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Gentry EC, Rono LJ, Hale ME, Matsuura R, Knowles RR. Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrroloindolines via Noncovalent Stabilization of Indole Radical Cations and Applications to the Synthesis of Alkaloid Natural Products. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3394-3402. [PMID: 29432006 PMCID: PMC5896747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While interest in the synthetic chemistry of radical cations continues to grow, controlling enantioselectivity in the reactions of these intermediates remains a challenge. Based on recent insights into the oxidation of tryptophan in enzymatic systems, we report a photocatalytic method for the generation of indole radical cations as hydrogen-bonded adducts with chiral phosphate anions. These noncovalent open-shell complexes can be intercepted by the stable nitroxyl radical TEMPO· to form alkoxyamine-substituted pyrroloindolines with high levels of enantioselectivity. Further elaboration of these optically enriched adducts can be achieved via a catalytic single-electron oxidation/mesolytic cleavage sequence to furnish transient carbocation intermediates that may be intercepted by a wide range of nucleophiles. Taken together, this two-step sequence provides a simple catalytic method to access a wide range of substituted pyrroloindolines in enantioenriched form via a standard experimental protocol from a common synthetic intermediate. The design, development, mechanistic study, and scope of this process are presented, as are applications of this method to the synthesis of several dimeric pyrroloindoline natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Gentry
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lydia J. Rono
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
| | - Martina E. Hale
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rei Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
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2
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Rose TE, Curtin BH, Lawson KV, Simon A, Houk KN, Harran PG. On the prevalence of bridged macrocyclic pyrroloindolines formed in regiodivergent alkylations of tryptophan. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4158-4166. [PMID: 30155060 PMCID: PMC6014094 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04612b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Friedel-Crafts alkylation is described that efficiently transforms tryptophan-containing peptides into macrocycles of varying ring connectivity. Factors are surveyed that influence the distribution of regioisomers, with a focus on indole C3-alkylations leading to bridged endo-pyrroloindolines. We probe the stability and stereochemistry of these pyrroloindolines, study their rearrangement to C2-linked indolic macrocycles, and demonstrate a scalable, stereoselective synthesis of this compound class. Placing the macrocyclization in sequence with further template-initiated annulation leads to extraordinary polycyclic products and further demonstrates the potential for this chemistry to drive novel peptidomimetic lead discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristin E Rose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Brice H Curtin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Kenneth V Lawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Adam Simon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
| | - Patrick G Harran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East , Los Angeles , California 90095 , USA .
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4
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Méndez-Hurtado J, Menéndez MI, López R, Ruiz-López MF. Unraveling the intramolecular cyclization mechanism of oxidized tryptophan in aqueous solution as a function of pH. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8695-702. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01193k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
pH tunes the mechanism of the intramolecular cyclization of 3a-substituted tryptophan derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Isabel Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Ramón López
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Manuel F. Ruiz-López
- Theoretical Chemistry and Biochemistry Group
- SRSMC
- Nancy-University CNRS
- 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex
- France
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5
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Fujiwara T, Yasuda H, Nishimura Y, Nambu H, Yakura T. Synthesis of 10b-fluorinated analogues of protubonine A and its 11a-epimer via fluorocyclisation of tryptophan-containing dipeptides. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08741k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The 10b-fluorinated analogues of protubonine A and its 11a-epimer were synthesisedviafluorocyclisation of tryptophan-containing dipeptides withN-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium triflate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
- Japan
| | - Hiroko Yasuda
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
- Japan
| | - Yushi Nishimura
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
- Japan
| | - Hisanori Nambu
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
- Japan
| | - Takayuki Yakura
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
- Japan
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6
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Gamon LF, White JM, Wille U. Oxidative damage of aromatic dipeptides by the environmental oxidants NO2˙ and O3. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8280-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01577k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Lawson KV, Rose TE, Harran PG. Template-induced macrocycle diversity through large ring-forming alkylations of tryptophan. Tetrahedron 2013; 69:7683-7691. [PMID: 23976797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptidomimetics are valuable in research and serve as lead compounds in drug discovery efforts. New methods to prepare such structures are of considerable interest. In this pilot study, we show that an organic template harboring a latent cinnamyl cation participates in novel Friedel-Crafts macrocyclization reactions with tryptophan. Upon joining the template to Trp-Trp-Tyr, a single operation efficiently generates eight unique macrocycles. Each has been isolated and thoroughly characterized. Product distribution as a function of Brønsted and/or Lewis acidic conditions was explored, and outcomes were compared to rearrangements induced within a corresponding tyrosine-linked cyclic ether. The solution structure of a new macrocyclic pyrroloindoline was solved using a combination of two-dimensional NMR methods and molecular mechanics simulations. Template-induced structural diversification of peptide sequences harboring aromatic residues has potential to create myriad macrocycles that target surfaces involved in protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth V Lawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 (USA)
