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Ramamurthy V. Photochemistry in a capsule: controlling excited state dynamics via confinement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6571-6585. [PMID: 35611956 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01758j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exerting control on excited state processes has been a long-held goal in photochemistry. One approach to achieve control has been to mimic biological systems in Nature (e.g., photosynthesis) that has perfected it over millions of years by performing the reactions in highly organized assemblies such as membranes and proteins by restricting the freedom of reactants and directing them to pursue a select pathway. The duplication of this concept at a smaller scale in the laboratory involves the use of highly confined and organized assemblies as reaction containers. This article summarizes the studies in the author's laboratory using a synthetic, well-defined reaction container known as octa acid (OA). OA, unlike most commonly known cavitands, forms a capsule in water and remains closed during the lifetime of the excited states of included molecules. Thus, the described excited state chemistry occurs in a small space with hydrophobic characteristics. Examples where the photophysical and photochemical properties are dramatically altered, compared to that in organic solvents wherein the molecules are freely soluble, are presented to illustrate the value of a restricted environment in controlling the dynamics of molecules on an excited state surface. While the ground state complexation of the guest and host is controlled by well-known concepts of tight-fit, lock and key, complementarity, etc., free space around the guest is necessary for it to be able to undergo structural transformations in the excited state, where the time is short. This article highlights the role of free space during the dynamics of molecules within a confined, inflexible reaction cavity.
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2
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Schneider MF. Living systems approached from physical principles. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 162:2-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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3
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Ranjkesh A, Parast MH, Strzeżysz O, Zakerhamidi MS, Yoon TH. New linear solvation energy relationships for empirical solvent scales using the Kamlet-Abboud-Taft parameter sets in nematic liquid crystals. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22835-22845. [PMID: 35539708 PMCID: PMC9081637 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03701a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The practical application of liquid crystals (LCs) as anisotropic and ubiquitous solvents is undoubtedly lucrative. Therefore, defining solvent polarity parameters as demonstrating the effects of anisotropic LC media on the photo-physical behavior of solute molecules is increasingly sought to determine their suitability for specific areas. For this fundamental reason, a spectroscopic method was used via Kamlet-Abboud-Taft (KAT) polarity functions to determine the solvatochromic polarity (SP) parameters for different LCs regarding high and low dielectric anisotropy (Δε) at different temperatures and LC phases, both isotropic and anisotropic. According to empirical solvent polarity parameters, our LCs were categorized as a dipolar hydrogen bonding donor solvent. Moreover, typical and overall matrix anisotropy polarity parameters as variations of the SP parameter values between the isotropic and anisotropic phases were sorted according to Δε magnitude. Finally, we introduced the linear solvation energy relationships of empirical solvent scales with the KAT parameters sets for the first time in nematic LCs with the well-established correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amid Ranjkesh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Meisam Hagh Parast
- Research Institute for Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
| | - Olga Strzeżysz
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology 2 Urbanowicza St. 00-908 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Tae-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
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4
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Zhu X, Li H, Wang Z, Yuan C, Zhu P, Su L, Yang K, Wu J, Yang G, Li X. Pressure-induced ionic liquid crystal in 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03921b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase behaviors of 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C12MIM][BF4]) had been investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy and polarized optical microscopy under pressure values up to 2.0 GPa at the temperature of 80.0 °C.
