1
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Sahoo SS, Sahoo S, Panda PK. Monothia [22]pentaphyrin(2.0.1.1.0): a core-modified isomer of sapphyrin. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6526-6532. [PMID: 35438106 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00698g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel 22π-aromatic sapphyrin isomer endowed with an acene moiety was designed and realised for the first time as a core-modified monothia analogue. This macrocycle exhibited absorption and emission in the near-infrared region. It was diprotonated under strongly acidic conditions and bound to anions like sapphyrin. It showed unusual coordination chemistry, acting as a neutral ligand and undergoing large out-of-plane deformation to bind Pd(II) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sameeta Sahoo
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
| | - Pradeepta K Panda
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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2
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Sengupta R, Ravikanth M, Chandrashekar TK. Inverted and fused expanded heteroporphyrins. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13268-13320. [PMID: 34747949 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00666e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Expanded heteroporphyrins are a class of porphyrin macrocycles containing pyrrole, thiophene, furan, selenophene and other heterocyclic rings that are connected to form an internal ring pathway containing a minimum of 17 atoms and more than 18 delocalized π electrons in their conjugated macrocyclic framework. Considering that expanded heteroporphyrins are large in size, these macrocycles are structurally flexible and prefer to adopt various conformations in which one or more pyrrole(s)/heterocycle(s) tend to be in an inverted conformation and pointed outward from the centre of the macrocyclic core. The inverted expanded heteroporphyrins are divided into two classes as follows: (1) N-inverted expanded heteroporphyrins and (2) hetero-atom inverted expanded heteroporphyrins. Both inverted expanded heteroporphyrins show quite unique features in terms of their structure, aromaticity, and electronic and coordination properties. Sometimes, inverted expanded heteroporphyrins lead to the formation of fused expanded heteroporphyrins because of the intramolecular fusion of the pyrrole "N" with the "C" of the inverted heterocycle ring, which also exhibit unique features compared to inverted expanded heteroporphyrins. In this review, we attempt to describe the synthesis, structure, and aromatic, electronic and coordination properties of inverted and fused expanded heteroporphyrins. This review covers the synthesis, structure and properties of inverted and fused expanded heteroporphyrins containing a combination of pyrrole/heterocycle rings starting with five pyrrole/heterocycle-containing pentaphyrins, and then expanded heteroporphyrins containing six, seven, eight and more pyrrole/heterocyclic rings in their porphyrin macrocyclic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Tavarekere K Chandrashekar
- National Institute of Science Education and Research Bhubaneswar, P.O. Jatni, Khurda 752050, Odisha, India.
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3
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Nakai A, Yoneda T, Tanaka T, Osuka A. Pd II insertion-triggered meso-carbon extrusion of N-fused pentaphyrin to form N-fused sapphyrin Pd II complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3034-3037. [PMID: 33624682 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
meso-Carbon extrusion of N-fused [22]pentaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1) occurred upon its PdII complexation, giving N-fused [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.1.1.0) ([22]sapphyrin) PdII complexes 5 and 6 as 22π aromatic compounds. Oxidation of 5 with DDQ and Sc(OTf)3 gave directly C-N linked dimer 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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4
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Bulumulla C, Gunawardhana R, Gamage PL, Miller JT, Kularatne RN, Biewer MC, Stefan MC. Pyrrole-Containing Semiconducting Materials: Synthesis and Applications in Organic Photovoltaics and Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32209-32232. [PMID: 32584535 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconducting materials derived from π-electron-rich pyrroles have garnered attention in recent years for the development of organic semiconductors. Although pyrrole is the most electron-rich five-membered heteroaromatic ring, it has found few applications in organic photovoltaics and organic field-effect transistors due to synthetic challenges and instability. However, computational modeling assisted screening processes have indicated that relatively stable materials containing pyrrolic units can be synthesized without compromising their inherent electron-donating properties. In this work, we provide a complete, up-to-date review of pyrrole-containing semiconducting materials used for organic photovoltaics and organic field-effect transistors and highlight recent advances in the synthesis of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandima Bulumulla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ruwan Gunawardhana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Justin T Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Ruvanthi N Kularatne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Michael C Biewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Mihaela C Stefan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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5
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Study on the structure, stability and tautomerisms of meta-benziporphodimethene and N-Confused isomers containing γ–lactam ring. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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6