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8
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Ni J, Wang H, Reisman SE. Direct, Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrroloindolines and Indolines From Simple Indole Derivatives. Tetrahedron 2013; 69:5622-5633. [PMID: 24039305 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The (R)-BINOL•SnCl4-catalyzed formal (3 + 2) cycloaddition between 3-substituted indoles and benzyl 2-trifluoroacetamidoacrylate is a direct, enantioselective method to prepare pyrroloindolines from simple starting materials. However, under the originally disclosed conditions, the pyrroloindolines are formed as mixtures of diastereomers, typically in the range of 3:1 to 5:1 favoring the exo-product. The poor diastereoselectivity detracts from the synthetic utility of the reaction. We report here that use of methyl 2-trifluoroacetamidoacrylate in conjunction with (R)-3,3'-dichloro-BINOL•SnCl4 provides the corresponding pyrroloindolines with improved diastereoselectivity (typically ≥10:1). Guided by mechanistic studies, a one-flask synthesis of enantioenriched indolines by in situ reduction of a persistent iminium ion is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ni
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
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Kieffer ME, Chuang KV, Reisman SE. Copper-catalyzed diastereoselective arylation of tryptophan derivatives: total synthesis of (+)-naseseazines A and B. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5557-60. [PMID: 23540731 DOI: 10.1021/ja4023557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed arylation of tryptophan derivatives is reported. The reaction proceeds with high site- and diastereoselectivity to provide aryl pyrroloindoline products in one step from simple starting materials. The utility of this transformation is highlighted in the five-step syntheses of the natural products (+)-naseseazine A and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Kieffer
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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10
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Fan F, Xie W, Ma D. Cascade annulation of malonic diamides: a concise synthesis of polycyclic pyrroloindolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7571-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33129b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Kieffer ME, Chuang KV, Reisman SE. A Copper-Catalyzed Arylation of Tryptamines for the Direct Synthesis of Aryl Pyrroloindolines. Chem Sci 2012; 3:3170-3174. [PMID: 23105962 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20914d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An operationally simple, copper-catalyzed arylation of N-tosyltryptamines provides direct access to C3-aryl pyrroloindolines. A range of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents is tolerated on both the indole backbone and the aryl electrophile. These reactions occur under ambient temperatures and with equimolar quantities of the coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Kieffer
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
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12
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Ruiz-Sanchis P, Savina SA, Acosta GA, Albericio F, Álvarez M. Orthogonal Protecting Groups in the Synthesis of Tryptophanyl-Hexahydropyrroloindoles. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Repka LM, Ni J, Reisman SE. Enantioselective synthesis of pyrroloindolines by a formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 132:14418-20. [PMID: 20873714 DOI: 10.1021/ja107328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(R)-BINOL·SnCl(4) was found to catalyze a formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between C(3)-substituted indoles and 2-amidoacrylates to provide pyrroloindolines. A variety of pyrroloindolines were prepared with high enantioselectivity in one step from simple precursors. This methodology is expected to facilitate the total synthesis of pyrroloindoline alkaloids, an important class of biologically active natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Repka
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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14
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Ruiz-Sanchis P, Savina SA, Albericio F, Álvarez M. Structure, Bioactivity and Synthesis of Natural Products with Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole. Chemistry 2011; 17:1388-408. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Xiao J, Wong ZZ, Lu YP, Loh TP. Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles: A New Class of Structurally Rigid Tricyclic Skeleton for Oxazaborolidine-Catalyzed Asymmetric Borane Reduction. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Xiao J, Xu FX, Lu YP, Loh TP. Chemzymes: A New Class of Structurally Rigid Tricyclic Amphibian Organocatalyst Inspired by Natural Product. Org Lett 2010; 12:1220-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol9029758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Feng-Xia Xu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Yun-Peng Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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17
