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Vanbrabant K, Van Meel D, Kerksiek A, Friedrichs S, Dubbeldam M, Schepers M, Zhan N, Gutbrod K, Dörmann P, Liu HB, Mulder MT, Vanmierlo T, Lütjohann D. 24(R, S)-Saringosterol - From artefact to a biological medical agent. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105942. [PMID: 34144153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhancing the cholesterol turnover in the brain via activation of liver x receptors can restore memory in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. The edible Asian brown alga Sargassum fusiforme (Hijiki) contains high amounts of oxysterols such as (3β, 24ξ)-stigmasta-5, 28-dien-3, 24-diol (24[R, S]-saringosterol) that are a potent liver x receptor agonists. We aimed to find native European seaweed species with contents of 24(R, S)-saringosterol that are comparable to those found in Sargassum fusiforme. Additionally, we hypothesize that seasonal variations modify the amount of 24(R, S)-saringosterol in seaweeds. Sterols and oxysterols were extracted with chloroform/methanol from various seaweed species harvested in the Eastern Scheldt in different seasons between October 2016 and September 2017. Identification and quantification of the lipids was performed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry and gas chromatography- flame ionization detection. We confirmed that brown algae Undaria pinnatifida harvested in February and Sargassum muticum harvested in October contained the highest amounts of 24(R, S)-saringosterol (32.4 ± 15.25 μg/g, mean ± S.D. and 32.95 ± 2.91 μg/g, respectively) and its precursor fucosterol (1.48 ± 0.11 mg/g), higher than Sargassum fusiforme (20.94 ± 3.00 μg/g, mean ± S.D.), while Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus contained amounts of 24(R, S)-saringosterol (22.09 ± 3.45 μg/g, 18.04 ± 0.52 μg/g and 19.47 ± 9.01 μg/g, mean ± S.D., respectively) comparable to Sargassum fusiforme. In other algae only minor amounts of these sterols were observed. The green algae Ulva lactuca contained only 0.29 mg/g fucosterol and 10.3 μg/g 24 (R, S)-saringosterol, while all investigated red algae did not contain any 24(R, S)-saringosterol or fucosterol. In the Eastern Scheldt algae harvested in September/October delivered the highest yield for 24(R, S)-saringosterol, with the exception of Undaria pinnatifida that showed the highest levels in February. We showed that exposure of lipid extracts of Ulva lactuca to sunlight at room temperature or in the presence of oxygen to UV-C light lead to the quantitative conversion of fucosterol into 24(R, S)-saringosterol. Exposing pure fucosterol to UV-light did not convert any fucosterol into 24(R, S)-saringosterol underscoring the requirement of seaweed constituents in the conversion of fucosterol into 24(R, S)-saringosterol. In conclusion, we showed that brown seaweeds harvested from the Eastern Scheldt contain amounts of 24(R, S)-saringosterol comparable to Sargassum fusiforme, varying per season and showing the highest amounts in spring. In accordance with these observations the amount of 24(R, S)-saringosterol in the brown seaweeds can be modulated by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Vanbrabant
- Neuro-Immune Connect & Repair Lab, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Van Meel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, D-53127, Bonn, Germany; Chemie and biobased technologie, Avans Hogeschool, Onderwijsboulevard 5223, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Dubbeldam
- Stichting Zeeschelp, Oosthavendijk 7, 4493BK, Kamperland, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Neuro-Immune Connect & Repair Lab, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Na Zhan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, D-53127, Bonn, Germany; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, 266003, Qingdao, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hong-Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, 266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Monique T Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Neuro-Immune Connect & Repair Lab, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, D-53127, Bonn, Germany.
