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Garnes-Portolés F, Merino E, Leyva-Pérez A. Mizoroki-Heck Macrocyclization Reactions at 1 M Concentration Catalyzed by Sub-nanometric Palladium Clusters. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300200. [PMID: 37115962 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of cyclized organic compounds with more than ten atoms (macrocycles) is traditionally based on reversible reactions under highly diluted conditions, typically <0.05 M, in order to circumvent the formation of intermolecular products. These reaction conditions severely hamper industrial productivity and the use of solid catalysts. Herein, it is shown that the intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck reaction of ω-iodide cinnamates proceeds at 1 M concentration when catalyzed by few-atom Pd clusters, either in solution or supported on a solid, to give different macrocycles in good yields. This paradigmatic increase in reaction concentration not only opens the door for macrocycle production with high throughputs but also enables the use of solid catalysts for a macrocyclization reaction in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Garnes-Portolés
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politècnica de València Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Merino
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Facultad de Farmacia, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politècnica de València Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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2
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Cai J, Sun B, Yu S, Zhang H, Zhang W. Heck Macrocyclization in Forging Non-Natural Large Rings including Macrocyclic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098252. [PMID: 37175956 PMCID: PMC10179193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The intramolecular Heck reaction is a well-established strategy for natural product total synthesis. When constructing large rings, this reaction is also referred to as Heck macrocyclization, which has proved a viable avenue to access diverse naturally occurring macrocycles. Less noticed but likewise valuable, it has created novel macrocycles of non-natural origin that neither serve as nor derive from natural products. This review presents a systematic account of the title reaction in forging this non-natural subset of large rings, thereby addressing a topic rarely covered in the literature. Walking through two complementary sections, namely (1) drug discovery research and (2) synthetic methodology development, it demonstrates that beyond the well-known domain of natural product synthesis, Heck macrocyclization also plays a remarkable role in forming synthetic macrocycles, in particular macrocyclic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayou Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bin Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Siqi Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Han Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weicheng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Zhang W. Heck macrocyclization in natural product total synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1109-1135. [PMID: 33662070 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1981-2020 Heck macrocyclization is a logical extension of the award-winning Mizoroki-Heck reaction. Through covalent linking of two otherwise discrete coupling partners, the resultant chimeric substrate is transformed into a large ring with enhanced rigidity and unique functional group disposition. Pioneered in the early 1980s, this methodology has evolved into a competent option for creating diverse macrocycles. Despite its growing influence, hitherto no systematic survey has ever appeared in the literature. The present review delineates the state-of-the-art of Heck macrocyclization in the context of natural product synthesis. Sixteen selected cases, each examined from a different perspective, coalesce into the view that the title reaction is a viable tool for synthesis-enabled macrocycle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China.
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Samson D, Rentsch D, Minuth M, Meier T, Loidl G. The aspartimide problem persists: Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS) chain termination due to formation of N-terminal piperazine-2,5-diones. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3193. [PMID: 31309675 PMCID: PMC6772008 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspartimide (Asi) formation is a notorious side reaction in peptide synthesis that is well characterized and described in literature. In this context, we observed significant amounts of chain termination in Fmoc‐SPPS while synthesizing the N‐terminal Xaa‐Asp‐Yaa motif. This termination was caused by the formation of piperazine‐2,5‐diones. We investigated this side reaction using a linear model peptide and independently synthesizing its piperazine‐2,5‐dione derivative. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data of the side product present in the crude linear peptide proves that exclusively the six‐membered ring is formed whereas the theoretically conceivable seven‐membered 1,4‐diazepine‐2,5‐dione is not found. We propose a mechanism where nucleophilic attack of the N‐terminal amino function takes place at the α‐carbon of the carbonyl group of the corresponding Asi intermediate. In addition, we systematically investigated the impact of (a) different adjacent amino acid residues, (b) backbone protection, and (c) side chain protection of flanking amino acids. The side reaction is directly related to the Asi intermediate. Hence, hindering or avoiding Asi formation reduces or completely suppresses this side reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Samson
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco Minuth
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Meier
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Günther Loidl
- Bachem AG, Hauptstrasse 144, CH-4416, Bubendorf, Switzerland
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5