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Villanueva-Margalef I, Thurston DE, Zinzalla G. Facile nucleophilic substitution at the C3a tertiary carbon of the 3a-bromohexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole scaffold. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5294-303. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Chemoselective asymmetric synthesis of C-3a-(3-hydroxypropyl)tetrahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole and C-4a-(2-aminoethyl)-tetrahydropyrano[2,3-b]indole derivatives. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Morales-Ríos MS, Suárez-Castillo OR. Synthesis of Marine Indole Alkaloids from Flustra foliacea. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brominated natural indoles are frequently reported metabolites of marine seaweeds. The bryozoan Flustra foliacea has been a rich source of brominated indole alkaloids bearing prenyl or isoprenyl substituents at various positions. Because interest in the chemistry of these marine alkaloids is steadily growing and shows unique promise in the discovery of new important medicinal drugs, the methods which have been employed towards their total synthesis are reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S. Morales-Ríos
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado 14-740, Mexico, D. F., 07000 Mexico
| | - Oscar R. Suárez-Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Apartado 1-328, Pachuca, Hidalgo, 42001 Mexico
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Fujiwara T, Yin B, Jin M, Kirk KL, Takeuchi Y. Synthetic Studies of 3-(3-Fluorooxindol-3-yl)-l-alanine. J Fluor Chem 2008; 129:829-835. [PMID: 19122889 PMCID: PMC2572226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative fluorination of several protected tryptophans 8b-g with Selectfluor proceeded smoothly in aqueous media to give a diastereomeric mixture of the corresponding 3-fluorooxindoles 9b-g. Attempted deprotection of the 3-fluorooxindoles 9b-g under various conditions did not afford 3-(3-fluorooxindol-3-yl)-l-alanine (6). Reaction of the suitably protected tryptophan derivative 16 with Selectfluor produced the fluorinated product 17. Simultaneous cleavage of all protective groups of 17 under acidic conditions successfully gave the target compound 6 in excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Bin Yin
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Meixiang Jin
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kenneth L. Kirk
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yoshio Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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22
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López CS, Pérez-Balado C, Rodríguez-Graña P, de Lera ÁR. Mechanistic Insights into the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles by Electrophilic Activation of Tryptophan Derivatives. Org Lett 2007; 10:77-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ol702732j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Silva López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Pérez-Balado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Paula Rodríguez-Graña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ángel R. de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Synthesis of indole alkaloid analogues containing the novel hexahydropyrrolo[1′,2′,3′:1,9a,9]imidazo[1,2-a]indole skeleton by ring-closing reactions of tryptophan-derived α-amino nitriles. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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González-Vera JA, García-López MT, Herranz R. Synthesis of Indole Alkaloid Analogues: Novel Domino Stereoselective Electrophile Addition−Cyclizations of Tryptophan-Derived α-Amino Nitriles. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5395-8. [PMID: 17579457 DOI: 10.1021/jo070684u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new indole alkaloid analogues, containing a 1,2,4,5,10b,10c-hexahydropyrrolo[1',2',3':1,9a,9]imidazo[1,2-a]indole skeleton, via highly stereoselective novel domino cyclative halogenation or prenylation reactions of tryptophan-derived alpha-amino nitriles, is described.
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25
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Crich D, Banerjee A. Chemistry of the Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles: configuration, conformation, reactivity, and applications in synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2007; 40:151-61. [PMID: 17309195 DOI: 10.1021/ar050175j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective formation of 2-endo-substituted hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles from 2-substituted tryptamine derivatives, especially tryptophan, is discussed. Parallels are drawn with the formation of related heterocyclic systems, such as the hexahydrofurano[2,3-b]benzofurans, in which the thermodynamic preference of a substituent at the 2-position is also for the endo-configuration. Functionalization of tryptophan-derived hexahydropyrroloindoles at positions 2-, 3-, and 3a- is discussed with special emphasis on the 2-position, at which both radical and nucleophilic reactions take place preferentially on the endo-face of the diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane system. The kinetic and thermodynamic preference for the 2-endo-position is considered in terms of the minimization of torsional strain, and parallels are drawn to the Woerpel model for the reactivity of analogous five-membered cyclic oxacarbenium ions. The use of the tryptophan-derived hexahydro[2,3-b]pyrroloindoles in the stereocontrolled synthesis of amino acids and alkaloids is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, USA
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González-Vera JA, García-López MT, Herranz R. Novel Domino Cyclization of Tryptophan-Derived Amino Nitriles: Scope and Stereoselectivity. J Org Chem 2005; 70:8971-6. [PMID: 16238335 DOI: 10.1021/jo051441+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The scope and stereoselectivity of the acid-promoted cyclization of new tryptophan-based alpha-amino nitriles derived from either ketones or aldehydes to novel hexahydropyrrolo[1',2',3':1,9a,9]imidazo[1,2-a]indoles is described. This cyclization involves the generation of two or three stereogenic centers. The time and stereoselectivity of this reaction mostly depended on both the steric volume of the substituents at the amino nitrile and its stereochemistry. Unhindered amino nitriles gave exclusively 2-exo-isomers, while hindered amino nitriles, which required higher reaction times, provided also these isomers under kinetic control. Under thermodynamic control, the 2-endo-isomer was the main reaction product, except for the benzaldehyde-derived alpha-amino nitriles, where a favorable electronic interaction between the phenyl and methoxycarbonyl groups in a relative cis-disposition might be responsible of the formation of the 2-exo-isomer as the only cyclization product.
