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O'Brien JGK, Conway LP, Ramaraj PK, Jadhav AM, Jin J, Dutra JK, Evers P, Masoud SS, Schupp M, Saridakis I, Chen Y, Maulide N, Pezacki JP, Am Ende CW, Parker CG, Fox JM. Mechanistic differences between linear vs. spirocyclic dialkyldiazirine probes for photoaffinity labeling. Chem Sci 2024; 15:d4sc04238g. [PMID: 39246352 PMCID: PMC11372447 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04238g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Dialkyldiazirines have emerged as a photo-reactive group of choice for interactome mapping in live cell experiments. Upon irradiation, 'linear' dialkyldiazirines produce dialkylcarbenes which are susceptible to both intramolecular reactions and unimolecular elimination processes, as well as diazoalkanes, which also participate in intermolecular labeling. Cyclobutylidene has a nonclassical bonding structure and is stable enough to be captured in bimolecular reactions. Cyclobutanediazirines have more recently been studied as photoaffinity probes based on cyclobutylidene, but the mechanism, especially with respect to the role of putative diazo intermediates, was not fully understood. Here, we show that photolysis (365 nm) of cyclobutanediazirines can produce cyclobutylidene intermediates as evidenced by formation of their expected bimolecular and unimolecular products, including methylenecyclopropane derivatives. Unlike linear diazirines, cyclobutanediazirine photolysis in the presence of tetramethylethylene produces a [2 + 1] cycloaddition adduct. By contrast, linear diazirines produce diazo compounds upon low temperature photolysis in THF, whereas diazo compounds are not detected in similar photolyses of cyclobutanediazirines. Diazocyclobutane, prepared by independent synthesis, is labile, reactive toward water and capable of protein alkylation. The rate of diazocyclobutane decomposition is not affected by 365 nm light, suggesting that the photochemical conversion of diazocyclobutane to cyclobutylidene is not an important pathway. Finally, chemical proteomic studies revealed that a likely consequence of this primary conversion to a highly reactive carbene is a marked decrease in labeling by cyclobutanediazirine-based probes relative to linear diazirine counterparts both at the individual protein and proteome-wide levels. Collectively, these observations are consistent with a mechanistic picture for cyclobutanediazirine photolysis that involves carbene chemistry with minimal formation of diazo intermediates, and contrasts with the photolyses of linear diazirines where alkylation by diazo intermediates plays a more significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G K O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Louis P Conway
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Paramesh K Ramaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Appaso M Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Jun Jin
- BioDuro-Sundia No.233 North FuTe Rd., WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone Shanghai 200131 P.R. China
| | - Jason K Dutra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Eastern Point Road, Groton Connecticut 06340 USA
| | - Parrish Evers
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Shadi S Masoud
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Eastern Point Road, Groton Connecticut 06340 USA
| | - Manuel Schupp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Iakovos Saridakis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Yong Chen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - John P Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Christopher W Am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Eastern Point Road, Groton Connecticut 06340 USA
| | - Christopher G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California 92037 USA
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
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2
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Chakraborty D, Zheng L, Dai Y, Gwasdacus J, McTighe JE, Wulff WD, Borhan B. Employing a chiroptical sensor for the absolute stereochemical determination of α-amino and α-hydroxyphosphonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12629-12632. [PMID: 37791684 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01757e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The absolute stereochemistry of the α-amino and α-hydroxyphosphonates is determined using a chiroptical sensor. The induced helicity of the host-guest complex is correlated to the chirality of the guest molecule via a simple binding model. The relative size of the substituents dictates the predominant helical population, leading to an easy circular dichroic readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Chakraborty
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Li Zheng
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Yijing Dai
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jeff Gwasdacus
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - James E McTighe
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - William D Wulff
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Babak Borhan
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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3
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Xu J. Syntheses of 1,2‐Oxaphospholane 2‐Oxides and 1,2‐Oxaphosphole 2‐Oxides. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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4
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Recent advances in the synthesis of 4′-truncated nucleoside phosphonic acid analogues. Carbohydr Res 2022; 513:108517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Shen GH, Hong JH. Chemical Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogs Linked with Cyclic Systems between the Phosphonate and the Base Moieties. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5918-5948. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190620100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) analogs linked with cyclic systems
are described in the present review. The purpose of the review is to report the methodology of
ANP analogs and to give an idea on the synthesis of a therapeutic structural feature of such analogs.