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Brewster JT, Zafar H, Root HD, Thiabaud GD, Sessler JL. Porphyrinoid f-Element Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 59:32-47. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James T. Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Hadiqa Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Harrison D. Root
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Gregory D. Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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7
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Mori D, Yoneda T, Hoshino T, Neya S. Stable meso
-Aryl β-Alkyl Hybrid Sapphyrin with a Warped π-Conjugation Circuit and Neo-Confused Sapphyrin-Silver(I) Complex. Chem Asian J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; 1-8-1, Inohana Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; 1-8-1, Inohana Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Tyuji Hoshino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; 1-8-1, Inohana Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Saburo Neya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; 1-8-1, Inohana Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
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8
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Yoneda T, Hoshino T, Neya S. [24]Pentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1): A Strongly Antiaromatic Pentaphyrin. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10737-10741. [PMID: 28925261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
[24]Pentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1) 1 was synthesized by dehydrogenation of dihydropentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1) 2 as the first example of vinylogous pentaphyrin. Pentaphyrin 1 takes a roughly planar structure and shows strong antiaromatic character, reflecting a 24π-conjugated circuit. In spite of the antiaromatic character and the relatively small circuit, 1 is stable under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yoneda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Unibersity , 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tyuji Hoshino
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Unibersity , 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Saburo Neya
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Unibersity , 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
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9
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Ganapathi E, Chatterjee T, Ravikanth M. Fluorescent Boron Complexes of 25‐Oxasmaragdyrins Containing Axial Silyloxy Groups. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emandi Ganapathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India http://www.chem.iitb.ac.in/people/Faculty/prof/mr.html
| | - Tamal Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India http://www.chem.iitb.ac.in/people/Faculty/prof/mr.html
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India http://www.chem.iitb.ac.in/people/Faculty/prof/mr.html
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10
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Chatterjee T, Areti S, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Structure, and Hg2+-Ion-Sensing Properties of Stable Calixazasmaragdyrins. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:2885-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ic503028k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamal Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Sivaiah Areti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
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11
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Chatterjee T, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity of Pd(II) Complex of Calixoxasmaragdyrin. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:10520-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501595f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamal Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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12
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Ganapathi E, Lee WZ, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Structure, and Spectral and Electrochemical Properties of Meso-Tetraaryl-27-Thiasapphyrins. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Gońka E, Myśliwiec D, Lis T, Chmielewski PJ, Stępień M. Synthesis of Bis(phenanthropyrroles) via a Tandem Scholl Oxidation. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1260-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302486x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział
Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul.
F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Damian Myśliwiec
- Wydział
Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul.
F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział
Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul.
F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział
Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul.
F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział
Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul.
F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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14
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Kaiser C, Behl M, Schroeter M, Kratz K, Lendlein A. Dicarboxy-telechelic cooligomers with sequence structure tunable light absorption. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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SRINIVASAN A, KUMAR MRAVI, PANDIAN RP, MAHAJAN S, PUSHPAN KSIMI, SRIDEVI B, NARAYANAN SJAYAPRAKASH, CHANDRASHEKAR TK. Ground and Excited State Dynamics of Core-modified Normal and Expanded Porphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(199807/10)2:4/5<305::aid-jpp72>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Singlet and triplet excited state data on two new core-modified expanded porphyrins and their protonated derivatives are reported. Absorption spectral studies indicate a gradual red shift of the absorption bands upon sulfur substitution into the core. The singlet lifetimes for expanded S 3-sapphyrin and S 4-rubyrin decrease steadily relative to STPPH and S 2 TPP owing to a higher rate of intersystem crossing. Furthermore, the protonated derivatives of S 3-sapphyrin and S 4-rubyrin encapsulate fluoride ions into their cavities with binding constants of 807 and 48 M−1 respectively. However, the triplet lifetime for S 3-sapphyrin is longer (58.80 μs) than for normal thiaporphyrins (STPPH, 37.45 μs; S 2 TPP , 20.96 μs), suggesting that it could be very well suited for photosensitizing triplet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. SRINIVASAN