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Morales-Ríos MS, Rivera-Becerril E, Joseph-Nathan P. Synthesis of (3aS-cis)-(−)- and (3aR-cis)-(+)-debromoflustramine B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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González-Vera JA, García-López MT, Herranz R. Unprecedented Stereospecific Synthesis of a Novel Tetracyclic Ring System, a Hybrid of Tetrahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole and Tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]indole, via a Domino Reaction upon a Tryptophan-Derived Amino Nitrile. Org Lett 2004; 6:2641-4. [PMID: 15281733 DOI: 10.1021/ol049222i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Compounds containing a novel tetracyclic ring system, a hybrid of tetrahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole and tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]indole, are synthesized via an acid-mediated stereospecific domino tautomerization of a tryptophan-derived alpha-amino nitrile. Characterization of these new compounds and preliminary studies on the reactivity of the tetracyclic heterocyclic system are reported. [reaction: see text]
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Meza-León RL, Crich D, Bernès S, Quintero L. Endo-Selective Quenching of Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-Based N-Acyliminium Ions. J Org Chem 2004; 69:3976-8. [PMID: 15153037 DOI: 10.1021/jo049757p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Radical decarboxylation of L-tryptophan-derived (2S,3aR,8aS)-8-arylsulfonyl-1,2-di(methoxycarbonyl)-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles 8 and 9 in the presence of diphenyl diselenide results in the endo-selective formation of (2R,3aR,8aS)-8-arylsulfonyl-1-methoxycarbonyl-2-phenylselenyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles 10 and 11. These selenides, in conjunction with Lewis acids, serves as precursors to the corresponding N-acyl iminium ions, which undergo selective endo-face quenching by allyltributylstannane, allyltrimethylsilane, propargyltrimethylsilane, and trimethylsilylcyanide. Stereochemical assignments rest on NMR data and crystallographic studies. The endo-selective nature of these reactions is interpreted in terms of minimization of allylic strain at the transition state for nucleophilic attack on the N-acyl iminum ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L Meza-León
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas and Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Morales-Ríos MS, Suárez-Castillo OR, Trujillo-Serrato JJ, Joseph-Nathan P. Total syntheses of five indole alkaloids from the marine bryozoan Flustra foliacea. J Org Chem 2001; 66:1186-92. [PMID: 11312946 DOI: 10.1021/jo0012647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A general, efficient, and conceptually new approach to the total syntheses of marine-derived indole alkaloids, including (+/-)-flustramines A (1) and B (2), (+/-)-flustramides A (3) and B (4), and (+/-)-debromoflustramine B (5), is outlined. The key step in the syntheses involves the conjugated addition of an organomagnesium species derived from prenyl bromide to 2-hydroxyindolenines. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 have been synthesized in five steps with 23%, 17%, and 16% overall yield, respectively, whereas flustramides 3 and 4 have been synthesized in only four steps with 24% and 18% overall yield, respectively, on the basis of 2-hydroxyindolenines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Morales-Ríos
- Departamento de Química del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politéctico Nacional, Apartado 14-740, México D. F., 07000 Mexico
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Depew KM, Marsden SP, Zatorska D, Zatorski A, Bornmann WG, Danishefsky SJ. Total Synthesis of 5-N-Acetylardeemin and Amauromine: Practical Routes to Potential MDR Reversal Agents. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja991558d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher M. Depew
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry and the Preparative Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 106, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027
| | - Stephen P. Marsden
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry and the Preparative Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 106, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027
| | - Danuta Zatorska
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry and the Preparative Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 106, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027
| | - Andrzej Zatorski
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry and the Preparative Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 106, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027
| | - William G. Bornmann
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry and the Preparative Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 106, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Contribution from the Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry and the Preparative Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 106, New York, New York 10021, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027
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Crich D, Huang X. On the Reaction of Tryptophan Derivatives withN-Phenylselenyl Phthalimide: The Nature of the Kinetic and Thermodynamic Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole Products. Alkylation of Tryptophan with Inversion of Configuration. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo991093+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Edmondson S, Danishefsky SJ, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Rosen N. Total Synthesis of Spirotryprostatin A, Leading to the Discovery of Some Biologically Promising Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja983788i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Edmondson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027, and Laboratories for Bioorganic Chemistry and for Molecular Oncogenesis, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, Box 106, New York, New York 10021