The cyclopropane systems were mainly prepared by diazomethane cyclopropanation catalyzed by
Pd(OAc)2, intramolecular alkylation, Kulinkovich cyclopropanation, and use of difluorocyclopropane,
and so forth. The preparation of methylenecyclopropane system was made by diazoacetate
cyclopropanation catalyzed by Rhodium followed by addition-elimination reactions. For the preparation
of a variety of tethered 1,2,3-triazole systems, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azidealkylphosphonates
and propargylated nucleobases was mainly applied. The formation of various
phosphonate moieties was achieved via phosphonylation of alkoxide, cross-coupling between
BrZnCF2P (O)(OEt)2 with iodoalkens catalyzed by CuBr, Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction with phosphite,
and Rh(II)-catalyzed O-H insertion, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Huan Shen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Treatment for Senile Diseases, College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Joon Hee Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Korea
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6
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Recent developments in the synthesis and reactivity of methylene- and alkylidenecyclopropane derivatives. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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Kania J, Gundersen LL. Synthesis ofN-Alkenylpurines by Rearrangements of the CorrespondingN-Allyl Isomers: Scopes and Limitations. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Gaikwad D, Undale K, Shaikh T, Pore D. An efficient multi-component synthesis of (2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromen-4-yl) phosphonic acid diethyl ester. CR CHIM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Audran G, Pellissier H. Synthesis of Methylene- and Alkylidenecyclopropane Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Błażewska KM, Gajda T. Assignment of the absolute configuration of hydroxy- and aminophosphonates by NMR spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Mhaske SB, Ksebati B, Prichard MN, Drach JC, Zemlicka J. Phosphonate analogues of cyclopropavir phosphates and their E-isomers. Synthesis and antiviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3892-9. [PMID: 19410465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Z- and E-Phosphonate analogues 12 and 13 derived from cyclopropavir and the corresponding cyclic phosphonates 14 and 15 were synthesized and their antiviral activity was investigated. The 2,2-bis(hydroxymethylmethylenecyclopropane acetate (17) was transformed to tetrahydropyranyl acetate 18. Deacetylation gave intermediate 19 which was converted to bromide 20. Alkylation with diisopropyl methylphosphonate afforded after protecting group exchange (21 to 22) acetylated phosphonate intermediate 22. Addition of bromine gave the dibromo derivative 16 which was used in the alkylation-elimination procedure with 2-amino-6-chloropurine to give Z- and E-isomers 23 and 24. Hydrolytic dechlorination coupled with removal of all protecting groups gave the guanine phosphonates 12 and 13. Cyclization afforded the cyclic phosphonates 14 and 15. Z-Phosphonate 12 was a potent and non-cytotoxic inhibitor of human and murine cytomegalovirus (HCMV and MCMV) with EC(50) 2.2-2.7 and 0.13 microM, respectively. It was also an effective agent against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, EC(50) 3.1 microM). The cyclic phosphonate 14 inhibited HCMV (EC(50) 2.4-11.5 microM) and MCMV (EC(50) 0.4 microM) but it was ineffective against EBV. Both phosphonates 12 and 14 were as active against two HCMV Towne strains with mutations in UL97 as they were against wild-type HCMV thereby circumventing resistance due to such mutations. Z-Phosphonate 12 was a moderate inhibitor of replication of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) but it was a potent agent against varicella zoster virus (VZV, EC(50) 2.9 microM). The cyclic phosphonate 14 lacked significant potency against these viruses. E-isomers 13 and 15 were devoid of antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh B Mhaske
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201-1379, USA
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12
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Huang NY, Liang YJ, Ding MW, Fu LW, He HW. Efficient synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,9-trisubstituted 1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:831-3. [PMID: 19117758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Facile synthesis of 9-(arenethenyl)purines via Heck reaction of 9-vinylpurines and aryl halides. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Li C, Zemlicka J. Synthesis of "reversed" methylenecyclopropane analogues of antiviral phosphonates. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 26:111-20. [PMID: 17162591 DOI: 10.1080/15257770601052349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of "reversed" methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleoside phosphonates 6a,7a, 6b, and 7b is described. 1-Bromo-1-bromomethylcyclopropane 8 was converted to the bromocyclopropyl phosphonate 9 by Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction with triisopropyl phosphite. Base-catalyzed beta-elimination and deacetylation gave the key Z- and E-hydroxymethylcyclopropyl phosphonates 10 and 11 separated by chromatography. The Mitsunobu type of alkylation of 10 or 11 with adenine or 2-amino-6-chloropurine afforded phosphonates 12a, 12b, 13a, and 13b. Acid hydrolysis furnished the adenine and guanine analogues 6a, 7a, 6b, and 7b. The E and Z configuration was assigned on the basis of NOE experiments with phosphonates 6b and 7b. All Z- and E-isomers were also distinguished by different chemical shifts of CH2O or CH2N (H4 or H4'). Significant differences of the chemical shifts of the cyclopropane C3(3') carbons and coupling constants 3JP,C2(2') or 3JP,C3(3') selective for the Z- or E-isomers were also noted. Phosphonates 6a, 7a, 6b, and 7b are devoid of significant antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Li
