1
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Tang W, Xu X, Gao Y, Tong H, Zhu Z, Liu B. Crystal structure of C 10H 10O 4. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2022-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C10H10O4, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.464(6) Å, b = 10.302(7) Å, c = 10.589(7) Å, β = 114.174(11)°, V = 941.8(10) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0453, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1394, T = 173 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Manufacturing Technology for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce , Xi’an , China
| | - Xiaona Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical & Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Vocational Technical College , Xianyang , Shaanxi Province , China
| | - Yanrong Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Manufacturing Technology for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce , Xi’an , China
| | - Hongjuan Tong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Manufacturing Technology for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce , Xi’an , China
| | - Zhoujing Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Manufacturing Technology for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce , Xi’an , China
| | - Bin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Manufacturing Technology for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shaanxi Province, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce , Xi’an , China
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2
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Edkins K, Tweedy J, Fung S, Edkins RM. Steric influence on solvate formation – a comparison of resorcylic acid and two brominated derivatives. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01592c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unbalanced steric bulk can lead to increased solvate formation as shown in non-, mono- and dibrominated resorcylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Edkins
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jane Tweedy
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, University Boulevard, Stockton-on-Tees TS17 6BH, UK
| | - Stephanie Fung
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, University Boulevard, Stockton-on-Tees TS17 6BH, UK
| | - Robert M. Edkins
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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3
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Griboura N, Gatzonas K, Neochoritis CG. Still Relevant Today: The Asinger Multicomponent Reaction. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1997-2020. [PMID: 33769692 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Asinger multicomponent reaction is a versatile synthetic tool which gives access to multiple drug-like scaffolds such as 3-thiazolines. The diversity and easy access of its starting materials, its operational simplicity combined with mild conditions and relatively good yields, renders the Asinger reaction, today more than ever, a cornerstone not only in heterocyclic chemistry and modern synthesis but also in medicinal chemistry. In this review, we perform a thorough analysis of the scope and limitations on the different reaction variants with their starting materials, the three-dimensional solid-state conformations of the Asinger derivatives, and we underline and classify all the major post-modifications that have been described. In addition, we report all the major applications in drug discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefeli Griboura
- Chemistry Department, School of Science and Engineering, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gatzonas
- Chemistry Department, School of Science and Engineering, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
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4
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Zheng H, Xue XS. Recent Computational Studies on Mechanisms of Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Promoted Dearomatization of Phenols. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200620223218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine-promoted dearomatization of phenols has received intense
attention. This mini-review summarizes recent computational mechanistic studies of phenolic
dearomatizations promoted by hypervalent iodine(III) reagents or catalysts. The first part
of this review describes mechanisms of racemic dearomatization of phenols, paying special
attention to the associative and dissociative pathways. The second part focuses on mechanisms
and selectivities of diastereo- or enantio-selective dearomatization of phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanliang Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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5
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Lam HC, Pepper HP, Sumby CJ, George JH. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of (±)‐Verrubenzospirolactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiu C. Lam
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Henry P. Pepper
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Jonathan H. George
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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6
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Lam HC, Pepper HP, Sumby CJ, George JH. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of (±)‐Verrubenzospirolactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8532-8535. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiu C. Lam
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Henry P. Pepper
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Jonathan H. George
- Department of Chemistry University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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7
