopoulou-Gigi M. Diminished percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes expressing interleukine-2 receptor alpha in chronic brucellosis. J Infect 2006; 54:192-7. [PMID: 16720045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Despite the treatment, a considerable proportion of brucellosis patients develop chronic disease, characterized by atypical clinical picture and/or relapses. Th1 cytokines are critical for the clearance of Brucella infection and diminished production of IL-2 in response to PHA, has been described in chronic brucellosis. In order to investigate the role of IL-2R alpha (CD25) in disease outcome, we evaluated the ex vivo and PHA-induced percentage of peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocytes expressing CD25 in 13 acute brucellosis patients (AB), 22 chronic brucellosis patients (CB), 11 "clinically cured" subjects and 15 healthy volunteers (controls). Simultaneously, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes subsets were measured. RESULTS The ex vivo percentage of CD4+/CD25+ T-cells was significantly higher in AB patients compared to "clinically cured" subjects (p=0.005) and controls (p=0.006). By contrast, CD4+/CD25+ T-cells were significantly lower in CB patients (p=0.001). T-lymphocytes subsets did not significantly differ between the groups. After PHA stimulation, CD4+/CD25+ T-cells remained significantly lower in CB and specifically in the relapsing form of chronic disease compared to AB (p=0.044, 0.023). Additionally, CD8+ T-lymphocytes were found to be significantly increased in CB and mainly in the relapsing subgroup of CB patients compared to AB (p=0.044, 0.011). CONCLUSION Diminished percentage of peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocytes expressing IL-2R alpha is associated with chronic relapsing brucellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Skendros
- Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rafiei A, Ardestani SK, Kariminia A, Keyhani A, Mohraz M, Amirkhani A. Dominant Th1 cytokine production in early onset of human brucellosis followed by switching towards Th2 along prolongation of disease. J Infect 2006; 53:315-24. [PMID: 16488475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic infectious disease which is caused by intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus Brucella. Based on murine studies it has been shown that host resistance to Brucella depends on Th1 response, whereas Th2 response is involved in the severity of the disease. Since the immune response during human brucellosis has not been profoundly studied we have tried to evaluate cytokine production in patients suffering from brucellosis. Diluted whole blood samples were cultured in the presence of the mitogen, heat inactivated bacteria or medium alone. IL-12, IFN-gamma and IL-10 were measured by specific sandwich ELISA. In addition, the percentage of CD3(+) T cells producing either IL-13 or IFN-gamma was determined by flow cytometry. It was found that not only IFN-gamma production but also the number of CD3(+) IFN-gamma-producing cells decreased with prolongation of the disease but the percentage of CD3(+) IL-13(+) T cells were significantly increased. No correlation between duration of disease and IL-10 or IL-12 production was found. In conclusion, it is proposed that at the onset of brucellosis, Th1 response dominates while diminishing with prolongation of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jimenez de Bagues MP, Maria-Pilar JDB, Dudal S, Dornand J, Gross A. Cellular bioterrorism: how Brucella corrupts macrophage physiology to promote invasion and proliferation. Clin Immunol 2005; 114:227-38. [PMID: 15721833 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide human zoonosis caused by intracellular bacteria of the genus Brucella. Virulence factors play an important role in allowing Brucella infection and proliferation within macrophages. Brucella enters macrophages through lipid raft microdomains, avoids phagolysosome fusion, and inhibits TNF-alpha secretion and apoptosis. Furthermore, Brucella can perturb bactericidal activity in macrophages by influencing the host cell response to its advantage through its LPS or by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway. To date, small steps have been taken in defining and understanding the virulence factors of Brucella used in macrophage subversion, but further investigation is required to fully explain virulence and persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Pilar Jimenez de Bagues
- Unidad de Sanidad Animal, Servicio de Investigación Agroalimentaria, Diputación General de Aragón, Ap. 727. 