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - M. RAVI KUMAR
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - R. P. PANDIAN
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - S. MAHAJAN
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - K. SIMI PUSHPAN
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - B. SRIDEVI
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | | | - T. K. CHANDRASHEKAR
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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16
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LASH TIMOTHYD. Modification of the porphyrin chromophore by ring fusion: identifying trends due to annelation of the porphyrin nucleus. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effects exerted by fused aromatic rings on the UV-vis spectra of porphyrins are surveyed. Modified porphyrin chromophores with fused benzene, 1,2-naphthalene, 9,10-phenanthrene or phenanthroline rings are surprisingly little affected even when a maximum number of ring fusions are incorporated. Linearly annealed naphtho- or anthraporphyrins show large red shifts to the Q bands but the Soret absorptions are weakened and undergo only minor bathochromic shifts. Fluoranthoporphyrins give multiple bands in the Soret region, but the Q band region is virtually unaffected by this tetracyclic ring system. On the other hand, metal chelates of fluoranthoporphyrins show surprisingly strong bands near 600 nm. Benzothiadiazole rings split and weaken the Soret band, but the Q bands region is unexceptional. However, metal coordination again produces relatively intense bands near 600 nm. The most significant results were obtained for porphyrins with fused acenaphthylene rings. Monoacenaphthoporphyrins (41) have three Soret bands at 387, 431 and 454 nm, and the longest wavelength Q band is shifted to 658 nm. opp-Diacenaphthoporphyrin (43) further shifts these bands with two Soret absorbances at 443 and 470 nm, and an additional strong peak is observed at 692 nm. The metal complexes of these systems also show strong bands between 602 and 656 nm. Still larger effects are produced by tetraacenaphthoporphyrin (47), the dication for which in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)–chloroform has a Soret absorption at 528 nm. Tetraaryltetraacenaphthoporphyrins (48) are even more red shifted, showing Soret bands between 556 and 570 nm for the free bases and 565 to 588 nm for the related dications. The lead(II) chelate for tetraphenylporphyrin (48a) shows an additional 'hyper' spectral shift that brings the Soret band to 604 nm, and this effect can also be achieved by introducing four meso-phenylethynyl substituents onto the tetraacenaphthoporphyrin nucleus (49). In addition, by combining these two factors for the lead(II) chelate of 49, a record-breaking value for the Soret band of 642 nm can be achieved. Spectral shifts due to ring annelation in porphyrin analogues are also discussed, including those for oxybenziporphyrins, oxypyriporphyrins, carbaporphyrins and sapphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- TIMOTHY D. LASH
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
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17
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Rai S, Mangalampalli R. Synthesis of meso-thienyl- and meso-furyl N2S3 sapphyrins and N2S4 rubyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sapphyrins with N 2 S 3 core and rubyrins with N 2 S 4 core containing five-membered thienyl- and furyl groups at meso positions have been synthesized and characterized. The spectral studies indicate that the meso-thienyl and meso-furyl groups alter the electronic properties of the sapphyrin and rubyrin compared to meso-tolyl groups and maximum effects were observed for meso-furyl sapphyrins and rubyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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18
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Stępień M, Sprutta N, Latos-Grażyński L. Figure-Eight-Strukturen, Möbius-Bänder und mehr: Konformation und Aromatizität von Porphyrinoiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Stępień M, Sprutta N, Latos-Grażyński L. Figure Eights, Möbius Bands, and More: Conformation and Aromaticity of Porphyrinoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4288-340. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Shetti VS, Ravikanth M. Supramolecular Tetrads Containing Sn(IV) Porphyrin, Ru(II) Porphyrin, and Expanded Porphyrins Assembled Using Complementary Metal−Ligand Interactions. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:1713-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ic102168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra S. Shetti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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21
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Robles-Machín R, López-Pérez A, González-Esguevillas M, Adrio J, Carretero J. Pyrrole and Oligopyrrole Synthesis by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with Sulfonyl Dipolarophiles. Chemistry 2010; 16:9864-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Gałeezowski M, Jaźwiński J, Lewtak JP, Gryko DT. Rational synthesis of tripyrranes. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5610-3. [PMID: 19505140 DOI: 10.1021/jo900602z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rational, chromatography-free synthesis of two regioisomeric 5,10-diaryltripyrranes from pyrrole and aromatic acids has been developed. The strategy is general and should be applicable to a broad range of acids. This methodology was successfully applied to the synthesis of monoprotected dipyrrane. The oxidation of N,N'-bis-mesyltripyrrane under basic conditions led to the formation of both known tripyrrin-1-one and unknown 1-methoxytripyrrin-a fluorescent dye strongly absorbing green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gałeezowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Ie Y, Hirose T, Aso Y. Synthesis, properties, and FET performance of rectangular oligothiophene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b912744e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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25