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Natural product-inspired rational design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,3-dihydropyrano[2,3- f ]chromen-4(8 H )-one based hybrids as potential mitochondrial apoptosis inducers. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:302-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Bochicchio A, Cefola R, Choppin S, Colobert F, Di Noia MA, Funicello M, Hanquet G, Pisano I, Todisco S, Chiummiento L. Selective Claisen rearrangement and iodination for the synthesis of polyoxygenated allyl phenol derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Zhang B, Zheng W, Wang X, Sun D, Li C. Total Synthesis of Notoamides F, I, and R and Sclerotiamide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10435-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Deqian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Chaozhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University of Technology; 89 Cuibai Road Ningbo 315016 P.R. China
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10
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Zhang B, Zheng W, Wang X, Sun D, Li C. Total Synthesis of Notoamides F, I, and R and Sclerotiamide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Deqian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Chaozhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University of Technology; 89 Cuibai Road Ningbo 315016 P.R. China
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11
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Wu Z, Harutyunyan SR, Minnaard AJ. Total synthesis of (R,R,R)-γ-tocopherol through Cu-catalyzed asymmetric 1,2-addition. Chemistry 2014; 20:14250-5. [PMID: 25205372 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Based on the asymmetric copper-catalyzed 1,2-addition of Grignard reagents to ketones, (R,R,R)-γ-tocopherol has been synthesized in 36 % yield over 12 steps (longest linear sequence). The chiral center in the chroman ring was constructed with 73 % ee by the 1,2-addition of a phytol-derived Grignard reagent to an α-bromo enone prepared from 2,3-dimethylquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Wu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen (The Netherlands)
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12
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Elbel KM, Guizzunti G, Theodoraki MA, Xu J, Batova A, Dakanali M, Theodorakis EA. A-ring oxygenation modulates the chemistry and bioactivity of caged Garcinia xanthones. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:3341-8. [PMID: 23563530 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40395e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural products of the caged Garcinia xanthones (CGX) family are characterized by a unique chemical structure, potent bioactivities and promising pharmacological profiles. We have developed a Claisen/Diels-Alder reaction cascade that, in combination with a Pd(0)-catalyzed reverse prenylation, provides rapid and efficient access to the CGX pharmacophore, represented by the structure of cluvenone. To further explore this pharmacophore, we have synthesized various A-ring oxygenated analogues of cluvenone and have evaluated their bioactivities in terms of growth inhibition, mitochondrial fragmentation, induction of mitochondrial-dependent cell death and Hsp90 client inhibition. We found that installation of an oxygen functionality at various positions of the A-ring influences significantly both the site-selectivity of the Claisen/Diels-Alder reaction and the bioactivity of these compounds, due to remote electronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna M Elbel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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13
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Kodet JG, Topczewski JJ, Gardner KD, Wiemer DF. Electrophilic aromatic prenylation via cascade cyclization. Tetrahedron 2013; 69:9212-9218. [PMID: 24610962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To gain access to prenylated hexahydroxanthenes, tandem cascade cyclization-electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions have been studied on substrates bearing allylic and propargylic substituents. Both BF3·OEt2 and TMSOTf can be used to initiate this reaction sequence, resulting in different ratios of the C-2 and C-6 substitution products. Even though allylic transposition is observed in some cases, the results of a crossover experiment are consistent with an intramolecular reaction sequence. Taken together, these studies now allow preparation of either the C-2 or C-6 prenylated hexahydroxanthene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Kodet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294 USA
| | | | - Kevyn D Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294 USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294 USA
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14
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Cisneros-Pérez PA, Martínez-Otero D, Cuevas-Yánez E, Uribe-Frontana BA. Diprotodecarboxylation Reactions of 3,4-Dialkoxythiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic Acids Mediated by Ag2CO3 and Microwaves. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.800212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. Cisneros-Pérez
- a Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM , Toluca , Estado de México , Mexico
| | - Diego Martínez-Otero
- a Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM , Toluca , Estado de México , Mexico
| | - Erick Cuevas-Yánez
- a Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM , Toluca , Estado de México , Mexico
| | - Bernardo A. Uribe-Frontana
- a Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM , Toluca , Estado de México , Mexico
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15
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16