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Rumi M, White TJ, Bunning TJ. Phototropic Guest-Host Liquid Crystal Systems: Environmental Effects on Naphthopyran Kinetics. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:12755-12767. [PMID: 27973842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced isothermal and order-increasing phase transitions can be observed in guest-host liquid crystal mixtures containing naphthopyran derivatives. The changes are attributed to the different geometry and a less energetically favorable interaction with the liquid crystal molecules for the ground state naphthopyran species with respect to the photoproduct. In this study, we have investigated the thermal relaxation of the naphthopyran photoproduct back to the initial species as a function of temperature and excitation conditions. It was found that the thermal relaxation is typically first-order and its characteristic rate has a temperature dependence that is different in the anisotropic and isotropic states of the mesogenic solvents. In particular, the activation energy for thermal relaxation is larger in the ordered phases of mesogenic solvents relative to their isotropic phase. The findings suggests that the naphthopyran relaxation is hindered by the organization of the host environment. These results will be useful to build a more complete understanding of the mutual guest-host interactions in naphthopyran-containing guest-host LC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacristina Rumi
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States.,Azimuth Corporation , 4027 Colonel Glenn Highway, Suite 230, Beavercreek, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Timothy J White
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Timothy J Bunning
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
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6
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Bruce DW, Gao Y, Canongia Lopes JN, Shimizu K, Slattery JM. Liquid-Crystalline Ionic Liquids as Ordered Reaction Media for the Diels-Alder Reaction. Chemistry 2016; 22:16113-16123. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan W. Bruce
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Yanan Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - José Nuno Canongia Lopes
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Av. República 2780-157 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Karina Shimizu
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - John M. Slattery
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
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7
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Goossens K, Lava K, Bielawski CW, Binnemans K. Ionic Liquid Crystals: Versatile Materials. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4643-807. [PMID: 27088310 DOI: 10.1021/cr400334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review covers the recent developments (2005-2015) in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals. It was designed to give a comprehensive overview of the "state-of-the-art" in the field. The discussion is focused on low molar mass and dendrimeric thermotropic ionic mesogens, as well as selected metal-containing compounds (metallomesogens), but some references to polymeric and/or lyotropic ionic liquid crystals and particularly to ionic liquids will also be provided. Although zwitterionic and mesoionic mesogens are also treated to some extent, emphasis will be directed toward liquid-crystalline materials consisting of organic cations and organic/inorganic anions that are not covalently bound but interact via electrostatic and other noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Goossens
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Lava
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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9
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Regulating the mesogenic properties of imidazolium salts by modifying N3-substituents. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-5390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Christmann M, Hu J, Kitamura M, Stoltz B. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(15)00744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Ramamurthy V, Mondal B. Supramolecular photochemistry concepts highlighted with select examples. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Ramamurthy V, Jockusch S, Porel M. Supramolecular Photochemistry in Solution and on Surfaces: Encapsulation and Dynamics of Guest Molecules and Communication between Encapsulated and Free Molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5554-5570. [PMID: 25521719 DOI: 10.1021/la504130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies that help to preorganize reactant molecules have played an important role in the development of concepts related to the control of excited-state processes. This has led to a persistent search for newer supramolecular systems (hosts), and this review briefly presents our work with octa acid (OA) to a host to control excited-state processes of organic molecules. Octa acid, a water-soluble host, forms 1:1, 2:1, and 2:2 (host-guest) complexes with various organic molecules. A majority of the guest molecules are enclosed within a capsule made up of two molecules of OA whereas OA by itself remains as a monomer or aggregates. Luminescence and (1)H NMR spectroscopy help to characterize the structure and dynamics of these host-guest complexes. The guest molecule as well as the host-guest complex as a whole undergoes various types of motion, suggesting that the guests possess freedom inside the confined space of the octa acid capsule. In addition, the confined guests are not isolated but are able to communicate (energy, electron, and spin) with molecules present closer to the capsule. The host-guest complexes are stable even on solid surfaces such as silica, clay, α-Zr phosphate, TiO2, and gold nanoparticles. This opens up new opportunities to explore the interaction between confined guests and active surfaces of TiO2 and gold nanoparticles. In addition, this allows the possibility of performing energy and electron transfer between organic molecules that do not adsorb on inert surfaces of silica, clay, or α-Zr phosphate. The results summarized here, in addition to providing a fundamental understanding of the behavior of molecules in a confined space provided by the host OA, are likely to have a long-range effect on the capture and release of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ramamurthy
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mintu Porel
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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Ji T, Ding Y, Zhao Y, Wang J, Qin H, Liu X, Lang J, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Shi J, Tao N, Qin Z, Nie G. Peptide assembly integration of fibroblast-targeting and cell-penetration features for enhanced antitumor drug delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:1865-73. [PMID: 25651789 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
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14
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Zappacosta R, Di Crescenzo A, Di Profio P, Fontana A, Siani G. Thermodynamic Analysis of Anion and Cation Effects on the Keto–Enol Equilibrium in Ionic Liquids. A Comparative Study with Conventional Solvents. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2333-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502898s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Zappacosta
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Di Profio
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella Siani
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, Italy
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15
