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Effects of dihydro-epi-deoxyarteannuin B on artemisinin biosynthesis, transcriptional profile and associated gene expression in suspension-cultured cells of Artemisia annua. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Díaz E, Reyes E, Uria U, Carrillo L, Tejero T, Merino P, Vicario JL. Carboxylates as Nucleophiles in the Enantioselective Ring-Opening of Formylcyclopropanes under Iminium Ion Catalysis. Chemistry 2018; 24:8764-8768. [PMID: 29645302 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry II; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); P.O. Box 644 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Efraim Reyes
- Department of Organic Chemistry II; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); P.O. Box 644 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Uxue Uria
- Department of Organic Chemistry II; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); P.O. Box 644 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Luisa Carrillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry II; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); P.O. Box 644 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Tomas Tejero
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQH); Universidad de Zaragoza CSIC; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Fisica de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI); Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Jose L. Vicario
- Department of Organic Chemistry II; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); P.O. Box 644 48080 Bilbao Spain
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Vil' VA, Yaremenko IA, Ilovaisky AI, Terent'ev AO. Synthetic Strategies for Peroxide Ring Construction in Artemisinin. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010117. [PMID: 28085073 PMCID: PMC6155923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes publications on the artemisinin peroxide fragment synthesis from 1983 to 2016. The data are classified according to the structures of a precursor used in the key peroxidation step of artemisinin peroxide cycle synthesis. The first part of the review comprises the construction of artemisinin peroxide fragment in total syntheses, in which peroxide artemisinin ring resulted from reactions of unsaturated keto derivatives with singlet oxygen or ozone. In the second part, the methods of artemisinin synthesis based on transformations of dihydroartemisinic acid are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Vil'
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russia.
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russia.
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Alexey I Ilovaisky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russia.
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, 143050 B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, Russia.
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Artemisia annua mutant impaired in artemisinin synthesis demonstrates importance of nonenzymatic conversion in terpenoid metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:15150-15155. [PMID: 27930305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611567113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone produced by Artemisia annua glandular secretory trichomes, is the active ingredient in the most effective treatment for malaria currently available. We identified a mutation that disrupts the amorpha-4,11-diene C-12 oxidase (CYP71AV1) enzyme, responsible for a series of oxidation reactions in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. Detailed metabolic studies of cyp71av1-1 revealed that the consequence of blocking the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway is the redirection of sesquiterpene metabolism to a sesquiterpene epoxide, which we designate arteannuin X. This sesquiterpene approaches half the concentration observed for artemisinin in wild-type plants, demonstrating high-flux plasticity in A. annua glandular trichomes and their potential as factories for the production of novel alternate sesquiterpenes at commercially viable levels. Detailed metabolite profiling of leaf maturation time-series and precursor-feeding experiments revealed that nonenzymatic conversion steps are central to both artemisinin and arteannuin X biosynthesis. In particular, feeding studies using 13C-labeled dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) provided strong evidence that the final steps in the synthesis of artemisinin are nonenzymatic in vivo. Our findings also suggest that the specialized subapical cavity of glandular secretory trichomes functions as a location for both the chemical conversion and the storage of phytotoxic compounds, including artemisinin. We conclude that metabolic engineering to produce high yields of novel secondary compounds such as sesquiterpenes is feasible in complex glandular trichomes. Such systems offer advantages over single-cell microbial hosts for production of toxic natural products.