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Cho DG, Plitt P, Kim SK, Lynch V, Hong SJ, Lee CH, Sessler JL. Dioxabenzosapphyrin: A New Benzodifuran-Derived Sapphyrin Analogue. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:10502-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804090w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gyu Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry and Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chun-Chon 200-701, Korea
| | - Patrick Plitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry and Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chun-Chon 200-701, Korea
| | - Sung Kuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry and Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chun-Chon 200-701, Korea
| | - Vincent Lynch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry and Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chun-Chon 200-701, Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry and Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chun-Chon 200-701, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry and Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chun-Chon 200-701, Korea
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, and Department of Chemistry and Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chun-Chon 200-701, Korea
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28
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Jiao L, Hao E, Vicente MGH, Smith KM. Improved Synthesis of Functionalized 2,2‘-Bipyrroles. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8119-22. [PMID: 17887702 DOI: 10.1021/jo701310k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,2'-bipyrroles has been efficiently synthesized using an improved synthetic approach based on Pd(0)-catalyzed homocoupling of various 2-iodopyrroles. This new synthetic approach takes place at room temperature and in the presence of water. Functional groups such as formyl, ester, and nitrile are able to survive these reaction conditions. Solvents are found to play an important role in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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29
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Lin HC, Lin WY, Bai HT, Chen JH, Jin BY, Luh TY. A Bridging Double Bond as an Electron Acceptor for Optical Nonlinearity of Furan-Containing [n.2]Cyclophenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Lin HC, Lin WY, Bai HT, Chen JH, Jin BY, Luh TY. A Bridging Double Bond as an Electron Acceptor for Optical Nonlinearity of Furan-Containing [n.2]Cyclophenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:897-900. [PMID: 17183500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chieh Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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31
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Song Y, Di CA, Xu W, Liu Y, Zhang D, Zhu D. New semiconductors based on triphenylamine with macrocyclic architecture: synthesis, properties and applications in OFETs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b708887f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Christoffers J, Dötz KH. Reactions of Complex Ligands, LXIV. Synthesis of 5,5′‐Diphenyl‐2,2′‐bifuran, a Biaryl Compound with Remarkable Fluorescence Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19951280618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 1, D‐53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Heinz Dötz
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 1, D‐53121 Bonn, Germany
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33
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepta K Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chun-Chon 200-701, Korea
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35
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36
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Richter DT, Lash TD. Synthesis of Sapphyrins, Heterosapphyrins, and Carbasapphyrins by a “4 + 1” Approach. J Org Chem 2004; 69:8842-50. [PMID: 15575766 DOI: 10.1021/jo040239o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sapphyrins are an important group of expanded porphyrins that show valuable anion binding characteristics. In this study, a "4 + 1" route to sapphyrin systems has been developed. Reaction of dialdehydes with a known tetrapyrrole intermediate 11b incorporating a bipyrrolic subunit afforded a wide range of sapphyrin-type products. The best conditions for these reactions involved carrying out the condensation of the dialdehydes with the tetrapyrrole in TFA-dichloromethane, followed by oxidation with dilute aqueous solutions of ferric chloride. A pyrrole dialdehyde reacted under these conditions to give sapphyrin in 50% yield, while furan and thiophene dialdehydes afforded the corresponding oxa- and thiasapphyrins in 66-90% yield. Pyrrole dialdehydes with fused phenanthrene or acenaphthylene rings also reacted with 11b to give the related phenanthro- and acenaphthosapphyrins in excellent yields. As was the case for acenaphthoporphyrins, the acenaphthosapphyrin gave longer wavelength absorptions than the corresponding phenanthrene fused structure, although the differences were not as marked as those seen in the porphyrin series. Reaction of 11b with 1,3-diformylindene gave a benzocarbasapphyrin in 38% yield, while a triformyl cyclopentadiene reacted with the tetrapyrrole to give a carbasapphyrin aldehyde in 7-12% yield. The free base carbasapphyrins were unstable but the monoprotonated hydrochloride salts could easily be isolated and characterized. Carbasapphyrins retain a strong diatropic ring current due to the presence of 22pi electron delocalization pathways. In the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, C-protonated dications are generated. Condensation of 1,3-azulenedicarbaldehyde with 11b gave an azulisapphyrin dihydrochloride salt in 35% yield, and this also showed a strong diatropic ring current. Addition of base gave the unstable free base form, while pyrrolidine formed an unstable adduct that showed an intense Soret band at 480 nm. These results demonstrate that many of the themes observed for modified porphyrins and carbaporphyrins also apply to the sapphyrin series, although in some cases reduced stability hampers these investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