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Wang L, Pratt JK, Soltwedel T, Sheppard GS, Fidanze SD, Liu D, Hasvold LA, Mantei RA, Holms JH, McClellan WJ, Wendt MD, Wada C, Frey R, Hansen TM, Hubbard R, Park CH, Li L, Magoc TJ, Albert DH, Lin X, Warder SE, Kovar P, Huang X, Wilcox D, Wang R, Rajaraman G, Petros AM, Hutchins CW, Panchal SC, Sun C, Elmore SW, Shen Y, Kati WM, McDaniel KF. Fragment-Based, Structure-Enabled Discovery of Novel Pyridones and Pyridone Macrocycles as Potent Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain (BET) Family Bromodomain Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3828-3850. [PMID: 28368119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of the BET family of bromodomain containing proteins have been identified as potential targets for blocking proliferation in a variety of cancer cell lines. A two-dimensional NMR fragment screen for binders to the bromodomains of BRD4 identified a phenylpyridazinone fragment with a weak binding affinity (1, Ki = 160 μM). SAR investigation of fragment 1, aided by X-ray structure-based design, enabled the synthesis of potent pyridone and macrocyclic pyridone inhibitors exhibiting single digit nanomolar potency in both biochemical and cell based assays. Advanced analogs in these series exhibited high oral exposures in rodent PK studies and demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition efficacy in mouse flank xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John K Pratt
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Todd Soltwedel
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - George S Sheppard
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven D Fidanze
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Dachun Liu
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lisa A Hasvold
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Robert A Mantei
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - James H Holms
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - William J McClellan
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael D Wendt
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Carol Wada
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Robin Frey
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - T Matthew Hansen
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Robert Hubbard
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chang H Park
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Leiming Li
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Terrance J Magoc
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Daniel H Albert
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Scott E Warder
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Peter Kovar
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Denise Wilcox
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rongqi Wang
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ganesh Rajaraman
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Andrew M Petros
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Charles W Hutchins
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Sanjay C Panchal
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Chaohong Sun
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven W Elmore
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yu Shen
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Warren M Kati
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Keith F McDaniel
- AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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Synthesis of Macrocyclic Ketones through Catalyst-Free Electrophilic Halogen-Mediated Semipinacol Rearrangement: Application to the Total Synthesis of (±)-Muscone. Org Lett 2017; 19:1422-1425. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Wu ZM, Liu SZ, Cheng XZ, Ding WZ, Zhu T, Chen B. Recent progress of on-resin cyclization for the synthesis of clycopeptidomimetics. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Hussain A, Yousuf SK, Mukherjee D. Importance and synthesis of benzannulated medium-sized and macrocyclic rings (BMRs). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07434c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic molecular frameworks, especially the benzannulated medium-sized and macrocyclic ring (BMR) systems, constitute an integral component of a large number of biologically significant natural or synthetic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Hussain
- Acedemy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
| | - S. K. Yousuf
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Acedemy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM)
- , India
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9
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Marsault E, Peterson ML. Macrocycles Are Great Cycles: Applications, Opportunities, and Challenges of Synthetic Macrocycles in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1961-2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1012374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke Québec, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Mark L. Peterson
- Tranzyme Pharma Inc., 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H5N4, Canada
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10
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Nefzi A, Fenwick JE. N-terminus 4-Chloromethyl Thiazole Peptide as a Macrocyclization Tool in the Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides: Application to the Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained RGD-Containing Integrin Ligands. Tetrahedron Lett 2011; 52:817-819. [PMID: 21423849 PMCID: PMC3057379 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of conformationally constrained RGD-containing integrin ligands via an efficient solid-phase intramolecular thioalkylation reaction is described. The reaction of S-nucleophiles with newly generated N-terminal 4-chloromethyl thiazoles leads to the desired cyclic RGD products 5 in high purities and good overall yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Nefzi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Jason E. Fenwick
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987