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Zheng SY, Li XP, Tan HS, Yu CH, Zhang JH, Shen ZW. Studies on the Total Synthesis of Hirtellanine A: Regioselective Synthesis of Benzopyran. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Brockmeyer F, Kröger D, Stalling T, Ullrich P, Martens J. A Manifold Three-Step Synthetic Route to Polycyclic Annulated HydantoinsviaCyclic Imines. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Guizzunti G, Batova A, Chantarasriwong O, Dakanali M, Theodorakis EA. Subcellular localization and activity of gambogic acid. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1191-8. [PMID: 22532297 PMCID: PMC3359389 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The natural product gambogic acid (GA) has shown significant potential as an anticancer agent as it is able to induce apoptosis in multiple tumor cell lines, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, as well as displaying antitumor activity in animal models. Despite the fact that GA has entered phase I clinical trials, the primary cellular target and mode of action of this compound remain unclear, although many proteins have been shown to be affected by it. By thorough analysis of several cellular organelles, at both the morphological and functional levels, we demonstrate that the primary effect of GA is at the mitochondria. We found that GA induces mitochondrial damage within minutes of incubation at low-micromolar concentrations. Moreover, a fluorescent derivative of GA was able to localize specifically to the mitochondria and was displaced from these organelles after competition with unlabeled GA. These findings indicate that GA directly targets the mitochondria to induce the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, and thus represents a new member of the mitocans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Guizzunti
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Ayse Batova
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Thungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Marianna Dakanali
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
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19
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Roche SP, Porco JA. Dearomatization strategies in the synthesis of complex natural products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4068-93. [PMID: 21506209 PMCID: PMC4136767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 997] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Evolution in the field of the total synthesis of natural products has led to exciting developments over the last decade. Numerous chemoselective and enantioselective methodologies have emerged from total syntheses, resulting in efficient access to many important natural product targets. This Review highlights recent developments concerning dearomatization, a powerful strategy for the total synthesis of architecturally complex natural products wherein planar, aromatic scaffolds are converted to three-dimensional molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane P. Roche
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
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20
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Roche SP, Porco JA. Desaromatisierungsstrategien in der Synthese strukturell komplexer Naturstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Li H, Xu R, Cole D, Clader JW, Greenlee WJ, Nomeir AA, Song L, Zhang L. Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationship studies of N-arylsulfonyl morpholines as γ-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6606-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Batova A, Altomare D, Chantarasriwong O, Ohlsen KL, Creek KE, Lin YC, Messersmith A, Yu AL, Yu J, Theodorakis EA. The synthetic caged garcinia xanthone cluvenone induces cell stress and apoptosis and has immune modulatory activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2869-78. [PMID: 20881270 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several caged Garcinia xanthone natural products have potent bioactivity and a documented value in traditional Eastern medicine. Previous synthesis and structure activity relationship studies of these natural products resulted in the identification of the pharmacophore represented by the structure of cluvenone. In the current study, we examined the anticancer activity of cluvenone and conducted gene expression profiling and pathway analyses. Cluvenone was found to induce apoptosis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (EC₅₀ = 0.25 μmol/L) and had potent growth-inhibitory activity against the NCI60 cell panel, including those that are multidrug-resistant, with a GI₅₀ range of 0.1 to 2.7 μmol/L. Importantly, cluvenone was approximately 5-fold more potent against a primary B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia compared with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal donors, suggesting that it has significant tumor selectivity. Comparison of cluvenone's growth-inhibitory profile to those in the National Cancer Institute database revealed that compounds with a similar profile to cluvenone were mechanistically unlike known agents, but were associated with cell stress and survival signaling. Gene expression profiling studies determined that cluvenone induced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NrF2 stress response pathways. Furthermore, cluvenone was found to induce intracellular reactive oxygen species formation. Lastly, the modulation in the expression of several genes associated with T cell and natural killer cell activation and function by cluvenone suggests a role as an immune-modulator. The current work highlights the potential of cluvenone as a chemotherapeutic agent and provides support for further investigation of these intriguing molecules with regard to mechanism and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Batova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Chantarasriwong O, Batova A, Chavasiri W, Theodorakis EA. Chemistry and biology of the caged Garcinia xanthones. Chemistry 2010; 16:9944-62. [PMID: 20648491 PMCID: PMC3144150 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been a great source of many small molecule drugs for various diseases. In spite of recent advances in biochemical engineering and fermentation technologies that allow us to explore microorganisms and the marine environment as alternative sources of drugs, more than 70 % of the current small molecule therapeutics derive their structures from plants used in traditional medicine. Natural-product-based drug discovery relies heavily on advances made in the sciences of biology and chemistry. Whereas biology aims to investigate the mode of action of a natural product, chemistry aims to overcome challenges related to its supply, bioactivity, and target selectivity. This review summarizes the explorations of the caged Garcinia xanthones, a family of plant metabolites that possess a unique chemical structure, potent bioactivities, and a promising pharmacology for drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+1)858-822-0386