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37
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Liu D, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Oxybenziporphyrins, Oxypyriporphyrins, Benzocarbaporphyrins, and Their 23-Oxa and 23-Thia Analogues: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Metalation, and Structural Characterization of a Palladium(II) Organometallic Derivative. J Org Chem 2004; 69:6079-93. [PMID: 15373493 DOI: 10.1021/jo040180l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of nine porphyrin analogues have been synthesized using the "3 + 1" variant on the MacDonald condensation. Tripyrrane-type systems with a centrally unsubstituted pyrrole, furan, or thiophene ring were prepared using conventional methods, and these were condensed with indene-1,3-dicarbaldehyde, 5-formylsalicylaldehyde, or 3-hydroxy-2,6-pyridinedicarbaldehyde in the presence of TFA to generate benzocarba-, oxybenzi-, and oxypyriporphyrins, respectively. The furan-containing analogues proved to be highly basic and could only be isolated as the corresponding hydrochloride salts. All nine analogue systems showed porphyrin-like UV-vis spectra with one or two Soret absorptions near 400 nm and a series of weaker bands at longer wavelengths. These systems also showed large diatropic ring currents by proton NMR spectroscopy that were comparable to true porphyrins. In the presence of trace amounts of TFA, benzocarbaporphyrin 12 formed a monocation, and in 50% TFA a C-protonated dication was generated. The 23-oxacarbaporphyrin 14 gave a monocation in chloroform, although the free base was generated in 5% Et(3)N-chloroform. In 50% TFA-CHCl(3), 14 afforded a mixture of mono- and diprotonated species. Thiacarbaporphyrin 15 also formed a monocation in the presence of TFA, but C-protonation was relatively disfavored for this system. Nonetheless, in the presence of TFA-d, 12, 14, and 15 all showed rapid exchange of the internal NH and CH protons. Carbaporphyrin 12 also showed slow exchange at the meso-positions, but this process was not observed for its heteroanalogues 14 and 15. Protonation studies were also conducted for oxybenziporphyrins and oxypyriporphyrins 16-21. Oxacarbaporphyrin 14 was shown to be a superior organometallic ligand and afforded good yields of the related nickel(II) and palladium(II) derivatives under mild conditions. A low yield of the platinum(II) complex could also be isolated. All three complexes retained their aromatic character, although the Pd(II) derivative appeared to possess a slightly larger diatropic ring current. The palladium(II) complex 27 was further characterized by X-ray crystallography. The macrocyclic core was shown to be highly planar where the dihedral angles of the component pyrrole, furan and indene rings relative to the mean [18]annulene plane were all </=2.1 degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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38
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Yu M, Pantos GD, Sessler JL, Pagenkopf BL. Synthesis of 2,2‘-Bipyrroles and 2,2‘-Thienylpyrroles from Donor−Acceptor Cyclopropanes and 2-Cyanoheteroles. Org Lett 2004; 6:1057-9. [PMID: 15012099 DOI: 10.1021/ol049857h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Two new series of 2,2'-bipyrroles and 2,2'-thienylpyrroles have been prepared by trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf)-mediated reaction of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with 2-cyanopyrroles and 2-cyanothiophene, respectively. This method opens the door toward a wide variety of unsymmetrical bipyrroles and thienylpyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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39
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Bley-Escrich J, Gisselbrecht JP, Michels M, Zander L, Vogel E, Gross M. Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Investigations of Mono- and Binuclear Cobalt(II) Complexes of“Figure-Eight” Octapyrrolic Macrocycles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200300499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Miyake K, Lash TD. Preparation of tripyrrane analogues from resorcinol and 2-methylresorcinol for applications in the synthesis of new benziporphyrin systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2004:178-9. [PMID: 14737537 DOI: 10.1039/b313229n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acid catalyzed condensation of resorcinol or 2-methylresorcinol with 2 equiv. of an acetoxymethylpyrrole gave bis(pyrrolylmethyl)benzene derivatives in moderate yields; these afforded a series of novel aromatic benziporphyrins using the MacDonald "3 + 1" methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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41
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Liu D, Lash TD. Synthesis, spectroscopy and metallation of mixed carbaporphyrinoid systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2002:2426-7. [PMID: 12430473 DOI: 10.1039/b206276n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modified tripyrranes incorporating furan and thiophene rings were found to condense with benzene, pyridine and indene dialdehydes to give a series of novel porphyrin analogues, including thia- and oxa-carbaporphyrins; the latter readily forms nickel(II) and palladium(II) organometallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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42