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Reynolds D, Huesemann M, Edmundson S, Sims A, Hurst B, Cady S, Beirne N, Freeman J, Berger A, Gao S. Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis. ALGAL RES 2021; 57:102331. [PMID: 34026476 PMCID: PMC8128986 DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are abiotic obligate parasites utilizing complex mechanisms to hijack cellular machinery and reproduce, causing multiple harmful effects in the process. Viruses represent a growing global health concern; at the time of writing, COVID-19 has killed at least two million people around the world and devastated global economies. Lingering concern regarding the virus' prevalence yet hampers return to normalcy. While catastrophic in and of itself, COVID-19 further heralds in a new era of human-disease interaction characterized by the emergence of novel viruses from natural sources with heretofore unseen frequency. Due to deforestation, population growth, and climate change, we are encountering more viruses that can infect larger groups of people with greater ease and increasingly severe outcomes. The devastation of COVID-19 and forecasts of future human/disease interactions call for a creative reconsideration of global response to infectious disease. There is an urgent need for accessible, cost-effective antiviral (AV) drugs that can be mass-produced and widely distributed to large populations. Development of AV drugs should be informed by a thorough understanding of viral structure and function as well as human biology. To maximize efficacy, minimize cost, and reduce development of drug-resistance, these drugs would ideally operate through a varied set of mechanisms at multiple stages throughout the course of infection. Due to their abundance and diversity, natural compounds are ideal for such comprehensive therapeutic interventions. Promising sources of such drugs are found throughout nature; especially remarkable are the algae, a polyphyletic grouping of phototrophs that produce diverse bioactive compounds. While not much literature has been published on the subject, studies have shown that these compounds exert antiviral effects at different stages of viral pathogenesis. In this review, we follow the course of viral infection in the human body and evaluate the AV effects of algae-derived compounds at each stage. Specifically, we examine the AV activities of algae-derived compounds at the entry of viruses into the body, transport through the body via the lymph and blood, infection of target cells, and immune response. We discuss what is known about algae-derived compounds that may interfere with the infection pathways of SARS-CoV-2; and review which algae are promising sources for AV agents or AV precursors that, with further investigation, may yield life-saving drugs due to their diversity of mechanisms and exceptional pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daman Reynolds
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Michael Huesemann
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Scott Edmundson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Amy Sims
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brett Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sherry Cady
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Nathan Beirne
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Adam Berger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
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van Maldegem LM, Nettersheim BJ, Leider A, Brocks JJ, Adam P, Schaeffer P, Hallmann C. Geological alteration of Precambrian steroids mimics early animal signatures. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 5:169-173. [PMID: 33230255 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The absence of unambiguous animal body fossils in rocks older than the late Ediacaran has rendered fossil lipids the most promising tracers of early organismic complexity. Yet much debate surrounds the various potential biological sources of putative metazoan steroids found in Precambrian rocks. Here we show that 26-methylated steranes-hydrocarbon structures currently attributed to the earliest animals-can form via geological alteration of common algal sterols, which carries important implications for palaeo-ecological interpretations and inhibits the use of such unconventional 'sponge' steranes for reconstructing early animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart M van Maldegem
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany. .,MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. .,The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Nettersheim
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany. .,MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Arne Leider
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.,MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jochen J Brocks
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Pierre Adam
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Christian Hallmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany. .,MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Zhao Q, Ji L, Qian C, Chen XZ. Investigation into the Synthesis of C-25 Oxysterols. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/174751913x13794472538225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University. No. 38, Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Li Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University. No. 38, Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Chao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University. No. 38, Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University. No. 38, Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
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Zhao Q, Ji L, Qian GP, Liu JG, Wang ZQ, Yu WF, Chen XZ. Investigation on the synthesis of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Steroids 2014; 85:1-5. [PMID: 24582707 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A very efficient and environmentally benign method has been developed for the synthesis of 25-hydroxycholesterol. The reaction was performed in THF-water (4:1, v/v) using NBS as the brominating agent, followed by the easy reduction of C-Br with lithium aluminum hydride in THF, to yield the final product corresponding to a Markovnikov's rule. Excellent yields and regioselectivity have been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Li Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Guo-Ping Qian
- Zhejiang Garden Biochemical High-tech. Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Jian-Gang Liu
- Zhejiang Garden Biochemical High-tech. Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Zi-Qiang Wang
- Zhejiang Garden Biochemical High-tech. Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Wan-Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Xin-Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China.