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Science, Bangkok 10330 (Thailand)
| | - Ayse Batova
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103-8447 (USA)
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Science, Bangkok 10330 (Thailand)
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+1)858-822-0386
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Chantarasriwong O, Cho WC, Batova A, Chavasiri W, Moore C, Rheingold AL, Theodorakis EA. Evaluation of the pharmacophoric motif of the caged Garcinia xanthones. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4886-94. [PMID: 19907779 DOI: 10.1039/b913496d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of unique structure and potent bioactivity exhibited by several family members of the caged Garcinia xanthones, led us to evaluate their pharmacophore. We have developed a Pd(0)-catalyzed method for the reverse prenylation of catechols that, together with a Claisen/Diels-Alder reaction cascade, provides rapid and efficient access to various caged analogues. Evaluation of the growth inhibitory activity of these compounds leads to the conclusion that the intact ABC ring system containing the C-ring caged structure is essential to the bioactivity. Studies with cluvenone (7) also showed that these compounds induce apoptosis and exhibit significant cytotoxicity in multidrug-resistant leukemia cells. As such, the caged Garcinia xanthone motif represents a new and potent pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC: 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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Guillonneau L, Taddei D, Moody CJ. Synthesis of the Reported Structure of the Bisbenzoquinone Lanciaquinone, Isolated from Maesa lanceolata. Org Lett 2008; 10:4505-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801697g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loic Guillonneau
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - David Taddei
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Moody
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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27
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Coombes CL, Moody CJ. First syntheses of 2,2-dimethyl-7-(2'-methylbut-3'-en-2'-yl)-2H-chromen-6-ol and 2-(3'-methylbut-2'-enyl)-5-(2'-methylbut-3'-en-2'-yl)-1,4-benzoquinone, novel prenylated quinone derivatives from the New Zealand brown alga Perithalia capillaris. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6758-62. [PMID: 18681403 DOI: 10.1021/jo801057x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first syntheses of 2,2-dimethyl-7-(2'-methylbut-3'-en-2'-yl)-2H-chromen-6-ol (1) and 2-(3'-methylbut-2'-enyl)-5-(2'-methylbut-3'-en-2'-yl)-1,4-benzoquinone (2), novel prenylated quinone derivatives from the New Zealand brown alga Perithalia capillaris, are reported, in which the key steps are consecutive Claisen rearrangements that proceed with both high chemo- and regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Coombes
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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28
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Synthesis of 1,1-bisphosphono-2-aza-1,3-dienes, a new class of electron-deficient azadienes. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Charrier N, Quiclet-Sire B, Zard SZ. Allylic Alcohols as Radical Allylating Agents. An Overall Olefination of Aldehydes and Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8898-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja802899m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Charrier
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Béatrice Quiclet-Sire
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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30
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31
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Tanimoto H, Saito R, Chida N. Formal synthesis of (−)-morphine from d-glucal based on the cascade Claisen rearrangement. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Brajeul S, Delpech B, Marazano C. Sulfonium salts as prenyl, geranyl, and isolavandulyl transfer agents towards benzoylphloroglucinol derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Shen G, Wang M, Welch TR, Blagg BSJ. Design, synthesis, and structure--activity relationships for chimeric inhibitors of Hsp90. J Org Chem 2007; 71:7618-31. [PMID: 16995666 DOI: 10.1021/jo061054f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) family of molecular chaperones represents a promising new chemotherapeutic approach toward the treatment of several cancers. Previous studies have demonstrated that the natural products, radicicol and geldanamycin, are potent inhibitors of the Hsp90 N-terminal ATP binding site. The cocrystal structures of these molecules bound to Hsp90 have been determined, and through molecular modeling and superimposition of these ligands, hybrids of radicicol and geldanamycin have been designed. A series of macrocylic chimeras of radicicol and geldanamycin and the corresponding seco-agents have been prepared and evaluated for both antiproliferative activity and their ability to induce Hsp90-dependent client protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7563, USA
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34
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Artman GD, Grubbs AW, Williams RM. Concise, asymmetric, stereocontrolled total synthesis of stephacidins A, B and notoamide B. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:6336-42. [PMID: 17455936 PMCID: PMC2526546 DOI: 10.1021/ja070259i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Concise asymmetric total syntheses of the fungal metabolites (-)-stephacidin A, (+)-stephacidin B, and (+)-notoamide B are described. Key features of these total syntheses include (1) a facile synthesis of (R)-allyl proline methyl ester, (2) a revised route toward the pyranoindole ring system, (3) a novel cross-metathesis strategy for the introduction of important functional groups, and (4) an SN2' cyclization to form the [2.2.2] bridged bicyclic ring system. Furthermore, our synthesis has taken advantage of microwave heating to shorten reaction times as well as increase yields for the preparation of vital intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald D. Artman
