1
|
Horgan C, O' Sullivan TP. Recent Developments in the Practical Application of Novel Carboxylic Acid Bioisosteres. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2203-2234. [PMID: 34420501 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210820112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carboxylic acid is an important functional group which features in the pharmacophore of some 450 drugs. Unfortunately, some carboxylic acid-containing drugs have been withdrawn from market due to unforeseen toxicity issues. Other issues associated with the carboxylate moiety include reduced metabolic stability or limited passive diffusion across biological membranes. Medicinal chemists often turn to bioisosteres to circumvent such obstacles. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the various applications of novel carboxylic acid bioisosteres which have appeared in the literature since 2013. RESULTS We have summarised the most recent developments in carboxylic acid bioisosterism. In particular, we focus on the changes in bioactivity, selectivity or physiochemical properties brought about by these substitutions, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each isostere. CONCLUSION The topics discussed herein highlight the continued interest in carboxylate bioisosteres. The development of novel carboxylic acid substitutes which display improved pharmacological profiles is testament to the innovation and creativity required to overcome the challenges faced in modern drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor Horgan
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork. Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gilfillan L, Artschwager R, Harkiss AH, Liskamp RMJ, Sutherland A. Synthesis of pyrazole containing α-amino acids via a highly regioselective condensation/aza-Michael reaction of β-aryl α,β-unsaturated ketones. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4514-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00364d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A new class of α-amino acid incorporating 5-aryl pyrazole units have been prepared using a highly regioselective condensation/aza-Michael reaction of β-aryl α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Gilfillan
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- The Joseph Black Building
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
| | - Raik Artschwager
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- The Joseph Black Building
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
| | - Alexander H. Harkiss
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- The Joseph Black Building
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
| | - Rob M. J. Liskamp
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- The Joseph Black Building
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- The Joseph Black Building
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Risgaard R, Nielsen SD, Hansen KB, Jensen CM, Nielsen B, Traynelis SF, Clausen RP. Development of 2'-substituted (2S,1'R,2'S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine analogues as potent N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4071-81. [PMID: 23614571 DOI: 10.1021/jm400346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2'-substituted analogues of the selective NMDA receptor ligand (2S,1'R,2'S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine ((S)-CCG-IV) have been designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically characterized. The design was based on a docking study hypothesizing that substituents in the 2'-position would protrude into a region where differences among the NMDA receptor GluN2 subunits exist. Various synthetic routes were explored, and two different routes provided a series of alkyl-substituted analogues. Pharmacological characterization revealed that these compounds are NMDA receptor agonists and that potency decreases with increasing size of the alkyl groups. Variations in agonist activity are observed at the different recombinant NMDA receptor subtypes. This study demonstrates that it is possible to introduce substituents in the 2'-position of (S)-CCG-IV while maintaining agonist activity and that variation among NMDA receptor subtypes may be achieved by probing this region of the receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rune Risgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Z, Yu X, Feng X, Bao M. Arylglycine-derivative synthesis via oxidative sp(3) C-H functionalization of α-amino esters. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1564-8. [PMID: 23209487 PMCID: PMC3510987 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of arylglycine derivatives is described. The oxidative coupling reactions of naphthols and phenols with α-amino esters proceeded smoothly in the presence of meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid as an oxidant under ambient conditions, to produce arylglycine derivatives in satisfactory yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mateos C, Mendiola J, Carpintero M, Mínguez JM. Regioselective palladium-catalyzed arylation of 4-chloropyrazoles. Org Lett 2011; 12:4924-7. [PMID: 20929208 DOI: 10.1021/ol1020898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly regioselective Pd-catalyzed arylation of N-methylpyrazoles with aryl bromides is described. This transformation was studied extensively via automated reaction screening. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach for optimizing the critical parameters was applied, resulting in excellent conditions for preparing selectively 5-arylpyrazoles in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria, 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Clausen RP, Christensen C, Hansen KB, Greenwood JR, Jørgensen L, Micale N, Madsen JC, Nielsen B, Egebjerg J, Bräuner-Osborne H, Traynelis SF, Kristensen JL. N-Hydroxypyrazolyl glycine derivatives as selective N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4179-87. [PMID: 18578474 PMCID: PMC4850074 DOI: 10.1021/jm800025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogues based on N-hydroxypyrazole as a bioisostere for the distal carboxylate group of aspartate have been designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically characterized. Affinity studies on the major glutamate receptor subgroups show that these 4-substituted N-hydroxypyrazol-5-yl glycine (NHP5G) derivatives are selectively recognized by N-methyl- d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors and that the ( R)-enantiomers are preferred. Moreover, several of the compounds are able to discriminate between individual subtypes among the NMDA receptors, providing new pharmacological tools. For example, 4-propyl NHP5G is an antagonist at the NR1/NR2A subtype but an agonist at the NR1/NR2D subtype. Molecular docking studies indicate that the substituent protrudes into a region that may be further exploited to improve subtype selectivity, thereby opening up a design strategy for ligands which can differentiate individual NMDA receptor subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus P Clausen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Erreger K, Geballe MT, Kristensen A, Chen PE, Hansen KB, Lee CJ, Yuan H, Le P, Lyuboslavsky PN, Micale N, Jørgensen L, Clausen RP, Wyllie DJA, Snyder JP, Traynelis SF. Subunit-Specific Agonist Activity at NR2A-, NR2B-, NR2C-, and NR2D-ContainingN-Methyl-d-aspartate Glutamate Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:907-20. [PMID: 17622578 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.037333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The four