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Liu G, Xue D, Yang J, Wang J, Liu X, Huang W, Li J, Long YQ, Tan W, Zhang A. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 2-(2,5-Dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-8-yl)-N-aryl Propanamides as Novel Smoothened (Smo) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2016; 59:11050-11068. [PMID: 27736063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel Smo antagonists were developed either by directly incorporating the basic skeleton of the natural product artemisinin or by first breaking artemisinin into structurally simpler and stable intermediates and then reconstructing into diversified heterocyclic derivatives, equipped with a Smo-targeting bullet. 2-(2,5-Dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-8-yl)-N-arylpropanamide 65 was identified as the most potent, with an IC50 value of 9.53 nM against the Hh signaling pathway. Complementary mechanism studies confirmed that 65 inhibits Hh signaling pathway by targeting Smo and shares the same binding site as that of the tool drug cyclopamine. Meanwhile, 65 has a good plasma exposure and an acceptable oral bioavailability. Dose-dependent antiproliferative effects were observed in ptch+/-;p53-/- medulloblastoma cells, and significant tumor growth inhibitions were achieved for 65 in the ptch+/-;p53-/- medulloblastoma allograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ding Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenfu Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Lu, Building 3, Room 426, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 201210, China
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Rej RK, Acharyya RK, Nanda S. Asymmetric synthesis of dihydroartemisinic acid through intramolecular Stetter reaction. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hiebel AC, Comins DL. Novel approach toward the morphine skeleton. Synthesis of 1-(5-benzyloxy-2-bromo-4-methoxybenzyl)-6-oxo-3,4,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-isoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid phenyl ester via N-acylpyridinium salt chemistry. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The development and application of continuous flow chemistry methods for synthesis is a rapidly growing area of research. In particular, natural products provide demanding challenges to this developing technology. This review highlights successes in the area with an emphasis on new opportunities and technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Pastre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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Galata M, Mahmoud S. Bioactive Plant Isoprenoids. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY VOLUME 37 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59514-0.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Brown GD. The biosynthesis of artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and the phytochemistry of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao). Molecules 2010; 15:7603-98. [PMID: 21030913 PMCID: PMC6259225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15117603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao) is the only known source of the sesquiterpene artemisinin (Qinghaosu), which is used in the treatment of malaria. Artemisinin is a highly oxygenated sesquiterpene, containing a unique 1,2,4-trioxane ring structure, which is responsible for the antimalarial activity of this natural product. The phytochemistry of A. annua is dominated by both sesquiterpenoids and flavonoids, as is the case for many other plants in the Asteraceae family. However, A. annua is distinguished from the other members of the family both by the very large number of natural products which have been characterised to date (almost six hundred in total, including around fifty amorphane and cadinane sesquiterpenes), and by the highly oxygenated nature of many of the terpenoidal secondary metabolites. In addition, this species also contains an unusually large number of terpene allylic hydroperoxides and endoperoxides. This observation forms the basis of a proposal that the biogenesis of many of the highly oxygenated terpene metabolites from A. annua - including artemisinin itself - may proceed by spontaneous oxidation reactions of terpene precursors, which involve these highly reactive allyllic hydroperoxides as intermediates. Although several studies of the biosynthesis of artemisinin have been reported in the literature from the 1980s and early 1990s, the collective results from these studies were rather confusing because they implied that an unfeasibly large number of different sesquiterpenes could all function as direct precursors to artemisinin (and some of the experiments also appeared to contradict one another). As a result, the complete biosynthetic pathway to artemisinin could not be stated conclusively at the time. Fortunately, studies which have been published in the last decade are now providing a clearer picture of the biosynthetic pathways in A. annua. By synthesising some of the sesquiterpene natural products which have been proposed as biogenetic precursors to artemisinin in such a way that they incorporate a stable isotopic label, and then feeding these precursors to intact A. annua plants, it has now been possible to demonstrate that dihydroartemisinic acid is a late-stage precursor to artemisinin and that the closely related secondary metabolite, artemisinic acid, is not (this approach differs from all the previous studies, which used radio-isotopically labelled precursors that were fed to a plant homogenate or a cell-free preparation). Quite remarkably, feeding experiments with labeled dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinic acid have resulted in incorporation of label into roughly half of all the amorphane and cadinane sesquiterpenes which were already known from phytochemical studies of A. annua. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that many of the highly oxygenated sesquiterpenoids from this species arise by oxidation reactions involving allylic hydroperoxides, which seem to be such a defining feature of the chemistry of A. annua. In the particular case of artemisinin, these in vivo results are also supported by in vitro studies, demonstrating explicitly that the biosynthesis of artemisinin proceeds via the tertiary allylic hydroperoxide, which is derived from oxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid. There is some evidence that the autoxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid to this tertiary allylic hydroperoxide is a non-enzymatic process within the plant, requiring only the presence of light; and, furthermore, that the series of spontaneous rearrangement reactions which then convert this allylic hydroperoxide to the 1,2,4-trioxane ring of artemisinin are also non-enzymatic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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Abstract
Fourteen sesquiterpenes, three monoterpenes and one diterpene natural product have been isolated from the seeds of Artemisia annua. The possible biogenesis of some of these natural products are discussed by reference to recently reported experimental results for the autoxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid and other terpenoids from Artemisia annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Brown
- School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
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Sy LK, Brown GD. The role of the 12-carboxylic acid group in the spontaneous autoxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)01192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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