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, and The University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Alan W. Grubbs
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, and The University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Robert M. Williams
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, and The University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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35
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Hayden AE, Xu H, Nicolaou KC, Houk KN. Origins of selectivity in pericyclic reaction cascades for the synthesis of gambogin and lateriflorone. Org Lett 2007; 8:2989-92. [PMID: 16805534 DOI: 10.1021/ol060917o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Quantum mechanical calculations demonstrate that the second step of a Claisen-Diels-Alder reaction cascade controls regioselectivity that gives advanced intermediates for the synthesis of gambogin and 1-O-methyllateriflorone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Hayden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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36
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Batova A, Lam T, Wascholowski V, Yu AL, Giannis A, Theodorakis EA. Synthesis and evaluation of caged Garcinia xanthones. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:494-500. [PMID: 17252132 DOI: 10.1039/b612903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the combination of unique structure and potent bioactivities exhibited by several family members of the caged Garcinia xanthones, we developed a synthesis of simplified analogues that maintain the overall caged motif. The caged structure of these compounds was constructed via a site-selective Claisen/Diels-Alder reaction cascade. We found that the fully substituted caged structure, in which are included the C18 and C23 geminal methyl groups, is necessary to maintain bioactivity. Analogue had comparable activity to the natural products of this family, such as gambogic acid. These compounds exhibit cytotoxicity in a variety of tumor cell lines at low micromolar concentrations and were found to induce apoptosis in HUVE cells. In addition, studies with HL-60 and HL-60/ADR cells indicate that these compounds are not affected by the mechanisms of multidrug resistance, conferred by P glycoprotein expression, typical of relapsed cancers and thus represent a new and potent pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Batova
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103-8447, USA.
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37
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Jang J, Sin KS, Kim HP, Park H. Structure and antiinflammatory activity relationships of wogonin derivatives. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 28:877-84. [PMID: 16178410 DOI: 10.1007/bf02973870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of wogonin derivatives have been synthesized as congeners of wogonin and evaluated for their inhibitory activities of PGE2 production. Wogonin derivatives modified at the B ring of wogonin were obtained from 2,4-Dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyacetophenone (1) via several steps. Most wogonin derivatives exhibited much reduced inhibitory activities against COX-2 catalyzed PGE2 production compared to that of wogonin. Alkylation of 5,7-phenol groups and substitution at the B ring of wogonin generally caused reduction of inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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38
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Baran PS, Hafensteiner BD, Ambhaikar NB, Guerrero CA, Gallagher JD. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Avrainvillamide and the Stephacidins. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:8678-93. [PMID: 16802835 DOI: 10.1021/ja061660s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, full details regarding our total synthesis of avrainvillamide and the stephacidins are presented. After an introduction and summary of prior synthetic studies in this family of structurally complex anticancer natural products, the evolution of a final synthetic approach is described. Thus, a thorough description of three separate model studies is provided for construction of the characteristic bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system common to these alkaloids. The first and second approaches sought to build the core using formal Diels-Alder and vinyl radical pathways, respectively. Although these strategies failed in their primary objective, they fostered the development of a new and mechanistically intriguing method for the synthesis of indolic enamides such as those found in numerous bioactive natural products. The scope and generality of this simple method for the direct dehydrogenation of tryptophan derivatives is described. Finally, details of a third and successful route to the core of these alkaloids are described which features oxidative C-C bond formation. Specifically, the first heterocoupling of two different types of carbonyl species (ester and amide) is accomplished in good yield, on a preparative scale, and with complete stereocontrol. The information gained in these model studies enabled an enantioselective total synthesis of stephacidin A. The absolute configuration of these alkaloids was firmly established in collaboration with Professor William Fenical. A full account of our successful efforts to convert stephacidin A into stephacidin B via avrainvillamide is presented. Finally, the first analogues of these natural products have been prepared and evaluated for anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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39
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A short synthesis of (+/-)-brazilin is reported. This synthesis uses several interesting and underutilized transformations including a regioselective dirhodium-catalyzed aryl C-H insertion, a regioselective IBX phenol --> o-quinone oxidation, a tautomerization of an o-quinone to a p-quinone methide, and an intramolecular aryl cyclization with a p-quinone methide.