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Ghanem E, Al-Hariri S. Separation of Isomers on Nematic Liquid Crystal Stationary Phases in Gas Chromatography: A Review. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Shinkai S, Nishi T, Shimamoto K, Manabe O. Selective Ion Permeation Across Membranes Prepared from Steroidal Crown Ethers. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(13)01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Rohini R, Lee C, Lu J, Lin IJB. Symmetrical 1,3‐Dialkylimidazolium Based Ionic Liquid Crystals. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201200598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rondla Rohini
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Kuan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Jung‐Tang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Ivan J. B. Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
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Wang X, Sobota M, Kohler FTU, Morain B, Melcher BU, Laurin M, Wasserscheid P, Libuda J, Meyer K. Functional nickel complexes of N-heterocyclic carbeneligands in pre-organized and supported thin film materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Maddipatla MVSN, Pattabiraman M, Natarajan A, Srivastav K, Mague JT, Ramamurthy V. Regioselective photodimerization of pyridyl-butadienes within cucurbit[8]uril cavities. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:9219-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26743h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Wang M, Pan X, Xiao S, Zhang C, Li W, Dai S. Regulating mesogenic properties of ionic liquid crystals by preparing binary or multi-component systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm14790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Ishida Y, Sakata H, Achalkumar AS, Yamada K, Matsuoka Y, Iwahashi N, Amano S, Saigo K. Guest-Responsive Covalent Frameworks by the Cross-Linking of Liquid-Crystalline Salts: Tuning of Lattice Flexibility by the Design of Polymerizable Units. Chemistry 2011; 17:14752-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Kohler FTU, Morain B, Weiß A, Laurin M, Libuda J, Wagner V, Melcher BU, Wang X, Meyer K, Wasserscheid P. Surface-Functionalized Ionic Liquid Crystal-Supported Ionic Liquid Phase Materials: Ionic Liquid Crystals in Mesopores. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:3539-46. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Process intensification follows four main goals: to maximize the effectiveness of intra- and intermolecular events, to give each molecule the same processing experience, to optimize the driving forces/maximize specific interfacial areas, and to maximize the synergistic effects of partial processes. This paper shows how these goals can be reached in reaction and separation systems at all relevant time and length scales and is focused on the structuring of reactors and separation units, on the use of different energy forms to improve the reaction and separation, on combining and superimposing of different phenomena in one integrated unit or reactor, and on the application of oscillations for intensification of reaction and separation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Górak
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Fluid Separations, Dortmund University of Technology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stankiewicz
- Process and Energy Department, Intensified Reaction and Separation Systems, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands
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25
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Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(11)00770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Jonsson H, Percec V, Gedde UW, Hult A. Cationic bulk polymerization of vinyl ethers in the liquid crystalline phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19920540110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Ishida Y. Organic Zeolite Analogues Based on Multi-Component Liquid Crystals: Recognition and Transformation of Molecules within Constrained Environments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 4:183-205. [PMID: 28879985 PMCID: PMC5448478 DOI: 10.3390/ma4010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In liquid crystals (LCs), molecules are confined in peculiar environments, where ordered alignment and certain mobility are realized at the same time. Considering these characteristics, the idea of "controlling molecular events within LC media" seems reasonable. As a suitable system for investigating this challenge, we have recently developed a new class of ionic LCs; the salts of amphiphilic carboxylic acids with 2-amino alcohols, or those of carboxylic acids with amphiphilic 2-amino alcohols, have a strong tendency to exhibit thermotropic LC phases. Because of the noncovalent nature of the interaction between molecules, one of the two components can easily be exchanged with, or transformed into, another molecule, without distorting the original LC architecture. In addition, both components are common organic molecules, and a variety of compounds are easily available. Taking advantage of these characteristics, we have succeeded in applying two‑component LCs as chiral media for molecular recognition and reactions. This review presents an overview of our recent studies, together with notable reports related to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishida
- RIKEN, Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Wang M, Pan X, Fang X, Guo L, Liu W, Zhang C, Huang Y, Hu L, Dai S. A new type of electrolyte with a light-trapping scheme for high-efficiency quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:5526-5530. [PMID: 21069888 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei, China
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29
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Stoltz B, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(10)01735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Yang J, Li FF, Zhang J, Li J, Wang WX. Hydroformylation of Oct-1-ene in Novel Ionic Liquid Crystals. Helv Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Liu Y, Lam JWY, Mahtab F, Kwok RTK, Tang BZ. Sterol-containing tetraphenylethenes: synthesis, aggregation-induced emission, and organogel formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-010-0212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Cheng X, Bai X, Jing S, Ebert H, Prehm M, Tschierske C. Self-Assembly of Imidazolium-Based Rodlike Ionic Liquid Crystals: Transition from Lamellar to Micellar Organization. Chemistry 2010; 16:4588-601. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Jayaraj N, Zhao Y, Parthasarathy A, Porel M, Liu RSH, Ramamurthy V. Nature of supramolecular complexes controlled by the structure of the guest molecules: formation of octa acid based capsuleplex and cavitandplex. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10575-10586. [PMID: 19496576 DOI: 10.1021/la901367k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Factors that govern inclusion of organic molecules within octa acid (OA), a synthetic deep cavity cavitand, have been delineated by examining the complexation behavior of a number of organic molecules with varying dimensions and functionalities with OA. The formation of two types of complexes has been noted: the one which we call cavitandplex is a partially open complex in which a part of the guest molecule remains exposed to water, and the other termed capsuleplex is formed through assembly of two OA molecules. In capsuleplex, the guest is protected from water. Generally, guest molecules that possess ionic head groups form cavitandplex, and all others form capsuleplex. Capsuleplex may contain one or two guest molecules within the capsule. Small organic molecules (<10 A in length) may form both 2:1 and 2:2 capsuleplex, while longer ones (>12 A) preferentially form 2:1 capsuleplex. Extensive 1H NMR experiments have been carried out to characterize host-guest complexes. In the absence of the guest, OA tends to aggregate in water. The extent of aggregation depends on the concentration of OA and the presence of salts in solution. We expect the information obtained from this study to be of great value in predicting the nature of complexes with a given guest and facilitating appropriate guest chosen by researchers.