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1379, USA
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15
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Błazewska K, Paneth P, Gajda T. The Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of Diethyl Hydroxy- and Aminophosphonates by 1H and 31P NMR Using Naproxen as a Reliable Chiral Derivatizing Agent. J Org Chem 2007; 72:878-87. [PMID: 17253807 DOI: 10.1021/jo062097z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The assignment of the absolute configuration of hydroxy- and aminophosphonates by their double derivatization with commercially available naproxen is presented. The correlation between the spatial arrangement around the stereogenic carbon center and the signs of the DeltadeltaRS allows determination of the absolute configuration of hydroxy- and aminophosphonates by simple comparison of the 1H and 31P NMR spectra of the (R)- and (S)-naproxen ester or amide derivatives. Extensive conformational analysis (theoretical calculations, low-temperature experiments) supported by the NMR studies of structurally diverse naproxen esters and amides of hydroxy- and aminophosphonates proved that a simplified model can be successfully used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Błazewska
- The Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz (Politechnika), Zeromskiego St. 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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16
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Zemlicka J. Methylenecyclopropane Analogues of Nucleosides as Anti-herpes Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(06)05003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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17
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Romeo G, Iannazzo D, Piperno A, Romeo R, Saglimbeni M, Chiacchio MA, Balestrieri E, Macchi B, Mastino A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of phosphonated dihydroisoxazole nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3818-24. [PMID: 16480883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphonated isoxazolinyl nucleosides have been prepared via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrile oxides with corresponding vinyl or allyl nucleobases for antiviral studies. The cytotoxicity, the anti-HSV activity and the RT-inhibitory activity of the obtained compounds were evaluated and compared with those of AZT and diethyl{(1'SR,4'RS)-1'-[[(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)]-3'-methyl-2'-oxa-3'-azacyclopent-4'-yl]}methylphosphonate, a saturated phosphonated dihydroisoxazole nucleoside analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Romeo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Via SS. Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy.
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18
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Yan Z, Zhou S, Kern ER, Zemlicka J. Synthesis of Methylenecyclopropane Analogues of Antiviral Nucleoside Phosphonates. Tetrahedron 2006; 62:2608-2615. [PMID: 16758001 PMCID: PMC1474140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleoside phosphonates 6a, 6b, 7a and 7b is described. Cyclopropyl phosphonate 8 was transformed in four steps to methylenecyclopropane phosphonate 16. The latter intermediate was converted in seven steps to the key Z- and E-methylenecyclopropane alcohols 23 and 24 separated by chromatography. Selenoxide eliminations (15 --> 16 and 22 --> 23 + 24) were instrumental in the synthesis. The Z- and E-isomers 23 and 24 were transformed to bromides 25a and 25b which were used for alkylation of adenine and 2-amino-6-chloropurine to give intermediates 26a, 26b, 26c and 26d. Acid hydrolysis provided the adenine and guanine analogues 6a, 6b, 7a and 7b. Phosphonates 6b and 7b are potent inhibitors of replication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
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19
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20
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Zhou S, Zemlicka J. A New Alkylation-Elimination Method for Synthesis of Antiviral Fluoromethylenecyclopropane Analogues of Nucleosides. Tetrahedron 2005; 61:7112-7116. [PMID: 16801980 PMCID: PMC1482787 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of fluoromethylenecyclopropane nucleosides by alkylation-elimination procedure is described. Fluorination of methylenecyclopropane carboxylate 6 gave fluoroester 7. Treatment of 7 with phenylselenenyl bromide afforded the desired ethyl (E)-2-bromomethyl-1-fluoro-2-phenylselenenylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate 11 in 85% yield. DIBALH reduction of 11 gave 13, which after acetylation to 14 was reacted with 2-amino-6-chloropurine to give the 9-alkylated product 15 in 87% yield. Se-oxydation of 15 with hydrogen peroxide afforded 16, which underwent smooth elimination in a mixture of THF-DMF at 60 degrees C giving rise to a Z,E mixture of protected nucleosides 17. Deacetylation gave Z-1a and E-1a which were separated on a silica gel column. Both Z-1a and E-1a were converted into the respective guanine analogues Z-1b and E-1b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiri Zemlicka
- *Corresponding author. Tel.: 1-313-833-0715x2452; fax: 1-313-832-7294; e-mail:
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