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Godoy-Ramirez K, Franck K, Mahdavifar S, Andersson L, Gaines H. Optimum culture conditions for specific and nonspecific activation of whole blood and PBMC for intracellular cytokine assessment by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2004; 292:1-15. [PMID: 15350507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of cytokine production is an important component of studies of cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) to immunological challenges. In this study, we present a method to enhance the detection of cytokine-producing cells by allowing antigen-specific cells to expand in long-term culture. We investigated the influence of the degree of dilution of whole blood and the duration of the incubation period on whole blood as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), cultured in the absence or presence of mitogens, superantigens or specific antigens, for intracellular cytokine production (IFNgamma, TNFalpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes using four-colour flow cytometry. Whole blood was diluted 1/1, 1/2, 1/5 and 1/10, and cultured for 6, 24, 48, 72 and 120 h in the presence of antibodies against the co-stimulatory molecules CD28 and CD49d, and, during the last 4 h of culture, in the presence of brefeldin A. Optimum conditions for detection of a high number of IFNgamma-positive cells were observed after 72 h of culture in blood diluted 1/10. Median frequencies of IFNgamma+ cells obtained after activation by PMA-ionomycin, PHA or SEA-B were 29.3%, 20.0% and 6.8% for CD4+ cells, and 67.8%, 20.6% and 6.8% for CD8+ cells. In blood samples diluted 1/5 or 1/10, and cultured in the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) or varicella-zoster virus (VZV), mean peak levels of 2.8% and 1.4% IFNgamma+CD4+ cells were recorded at 120 h. The levels of cells producing cytokines other than IFNgamma were generally much lower and, in the case of IL-4 and IL-13, difficult to distinguish from background levels recorded in cultures with medium only. Kinetic studies of cytokine production by PBMCs showed a pattern similar to that of whole blood with peak levels of IFNgamma-producing cells recorded at 72 h. The increased levels of IFNgamma production after culture for 72 h were due to an expansion of the numbers of cytokine-producing cells responsive to a specific stimulus. Antigen-specific cells are usually present only at low levels in peripheral blood and may not be detected following simple activation for a few hours. To reach a level of detection in such cases, culture of diluted blood for several days is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Godoy-Ramirez
- Department of Immunology and Vaccinology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Garibay-Escobar A, Estrada-García I, Estrada-Parra S, Santos-Argumedo L. Integrated measurements by flow cytometry of the cytokines IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-12, TNF-alpha and functional evaluation of their receptors in human blood. J Immunol Methods 2003; 280:73-88. [PMID: 12972189 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficiencies might be caused not only by the lack of cytokine production, but also by defective expression and/or function of the cytokine receptors. We have measured by flow cytometry, within 2 days, not only the production of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-12 and TNF-alpha, but also the functional expression of the receptors for these cytokines in blood samples obtained from 15 healthy donors and 13 patients suffering from tuberculosis. Cytoplasmic and surface staining with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to assess the production of cytokines and their receptors, respectively, after polyclonal stimulation. To evaluate receptor activity, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were first incubated with the corresponding recombinant human (rh) cytokine. CD69 was detected on lymphocytes after incubation with rhIL-2; IFN-gamma was detected in lymphocytes after co-stimulation with rhIL-12 plus PHA; iNOS induction and upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II and MHC I was detected on monocytes after recombinant human interferon-gamma (rhIFN-gamma) stimulation; finally, COX-2 expression and MHC II upregulation were detected on monocytes after rhTNF-alpha stimulation. The assay that was developed can be used clinically to assess the activities of components of the cytokine signaling pathways of patients with immunodeficiencies or those with chronic intracellular infections such as tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Seidel G, Pardo CA, Newman-Toker D, Olivi A, Eberhart CG. Neurobrucellosis presenting as leukoencephalopathy: the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:e374-7. [PMID: 12946213 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-e374-npaltr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 65-year-old man developed a leukoencephalopathy associated with neurobrucellosis. The disease followed a 15-month progressive course with neurologic symptoms, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral symmetrical T2 signal hyperintensities in the white matter. Biopsy of the cerebral cortex and white matter was significant for nongranulomatous meningoencephalitis with reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis. The inflammatory infiltrate was predominantly composed of T lymphocytes, including numerous cytotoxic T cells. There was no evidence of significant myelin destruction. No organisms were detected microscopically, but elevated immunoglobulin G titers to Brucella were found in the cerebrospinal fluid. An abscess formed at the biopsy site, and Brucella melitensis was cultured from abscess contents. Neurobrucellosis is difficult to diagnose outside endemic regions and is associated with leukoencephalopathy-like pathology. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and microglia activation play an immunopathogenic role in this rare disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Seidel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|