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40
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Ikegai K, Pluempanupat W, Mukaiyama T. Preparation oftert-Alkyl Aryl Sulfides fromtert-Alcohols via Quinone-mediated Oxidation–Reduction Condensation betweentert-Alkyl Diphenylphosphinites and 2-Sulfanyl-1,3-benzothiazole. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Davis CJ, Hurst TE, Jacob AM, Moody CJ. Microwave-Mediated Claisen Rearrangement Followed by Phenol Oxidation: A Simple Route to Naturally Occurring 1,4-Benzoquinones. The First Syntheses of Verapliquinones A and B and Panicein A. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4414-22. [PMID: 15903320 DOI: 10.1021/jo050336x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring 1,4-benzoquinones 2-methoxy-6-propyl-1,4-benzoquinone (1), 2-methoxy-6-pentyl-1,4-benzoquinone (primin 2), 2-methoxy-6-pentadecyl-1,4-benzoquinone (3), 2-methoxy-6-heptadecyl-1,4-benzoquinone (dihydroirisquinone, pallasone B; 4) were synthesized by a simple protocol involving microwave accelerated Claisen rearrangement of allyl ethers 10, followed by hydrogenation of the side chain alkene, and oxidation to the quinone. The Claisen-based methodology was extended to the first synthesis of the marine benzoquinones verapliquinones A and B (5 and 6), and panicein A (7). Isoarnebifuranone (9) was also synthesized by a similar strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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42
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Mal D, Pahari P, Senapati BK. A room temperature alternative of the Claisen rearrangement route to ortho allylated phenols: unique reactivity pattern of allylindium reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.01.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Ito F, Iwasaki M, Watanabe T, Ishikawa T, Higuchi Y. The first total synthesis of kwakhurin, a characteristic component of a rejuvenating plant, "kwao keur": toward an efficient synthetic route to phytoestrogenic isoflavones. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:674-81. [PMID: 15703807 DOI: 10.1039/b414955f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of kwakhurin (5), a characteristic estrogen-like isoflavone of Pueraria mirifica(Leguminosae), is described. Isoflavone skeleton 31 was constructed by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of 3-bromochromone 26 (AC-ring) and arylboronic acid 30 (B-ring) in the presence of TBAB as an additive. Microwave-assisted coupling was also examined, but did not improve the yield. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, followed by propargylation and reduction afforded 1,1-dimethylallyl ether 37. 6'-Prenylisoflavone 34 was obtained in high yield by Claisen rearrangement of 37 in N,N-diethylaniline. On the other hand, 1,3-rearrangement of prenyl ether 33 with clay gave 34 in poor yield. Successive methylation of 34 and deprotection yielded the target kwakhurin (5) in 12% overall yield from 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (23).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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44
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Nicolaou KC, Xu H, Wartmann M. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Gambogin and Rate Acceleration of Pericyclic Reactions in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Nicolaou KC, Xu H, Wartmann M. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Gambogin and Rate Acceleration of Pericyclic Reactions in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:756-61. [PMID: 15657969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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46
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Baran PS, Guerrero CA, Ambhaikar NB, Hafensteiner BD. Short, Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Stephacidin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:606-9. [PMID: 15586393 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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47
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Baran PS, Guerrero CA, Ambhaikar NB, Hafensteiner BD. Short, Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Stephacidin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Tisdale EJ, Slobodov I, Theodorakis EA. Unified synthesis of caged Garcinia natural products based on a site-selective Claisen/Diels-Alder/Claisen rearrangement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:12030-5. [PMID: 15210986 PMCID: PMC514429 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401932101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A unified synthetic strategy toward caged Garcinia natural products has been designed and implemented. Central to the strategy is a tandem Claisen/Diels-Alder/Claisen rearrangement of a suitably substituted xanthone precursor to form forbesione (1a). Serving as a template, forbesione is then used to deliver representative members of this family, including desoxygaudichaudione A (4), desoxymorellin (5), and gambogin (10). Studies on the timing of this reaction cascade suggest that the C-ring Claisen/Diels-Alder rearrangement proceeds initially and is followed by the A-ring Claisen reaction. The electronic and steric effects that govern the outcome of this cascade are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Tisdale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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49
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Tisdale EJ, Slobodov I, Theodorakis EA. Biomimetic total synthesis of forbesione and desoxymorellin utilizing a tandem Claisen/Diels–Alder/Claisen rearrangement. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:4418-22. [PMID: 14727628 DOI: 10.1039/b311833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of forbesione (1) and desoxymorellin (3) is presented. Central to the strategy is a biomimetic Claisen/Diels-Alder/Claisen reaction cascade that proceeds in a regioselective manner and produces the desired scaffold exclusively. The observed regioselectivity and product distribution of the Claisen/Diels-Alder/Claisen reaction are attributed to the electronic effects of the xanthone oxygen (O10), the C9 carbonyl group and the nature of the C1 functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Tisdale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0358, USA
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