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Liu L, Xu K, Wang H, Tan PKJ, Fan W, Venkatraman SS, Li L, Yang YY. Self-assembled cationic peptide nanoparticles as an efficient antimicrobial agent. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 4:457-63. [PMID: 19581900 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial cationic peptides are of interest because they can combat multi-drug-resistant microbes. Most peptides form alpha-helices or beta-sheet-like structures that can insert into and subsequently disintegrate negatively charged bacterial cell surfaces. Here, we show that a novel class of core-shell nanoparticles formed by self-assembly of an amphiphilic peptide have strong antimicrobial properties against a range of bacteria, yeasts and fungi. The nanoparticles show a high therapeutic index against Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice and are more potent than their unassembled peptide counterparts. Using Staphylococcus aureus-infected meningitis rabbits, we show that the nanoparticles can cross the blood-brain barrier and suppress bacterial growth in infected brains. Taken together, these nanoparticles are promising antimicrobial agents that can be used to treat brain infections and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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Abstract
This article reviews the current status of self-assembling liquid crystalline polymers comprising cholesterol. This article will focus on synthesis, structure-property relationships and strategies to direct ordering and packing of meso- and nanostructures of cholesterol polymers in the neat- or melt state and in solution. The applications of these self-assembled structures will be presented.
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Porel M, Jayaraj N, Kaanumalle LS, Maddipatla MVSN, Parthasarathy A, Ramamurthy V. Cavitand octa acid forms a nonpolar capsuleplex dependent on the molecular size and hydrophobicity of the guest. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:3473-3481. [PMID: 19708142 DOI: 10.1021/la804194w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have been exploring the use of a deep cavity cavitand known by the trivial name 'octa acid' as a photochemical reaction cavity for manipulating photochemical and photophysical properties of organic molecules. In the current study, we have monitored the micropolarity of the interior of the cavitand by recording the fluorescence of five different organic probes. They all indicate that the interior of octa acid capsuleplex (2:1, H/G complex) is nonpolar and does not contain water molecules in spite of the complex being present in water. The nature of the octa acid-probe complex in each case has been characterized by 1H NMR data to be a 2:1 capsuleplex. Photophysical and 1H NMR experiments were employed to probe the factors that control the structure of the complex, 2:2, 2:1, and 1:1. The data we have on hand suggest that the structure of the host/guest complex depends on the size and hydrophobicity of the guest molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Porel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA
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Ma K, Lee KM, Minkova L, Weiss RG. Design Criteria for Ionic Liquid Crystalline Phases of Phosphonium Salts with Three Equivalent Long n-Alkyl Chains. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2088-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802605k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1227
| | - Kwang-Ming Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1227
| | - Liliya Minkova
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1227
| | - Richard G. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1227
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Li W, Zhang J, Li B, Zhang M, Wu L. Branched quaternary ammonium amphiphiles: nematic ionic liquid crystals near room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5269-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b909605a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ma K, Shahkhatuni AA, Somashekhar BS, Gowda GAN, Tong Y, Khetrapal CL, Weiss RG. Room-temperature and low-ordered, amphotropic-lyotropic ionic liquid crystal phases induced by alcohols in phosphonium halides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9843-9854. [PMID: 18686978 DOI: 10.1021/la801594q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tri- n-decylmethylphosphonium chloride and bromide ( 1P10X) salts are not liquid crystalline. However, mesophases are induced by adding very small amounts of an alcohol or water. The temperature ranges of the induced smectic A 2 (SmA 2) liquid-crystalline phases can be very broad and the onset temperatures can be below room temperature depending upon the concentration of the alcohol or water and the structure of the alcohol. At least one molar equivalent of hydroxyl groups is necessary to convert the 1P10X completely into a liquid crystal. Strong association between the hydroxyl groups of an alcohol or water and the head groups of the 1P10X is indicated by spectroscopic, diffraction, and thermochemical data. Unlike many other smectic phases, those of the 1P10X/alcohol complexes are easily aligned in strong magnetic fields and the order parameters of selectively deuterated alcohols as measured by (2)H NMR spectroscopy, approximately 10 (-2), are much lower than the values found when the host is a commonly employed thermotropic liquid crystal. The dependence of the specific values of the order parameters on temperature, the nature of the halide anion, and the structure and concentration of the alcohol are reported. In sum, a detailed picture is presented to explain how and why an alcohol or water induces liquid crystallinity in the 1P10X salts. The data also provide a blueprint for designing media with even lower order parameters that can be hosts to determine the conformations and shapes of guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, USA