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027, and Laboratories for Bioorganic Chemistry and for Molecular Oncogenesis, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, Box 106, New York, New York 10021
| | - Laura Sepp-Lorenzino
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027, and Laboratories for Bioorganic Chemistry and for Molecular Oncogenesis, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, Box 106, New York, New York 10021
| | - Neal Rosen
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Havemeyer Hall, New York, New York 10027, and Laboratories for Bioorganic Chemistry and for Molecular Oncogenesis, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, Box 106, New York, New York 10021
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Sugimoto H, Nakanishi E, Hibi S. pH response of coloured copolypeptide hydrogel containing tryptophan treated with trifluoroacetic acid. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sugimoto H, Nakanishi E, Susaki K, Hibi S. pH Response of Colored Copolypeptide Hydrogel Containing Tryptophan Treated with Nitric Acid. Polym J 1998. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.30.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nishiuchi Y, Nishio H, Inui T, Kimura T, Sakakibara S. Nin-cyclohexyloxycarbonyl group as a new protecting group for tryptophan. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)01691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pellegrini C, Weber M, Borschberg HJ. Total Synthesis of (+)-Elacomine and (?)-Isoelacomine, Two Hitherto Unnamed Oxindole Alkaloids fromElaeagnus commutata. Helv Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19960790116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Stachel SJ, Habeeb RL, Van Vranken DL. Formation of Constrained, Fluorescent Peptides via Tryptophan Dimerization and Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9533297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J. Stachel
- Department of Chemistry The University of California Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Rebecca L. Habeeb
- Department of Chemistry The University of California Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - David L. Van Vranken
- Department of Chemistry The University of California Irvine, California 92717-2025
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Burgaud B, Horwell D, Pritchard M, Bernad N, Martinez J. The asymmetric synthesis of non-peptide CCK-A receptor agonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(95)00130-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mzengeza S, Venkatachalam TK, Diksic M. Asymmetric radiosynthesis of alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan for PET studies. Nucl Med Biol 1995; 22:303-7. [PMID: 7627144 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(94)00116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric radiosynthesis of alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan has been achieved using the enantioselective [11C]methylation of the enolate of either 8-(phenylsulfonyl) or 8-acetyl substituted derivatives of dimethyl (2S.3aR, 8aS)-(+)-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-1,2-dicarboxylate. Reaction of the enolates generated by treatment with LDA at -78 degrees C, with [11C]methyl iodide at -78 degrees C gave in 5 min incorporation of the radiolabel of 86% for 8-phenylsulfonyl derivative and 63% for 8-acetyl derivative. The hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles were then decyclized to the fully protected alpha-[11]methyl-L-tryptophan by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid. Removal of all the protecting groups, including the phenylsulfonyl, was achieved by reaction with 10 N NaOH at 210 degrees C in a sealed vial. Neutralization of the alkali with 10 N H2SO4 followed by purification by HPLC gave alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan with an overall radiochemical yield of 20% (uncorrected for decay) relative to the amounts of [11C]CH3I from 8-phenylsulfonyl derivative, and 9% (relative to [11C]CH3I; uncorrected for decay) from 8-acetyl derivative in a preparation time of 40 min after [11C]methyl iodide was introduced into the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mzengeza
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
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Conformational analysis of substituted hexahydropyrrolo [2,3-b]indoles and related systems. An unusual example of hindered rotation about sulfonamide SN bonds. An X-ray crystallographic and NMR study. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00001-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Amino Acids as Synthons for Heterocyclic Compounds**Dedicated to Professor Dr. Richard Neidlein on the occasion of his 65th birthday. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Enantiospecific synthesis of amino acids: preparation of (R)- and (S)-α-methylaspartic acid from (S)-tryptophan. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)92648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Crich D, Chan CO, Davies JW, Natarajan S, Vinter JG. Enantiospecific synthesis with amino acids. Part 2. α-Alkylation of tryptophan: a chemical and computational investigation of cyclic tryptophan tautomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/p29920002233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chan CO, Cooksey CJ, Crich D. Preparation, isolation and X-ray crystallographic structure determination of a stable, crystalline carbonic anhydride of an N-protected α-amino acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/p19920000777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bourne GT, Crich D, Davies JW, Horwell DC. Enantiospecific synthesis with amino acids. Part 1. Tryptophan as a chiron for the synthesis of α-substituted tryptophan derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/p19910001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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