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Pushpan SK, Venkatraman S, Anand VG, Sankar J, Rath H, Chandrashekar TK. Inverted porphyrins and expanded porphyrins: An overview. J CHEM SCI 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02703823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Sessler JL, Seidel D, Gebauer A, Lynch V, Abboud KA. Dioxa-[40]decaphyrin(1.0.1.0.0.1.0.1.0.0): An analogue of turcasarin with a “figure-eight” structure. J Heterocycl Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570380626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Narayanan SJ, Sridevi B, Chandrashekar TK, Englich U, Ruhlandt-Senge K. Interaction of Rh(I) with meso-arylsapphyrins and -rubyrins: first structural characterization of bimetallic hetero-rubyrin complex. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:1637-45. [PMID: 11261974 DOI: 10.1021/ic000703h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ligational behavior of meso-arylsapphyrins and rubyrins toward Rh(I) is investigated. Sapphyrins form monometallic complexes with coordination of one imine and amine type nitrogens of the bipyrrole unit in an eta2 fashion. The Rh(I) coordination is completed by the presence of two ancillary carbon monoxide ligands. Rubyrins form both monometallic and bimetallic complexes. Two types of bimetallic complexes have been isolated. In the first type, both rhodium atoms are projected above the mean rubyrin plane, while in the second type, one rhodium atom is projected above and the other below the mean plane. Detailed 1H and 2D NMR spectral analyses along with IR and UV-visible spectra of the complexes confirm the proposed binding modes for the rhodium complexes. Furthermore, the single-crystal X-ray analysis of one of the bimetallic complexes of rubyrin shows a bowl-shaped symmetric structure where both Rh(I) atoms are projected above the mean rubyrin plane at an angle of 71.73 degrees. The geometry around each rhodium center is approximately square planar [N1-Rh1-N2, 80.38(9) degrees; C15-Rh1-C16, 86.95(14) degrees; N1-Rh1-C15, 97.13(12) degrees; and N2-RH1-C16, 94.97(12) degrees ]. The omicronbserved distance of 4.313 A between the two rhodium centers reveals very little interaction between the two rhodium atoms. This type of metal binding is accompanied by a 180 degrees ring flip of the heterocyclic ring connecting the two bipyrrole units. In dioxarubyrin, where one of the pyrrole rings of the bipyrrole unit is inverted, Rh(I) binds at the periphery to the pyrrole nitrogen, leaving the rubyrin cavity empty. The absence of one amino and one imino nitrogen on the dipyrromethene subunits in the sapphyrins and rubyrins described here forces Rh(I) to bind to bipyrrole nitrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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45
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46
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Shin K, Lim C, Choi C, Kim Y, Lee CH. Synthesis and X-Ray Crystal Structure of 27-Oxa-25,29-Dithiasapphyrin: Bithiophene-containing Sapphyrins Have an Inverted Structure. CHEM LETT 1999. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1999.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Narayanan SJ, Sridevi B, Chandrashekar TK, Vij A, Roy R. Novel Core-Modified Expanded Porphyrins with meso-Aryl Substituents: Synthesis, Spectral and Structural Characterization. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja991472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seenichamy Jeyaprakash Narayanan
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India, Single-Crystal Diffraction Laboratory, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, andNMR Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Bashyam Sridevi
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India, Single-Crystal Diffraction Laboratory, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, andNMR Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Tavarekere K. Chandrashekar
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India, Single-Crystal Diffraction Laboratory, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, andNMR Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Ashwani Vij
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India, Single-Crystal Diffraction Laboratory, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, andNMR Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Raja Roy
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India, Single-Crystal Diffraction Laboratory, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843, andNMR Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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48
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Oxidation with dilute aqueous ferric chloride solutions greatly improves yields in the ‘4+1’ synthesis of sapphyrins. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Szterenberg L, Latos-Grażyński L. Geometry and Tautomerism of 26,28-Dioxasapphyrin and 26,28-Dithiasapphyrin: DFT Studies. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9842190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmiła Szterenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Street, Wrocław 50 383, Poland
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50
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Springs SL, Gosztola D, Wasielewski MR, Král V, Andrievsky A, Sessler JL. Picosecond Dynamics of Energy Transfer in Porphyrin−Sapphyrin Noncovalent Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9835436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L. Springs
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois, and the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - David Gosztola
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois, and the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois, and the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Vladimír Král
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois, and the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Andrei Andrievsky
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois, and the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois, and the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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