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In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Effects of Sterol Fraction from Red Algae Porphyra dentata. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:493869. [PMID: 24062783 PMCID: PMC3770035 DOI: 10.1155/2013/493869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyra dentata, an edible red macroalgae, is used as a folk medicine in Asia. This study evaluated in vitro and in vivo the protective effect of a sterol fraction from P. dentata against breast cancer linked to tumor-induced myeloid derived-suppressor cells (MDSCs). A sterol fraction containing cholesterol, β -sitosterol, and campesterol was prepared by solvent fractionation of methanol extract of P. dentata in silica gel column chromatography. This sterol fraction in vitro significantly inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in 4T1 cancer cells. Intraperitoneal injection of this sterol fraction at 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight into 4T1 cell-implanted tumor BALB/c mice significantly inhibited the growth of tumor nodules and increased the survival rate of mice. This sterol fraction significantly decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and arginase activity of MDSCs in tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, the sterol fraction from P. dentata showed potential for protecting an organism from 4T1 cell-based tumor genesis.
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Chan CX, Blouin NA, Zhuang Y, Zäuner S, Prochnik SE, Lindquist E, Lin S, Benning C, Lohr M, Yarish C, Gantt E, Grossman AR, Lu S, Müller K, W Stiller J, Brawley SH, Bhattacharya D. Porphyra (Bangiophyceae) Transcriptomes Provide Insights Into Red Algal Development And Metabolism. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:1328-1342. [PMID: 27009986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The red seaweed Porphyra (Bangiophyceae) and related Bangiales have global economic importance. Here, we report the analysis of a comprehensive transcriptome comprising ca. 4.7 million expressed sequence tag (EST) reads from P. umbilicalis (L.) J. Agardh and P. purpurea (Roth) C. Agardh (ca. 980 Mbp of data generated using 454 FLX pyrosequencing). These ESTs were isolated from the haploid gametophyte (blades from both species) and diploid conchocelis stage (from P. purpurea). In a bioinformatic analysis, only 20% of the contigs were found to encode proteins of known biological function. Comparative analysis of predicted protein functions in mesophilic (including Porphyra) and extremophilic red algae suggest that the former has more putative functions related to signaling, membrane transport processes, and establishment of protein complexes. These enhanced functions may reflect general mesophilic adaptations. A near-complete repertoire of genes encoding histones and ribosomal proteins was identified, with some differentially regulated between the blade and conchocelis stage in P. purpurea. This finding may reflect specific regulatory processes associated with these distinct phases of the life history. Fatty acid desaturation patterns, in combination with gene expression profiles, demonstrate differences from seed plants with respect to the transport of fatty acid/lipid among subcellular compartments and the molecular machinery of lipid assembly. We also recovered a near-complete gene repertoire for enzymes involved in the formation of sterols and carotenoids, including candidate genes for the biosynthesis of lutein. Our findings provide key insights into the evolution, development, and biology of Porphyra, an important lineage of red algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong Xin Chan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Nicolas A Blouin
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Yunyun Zhuang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Simone Zäuner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Simon E Prochnik
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, 94958, USA
| | - Erika Lindquist
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, 94958, USA
| | - Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles Yarish
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, Connecticut, 06901, USA
| | - Elisabeth Gantt
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Kirsten Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John W Stiller
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, 27834, USA
| | - Susan H Brawley
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
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Kawashima H, Ohnishi M, Ogawa S. Differences in sterol composition of gonads of the lottiid limpets Nipponacmea concinna and Nipponacmea fuscoviridis from northeastern Japan. J Oleo Sci 2012; 60:501-4. [PMID: 21937849 DOI: 10.5650/jos.60.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report on the sterol composition in Nipponacmea concinna and Nipponacmea fuscoviridis, 2 dominant species of lottiid limpets. There were significant differences in sterol composition between male and female gonads of the limpets. Previous studies have shown that zymostenol and zymosterol are major lipid components of male gonads of the nacellid limpets Cellana grata and Cellana toreuma. In contrast, in this study, only trace amounts of zymosterol were detected in male gonads of N. fuscoviridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kawashima
- Bioscience Laboratory, Miyako College, Iwate Prefectural University, Japan.