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11
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C. Majumdar K, Chattopadhyay B, K. Maji P, K. Chattopadhyay S, Samanta S. Recent Development in Palladium-Mediated Synthesis of Oxygen Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-09-662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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C. Majumdar K, Chattopadhyay B, K. Maji P, K. Chattopadhyay S, Samanta S. Recent Development in Palladium-Mediated Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-09-662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Kamioka S, Shimazu S, Doi T, Takahashi T. Combinatorial Synthesis of RGD Model Cyclic Peptides Utilizing a Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Macrolactamization on a Polymer Support. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:681-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cc800089m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kamioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shimazu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takayuki Doi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Salvati M, Cordero FM, Pisaneschi F, Melani F, Gratteri P, Cini N, Bottoncetti A, Brandi A. Synthesis, SAR and in vitro evaluation of new cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp pseudopentapeptides containing a s-cis peptide bond as integrin αvβ3 and αvβ5 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4262-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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16
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Frochot C, Di Stasio B, Vanderesse R, Belgy MJ, Dodeller M, Guillemin F, Viriot ML, Barberi-Heyob M. Interest of RGD-containing linear or cyclic peptide targeted tetraphenylchlorin as novel photosensitizers for selective photodynamic activity. Bioorg Chem 2006; 35:205-20. [PMID: 17223161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Destruction of the neovasculature is essential for tumor eradication by photodynamic therapy. Since the over-expression of integrins is correlated with tumor angiogenesis, we conjugated a photosensitizer (5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylchlorin or porphyrin) to the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin specific peptide RGD (H-Arg-Gly-Asp-OH) motif as a common sequence. We reported an efficient solid-phase synthesis of a new family of peptidic photosensitizers with linear or cyclic[RGDfK] RGD motif and compared conjugates in vitro selectivity and photodynamic activity. The conjugates were characterized by (1)H NMR, MALDI, UV-visible spectroscopy and singlet oxygen formation was performed. Chlorins containing linear and constrained RGD motif were incorporated up to 98- and 80-fold more, respectively, than the unconjugated photosensitizer over a 24-h exposure in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) over-expressing alpha(v)beta(3) integrin. Peptidic moiety also led to a non-specific increased cellular uptake by murine mammary carcinoma cells (EMT-6), lacking RGD binding receptors. Survival measurements demonstrated that HUVEC were greatly sensitive to conjugates-mediated photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Frochot
- DCPR, UMR 7630 CNRS-INPL, Groupe ENSIC, Nancy Université, 1 rue Grandville, 54000 Nancy, France
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17
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Van Berkom LWA, de Gelder R, Scheeren HW. 6-Spiro-1,4-diazepane-2,5-diones by Head-to-Tail N1/C2 Amide Bond Formation. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Geng X, Miller ML, Lin S, Ojima I. Synthesis of Novel C2−C3‘N-Linked Macrocyclic Taxoids by Means of Highly Regioselective Heck Macrocyclization. Org Lett 2003; 5:3733-6. [PMID: 14507217 DOI: 10.1021/ol0354627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Novel C2-C3'N-linked macrocyclic taxoids are synthesized using intramolecular Heck reaction in the key step. Macrocyclization proceeds with high regioselectivity in good yield. Taxoids bearing an olefin moiety at C2 and an iodide at C3'N give exo-products exclusively. However, the endo-products are formed with up to 100% regioselectivity just by switching the positions of the olefin and the iodide moieties. Some of these macrocyclic taxoids are significantly cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Geng
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400
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Akaji K, Teruya K, Aimoto S. Solid-phase synthesis of HTLV-1 protease inhibitors containing hydroxyethylamine dipeptide isostere. J Org Chem 2003; 68:4755-63. [PMID: 12790579 DOI: 10.1021/jo030063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method has been developed for the first solid-phase synthesis of HTLV-1 protease inhibitors that contain hydroxyethylamine isostere as a transition-state mimetic. The synthetic procedure was designed to allow the evaluation of stereostructure-activity relationships at the scissile site. All the possible configurations at the hydroxy- and side chain-bearing asymmetric centers of the isostere were constructed by an ester-derived asymmetric aldol reaction. Each inhibitor containing the isostere backbone was synthesized on solid support by using the newly developed succinate ester linker. The configuration at the hydroxy- and side chain-bearing asymmetric center showed remarkable effects on the inhibitory activity; the K(i) value changed with approximately 2 orders of magnitude. The described approach enables an efficient preparation of the inhibitors containing secondary alcohol as a transition-state mimetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Akaji
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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21
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22
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Novel synthetic RGD analogs incorporating salicylic acid derivatives show antiplatelet activityin vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02576871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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