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(08)00897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ma K, Somashekhar BS, Gowda GAN, Khetrapal CL, Weiss RG. Induced amphotropic and thermotropic ionic liquid crystallinity in phosphonium halides: "lubrication" by hydroxyl groups. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:2746-2758. [PMID: 18278957 DOI: 10.1021/la703175x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The influence of covalently attaching hydroxymethylene to the methyl groups of methyl-tri-n-alkylphosphonium halides (where the alkyl chains are decyl, tetradecyl, or octadecyl and the halide is chloride or bromide) or adding methanol as a solute to the salts on their solid, liquid-crystalline (smectic A2), and isotropic phases has been investigated using a variety of experimental techniques. These structural and compositional changes are found to induce liquid crystallinity in some cases and to enhance the temperature range and lower the onset temperature of the liquid-crystalline phases in some others. The results are interpreted in terms of the lengths of the three n-alkyl chains attached to the phosphorus cation, the nature of the halide anion, the influence of H-bonding interactions at the head group regions of the layered phases, and other solvent-solute interactions. The fact that at least 1 molar equiv of methanol must be added to effect complete (isothermal) conversion of a solid methyl-tri-n-alkylphosphonium salt to a liquid crystal demonstrates a direct and strong association between individual methanol molecules and the phosphonium salts. Possible applications of such systems are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1227, USA
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Gibb CLD, Sundaresan AK, Ramamurthy V, Gibb BC. Templation of the Excited-State Chemistry of α-(n-Alkyl) Dibenzyl Ketones: How Guest Packing within a Nanoscale Supramolecular Capsule Influences Photochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:4069-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja7107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne L. D. Gibb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
| | - Arun Kumar Sundaresan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
| | - V. Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
| | - Bruce C. Gibb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)01371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)00834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chesta CA, George M, Luo C, Weiss RG. Medium Effects on Zwitterionic-Biradicaloid Intermediates from Two Phenyl--α-oxoamides. Irradiations in Fluid and Solid Protic Media, Neat Solid Phases, and the Solid, Smectic and Isotropic Phases of a Completely Saturated Phosphonium Salt at Different Te. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:570-83. [PMID: 17007564 DOI: 10.1562/2006-07-28-ra-988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical processes of two N,N-dialkyl phenyl-alpha-oxoamides, N,N-diisopropyl phenyl-alpha-oxoamide (1) and N,N-dibenzyl phenyl-alpha-oxoamide (2), are investigated at different temperatures in methanol and ethylene glycol (to probe the influences of H-bonding and viscosity), in the solid phase of D-sorbitol at room temperature (to compare with the results in the liquid alcohols and to assess the influence of a poorly organized "stiff" environment), in the neat solid phase (to probe the influence of well-ordered, "stiff" matrices), and in the solid, smectic A2 and isotropic phases of methyl-tris-tetradecylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (1P14BF4) (to assess the ability of the intermediates to respond to subtle changes in the order and polarity of their local environments). From differences between the activation parameters for product pathways from irradiations in methanol and in 1P14BF4, we conclude that the zwitterionic pre-product intermediate from 1 is much more sensitive to the polarity, viscosity and order of its local environment than is the isomeric pre-product biradicaloid intermediate or either of the pre-product intermediates from 2. A very sensitive balance among the medium parameters, as well as internal steric and electronic factors of 1 and 2, controls the reactive pathways of the photochemically generated intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Chesta
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(07)00205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Guo J, Sun J, Cao H, Zhao D, Yang H. Synthesis and characterization of functionalized triblock polymer: The prepared polymer is cholesteryl terminated and chain-extended PCL. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lectka T, Motherwell W. Tetrahedron reports on organic chemistry. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(06)01801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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