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Gao H, Zhang JY, Zhao LJ, Guo YY. Synthesis and application of clinically approved small-molecule drugs targeting androgen receptor. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106998. [PMID: 38035513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. Dysregulation of AR signaling has been implicated in several diseases, such as prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia. Therefore, the development of drugs that specifically target AR has gained significant attention in the field of drug discovery. This review provides an overview of the synthetic routes of clinically approved small molecule drugs targeting AR and discusses the clinical applications of these drugs in the treatment of AR-related diseases. The review also highlights the challenges and future perspectives in this field, including the need for improved drug design and the exploration of novel therapeutic targets. Through an integrated analysis of the therapeutic applications, synthetic methodologies, and mechanisms of action associated with these approved drugs, this review facilitates a holistic understanding of the versatile roles and therapeutic potential of AR-targeted interventions. Overall, this comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for medicinal chemists interested in the development of small-molecule drugs targeting AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, 450044, China.
| | - Li-Jie Zhao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Han S, Ray JW, Pathak P, Sweet DR, Zhang R, Gao H, Jain N, Koritzinsky EH, Matoba K, Xu W, Chan ER, Simon DI, Jain MK. KLF15 regulates endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism. Nat Metab 2019; 1:422-430. [PMID: 32694878 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic metabolism and elimination of endobiotics (for example, steroids, bile acids) and xenobiotics (for example, drugs, toxins) is essential for health. While the enzymatic (termed phase I-II) and transport machinery (termed phase III) controlling endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism (EXM) is known, understanding of molecular nodal points that coordinate EXM function in physiology and disease remains incomplete. Here we show that the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) regulates all three phases of the EXM system by direct and indirect pathways. Unbiased transcriptomic analyses coupled with validation studies in cells, human tissues, and animals, support direct transcriptional control of the EXM machinery by KLF15. Liver-specific deficiency of KLF15 (Li-KO) results in altered expression of numerous phase I-III targets, and renders animals resistant to the pathologic effects of bile acid and acetaminophen toxicity. Furthermore, Li-KO mice demonstrate enhanced degradation and elimination of endogenous steroid hormones, such as testosterone and glucocorticoid, resulting in reduced male fertility and blood glucose levels, respectively. Viral reconstitution of hepatic KLF15 expression in Li-KO mice reverses these phenotypes. Our observations identify a previously unappreciated transcriptional pathway regulating metabolism and elimination of endobiotics and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Han
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Jonathan W Ray
- Department of Physiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Preeti Pathak
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David R Sweet
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rongli Zhang
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Huiyun Gao
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nisha Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Erik H Koritzinsky
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Keiichiro Matoba
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Weixiong Xu
- Cleveland School of Science and Medicine at John Hay Campus, Cleveland, OH, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - E Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel I Simon
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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