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Souchet N, Laplante S. Seasonal and geographical variations of sterol composition in snow crab hepatopancreas and pelagic fish viscera from Eastern Quebec. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:378-86. [PMID: 17374564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sterol composition was determined in snow crab hepatopancreas and mackerel and herring viscera for various locations and collection periods. A simple and valuable method, using direct saponification and extraction with water-cyclohexane has been optimized to recover total sterol. They were identified and quantified as trimethylsilyl ether derivatives by GC-MS analysis. Method validation indicated excellent sensitivity (limit of quantification: 1.25 mg/100 g wet basis for cholesterol and desmosterol; 0.03-0.05 mg/100 g for other sterols), good reproducibility (CV%: 1.5-6.8) and accuracy (recovery%: 94-107). In crab hepatopancreas, cholesterol was the main sterol (67-76%), followed by desmosterol (19-24%). Phytosterols and molluscan sterols were also present in low quantity. A lower total sterol content with different composition was found in crabs from Magdalen Islands compared to those from Gaspé Peninsula or North Shore of the St-Lawrence Gulf. No seasonal variation was observed between collection periods, which were probably too close. Mackerel and herring viscera contained the same sterols as crab except for campesterol and sitosterol, but the cholesterol proportion was higher (93-98%). The higher abundance of sterols in herring caught in September vs. May would be related to an increase of the body lipid content during the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Souchet
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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Plouguerné E, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Deslandes E, Stiger-Pouvreau V. Isolation of Cholest-5-en-3-ol formate from the red alga Grateloupia turuturu Yamada and its chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Eleven species of Caribbean marine algae (red, green, and brown) were investigated for their cholesterol content. All of them were found to contain this sterol. Consistent with previously reported results, all five red algae contained large quantities of cholesterol. However, the two brown algae and three of the four green algae in our study also contained significant quantities of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Govindan
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas 00802
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Abstract
A review of the biological properties of seaweed is presented and the role of seaweed as a breast cancer anticarcinogen is suggested. Proposed mechanisms of action are: reduction of plasma cholesterol, binding of biliary steroids, inhibition of carcinogenic fecal flora, binding of pollutants, stimulation of the immune system, and the protective effects of beta-sitosterols. In an experiment using sarcoma-180 in mice, seaweed extract appeared to have an antitumor effect. Thus it is suggested that breast cancer may be prevented and that this dietary habit among the Japanese could be an important factor in understanding the lower breast cancer rates reported in Japan.
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Itoh T, Omagata HK, Tamura T, Matsumoto T. Trans-22-Dehydrocholesterol and Stigmasta-5,25-dienol in Brassica napus Seed Oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19810830307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
A new synthesis of desmosterol was described using hyodeoxycholic acid (3alpha,6alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid) as a starting material. Epidesmosterol (3alpha-hydroxycholesta-5,24-diene) was also synthesized for the first time from the same starting material.
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Idler DR, Atkinson B. Seasonal variation in the desmosterol content of dulse (Rhodymenia palmata) from Newfoundland waters. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 53:517-9. [PMID: 1261241 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sterols in red algae (Rhodophyceae): Variation in the desmosterol content of dulse (Rhodymenia palmata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(70)90985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Idler D, Wiseman P. Desmosterol and other sterols of the alaskan king crab and the North Atlantic queen crab. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(68)90032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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