N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor NR2 subunits (NR2A-D) have different developmental, anatomical, and functional profiles that allow them to serve different roles in normal and neuropathological situations. Identification of subunit-selective NMDA receptor agonists, antagonists, or modulators could prove to be both valuable pharmacological tools as well as potential new therapeutic agents. We evaluated the potency and efficacy of a wide range of glutamate-like compounds at NR1/NR2A, NR1/NR2B, NR1/NR2C, and NR1/NR2D receptors. Twenty-five of 53 compounds examined exhibited agonist activity at the glutamate binding site of NMDA receptors. Concentration-response relationships were determined for these agonists at each NR2 subunit. We find consistently higher potency at the NR2D subunit for a wide range of dissimilar structures, with (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamate (SYM2081) showing the greatest differential potency between NR2A- and NR2D-containing receptors (46-fold). Analysis of chimeric NR2A/D receptors suggests that enhanced agonist potency for NR2D is controlled by residues in both of the domains (Domain1 and Domain2) that compose the bilobed agonist binding domain. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations comparing a crystallography-based hydrated NR1/NR2A model with a homology-based NR1/NR2D hydrated model of the agonist binding domains suggest that glutamate exhibits a different binding mode in NR2D compared with NR2A that accommodates a 4-methyl substitution in SYM2081. Mutagenesis of functionally divergent residues supports the conclusions drawn based on the modeling studies. Despite high homology and conserved atomic contact residues within the agonist binding pocket of NR2A and NR2D, glutamate adopts a different binding orientation that could be exploited for the development of subunit selective agonists and competitive antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Erreger
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 5025 Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta GA 30322-3090, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jørgensen CG, Bräuner-Osborne H, Nielsen B, Kehler J, Clausen RP, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Madsen U. Novel 5-substituted 1-pyrazolol analogues of ibotenic acid: synthesis and pharmacology at glutamate receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3524-38. [PMID: 17376693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
5-Substituted 1-pyrazolol analogues of ibotenic acid have been synthesized and pharmacologically characterized on ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs and mGluRs). The syntheses involved introduction of bromide, alkyls, phenyl and arylalkyls in the 5-position of 1-benzyloxypyrazole leading to 5-substituted (RS)-2-amino-(1-hydroxy-4-pyrazolyl)acetic acids (5a-l). The pharmacological activities of the synthesized analogues ranged from the 5-cyclopropylmethyl analogue (5f) with weak but selective affinity for NMDA receptors (IC(50)=35 microM), over the 5-n-propyl analogue (5c), which was a selective mGluR2 agonist (EC(50)=72 microM), to the 5-cyclohexylmethyl analogue (5g), which was a selective mGluR2 antagonist (K(i)=32 microM), and the 5-phenylethyl analogue (5j), which was a weak but apparently selective mGluR1 antagonist (K(i)=230 microM). This series of compounds afforded GluR ligands with a broad spectrum of pharmacological profiles, and showing potential for development of new compounds with subtype-selective activities at various GluRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G Jørgensen
- The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hansen KB, Clausen RP, Bjerrum EJ, Bechmann C, Greenwood JR, Christensen C, Kristensen JL, Egebjerg J, Bräuner-Osborne H. Tweaking Agonist Efficacy at N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors by Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:1510-23. [PMID: 16131614 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.014795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural basis for partial agonism at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is currently unresolved. We have characterized several partial agonists at the NR1/NR2B receptor and investigated the mechanisms underlying their reduced efficacy by introducing mutations in the glutamate binding site. Key residues were selected for mutation based on ligand-protein docking studies using a homology model of NR2B-S1S2 built from the X-ray structure of NR1-S1S2 in complex with glycine. Wild-type and mutant forms of NR2B were coexpressed with NR1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes and characterized by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology. By combining mutagenesis of residues His486 or Val686 with activation by differently substituted partial agonists, we introduce varying degrees of steric clash between the ligand and the two binding domains S1 and S2. In cases where ligand-protein docking predicts increased steric clashes between agonists and the residues forming the S1-S2 interface, the agonists clearly show decreased relative efficacy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mutation S690A affects both potency and efficacy in an agonist-specific manner. The results indicate that essential residues in the ligand binding pocket of NR2B may adopt different conformations depending on the agonist bound. Together, these data indicate that agonist efficacy at the NR2B subunit can be controlled by the extent of steric clashes between the agonist and the ligand binding domains and by ligand-dependent arrangements of residues within the binding pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clausen RP, Hansen KB, Calí P, Nielsen B, Greenwood JR, Begtrup M, Egebjerg J, Bräuner-Osborne H. The respective N-hydroxypyrazole analogues of the classical glutamate receptor ligands ibotenic acid and (RS)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)acetic acid. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 499:35-44. [PMID: 15363949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the pharmacological activity of N-hydroxypyrazole analogues (3a and 4a) of the classical glutamate receptor ligands ibotenic acid and (RS)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)acetic acid (AMAA), as well as substituted derivatives of these two compounds. The pharmacological profile of 3a is closer to that of thioibotenic acid rather than ibotenic acid, while 4a is a selective N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor agonist. Ring substitution of 3a and 4a leads to NMDA receptor antagonists. Whereas efficacy of 3a derivatives at mglu2 receptor decreases from agonism via partial agonism to antagonism with increasing substituent size, substitution abolishes affinity for mglu1 and mglu4 receptors. Ligand- and receptor-based modelling approaches assist in explaining these pharmacological trends among the metabotropic receptors and suggest a mechanism of partial agonism at mglu2 receptor similar to that proposed for the GluR2 glutamate receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus P Clausen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Chinchilla R, Nájera C, Yus M. Metalated Heterocycles and Their Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2667-722. [PMID: 15137804 DOI: 10.1021/cr020101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chinchilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chapter 5.4 Five membered ring systems: With more than one N atom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(03)80011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|