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Musatat AB, Durmuş T, Atahan A. Harnessing high potential benzothiazole chalcones against dengue virus NS5 protein: A multi-faceted theoretical study through molecular docking, ADME, and DFT. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 761:110171. [PMID: 39366630 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Chalcones bearing tetralone, indanone and benzothiazole cores were synthesized successfully using a general Claisen-Schmidt condensation protocol. The prepared compounds were purified and structurally analyzed by 1H, 13C NMR, and FT-IR techniques. A multi-faceted theoretical approach, combining Density Functional Theory (DFT), molecular docking, and ADME predictions, was employed to evaluate their therapeutic potential. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/def2-TZVP level revealed key electronic properties, with TD3 compound demonstrating the highest chemical reactivity. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) and Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analyses provided insights into the compounds' non-covalent interactions and charge distributions. Molecular docking studies against the NS5 protein (PDB: 6KR2) showed superior binding affinities for all three compounds compared to the control ligand SAH, with TD3 exhibiting the lowest binding energy (-8.41 kcal/mol) and theoretical inhibition constant (689.31 nM). ADME predictions indicated favorable drug-like properties with concerns regarding aqueous solubility and potential P-glycoprotein interactions. Toxicity evaluations highlighted challenges, particularly in hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The study identified TD3 as a promising lead compound for Dengue Virus NS5 inhibition, while also emphasizing the need for targeted modifications to address toxicity concerns. This research not only contributes to anti-dengue drug discovery efforts but also provides a robust methodological framework for the theoretical evaluation of similar small compounds in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tülay Durmuş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Düzce University, 81100, Düzce, Turkiye
| | - Alparslan Atahan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Düzce University, 81100, Düzce, Turkiye
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2
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Singh R, Sindhu J, Devi M, Kumar A, Kumar R, Hussain K, Kumar P. Solid‐Supported Materials‐Based Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzothiazoles: Recent Developments and Sanguine Future. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry COBS&H CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar 125004 INDIA
| | - Meena Devi
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Hisar 125001 INDIA
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities Mewat Engineering College Nuh 122107 INDIA
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra 136119 INDIA
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3
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Kumar G, Singh NP. Synthesis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic evaluation of thiazole/oxazole substituted benzothiazole derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104608. [PMID: 33465668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-Steroidal biologically active heterocyclic compounds 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl) benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)-N-((3-substituted-2-hydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)methylene) thiazol-2-amine (3a-3d), 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)-N-((3-substituted - 2-hydrobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)methylene)oxazol-2-amine (3a'-3d'), (Z)-N'-(4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)thiaol-2-yl)-N-(4-substituted phenylimino)-3-substituted-2-hydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carboxamidine (4a-4 h) and (Z)-N'-(4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)oxazol-2-yl)-N-(4-substituted phenylimino) - 3-substituted-2-hydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2-carboxamidine (4a'-4h') were synthesized starting from 2-chloro-1-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl) ethanone (1). The structure configuration of newly synthesized compounds has been determined by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic (IR, 1HNMR and GCMS) techniques. These compounds were tested for their anti-inflammation, analgesic, ulcerogenic, acute toxicity and free radical scavenging action and compared with reference drugs in albino rats. Compound 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)-N-((3-substituted-2-hydrobenzo [d]thiazol-2-yl)methylene)thiazol-2-amine (3c) was the most active compound than reference drug at a dose of 50 mg/kg p.o.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Krishna College, Bijnor 246701, UP, India.
| | - N P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, UP, India
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Charris J, Camacho J, Ferrer R, Lobo G, Barazarte A, Gamboa N, Rodrigues J, López S. A convenient route to 2-substituted benzothiazole-6-carboxylic acids using nitrobenzene as oxidant. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823406780199794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Various substituted benzothiazole-6-carboxylic acids (4a–i) have been prepared by the condensation of 4-amino-3-mercaptobenzoic acid and aldehydes in nitrobenzene as oxidant. Compound 4i was found to be a good candidate as an inhibitor of β-hematin formation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Charris
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Aptdo. 47206 Los Chaguaramos, 1041-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José Camacho
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Aptdo. 47206 Los Chaguaramos, 1041-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Rosa Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Aptdo. 47206 Los Chaguaramos, 1041-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Gricela Lobo
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Aptdo. 47206 Los Chaguaramos, 1041-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Arthur Barazarte
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Aptdo. 47206 Los Chaguaramos, 1041-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Neira Gamboa
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Aptdo. 47206 Los Chaguaramos, 1041-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Juan Rodrigues
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Aptdo. 47206 Los Chaguaramos, 1041-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Simón López
- Laboratorio de Química Medicinal y Heterociclos, Departamento de Química, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
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5
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Kumbar SS, Hosamani KM, Gouripur GC, Joshi SD. Functionalization of 3-chloroformylcoumarin to coumarin Schiff bases using reusable catalyst: an approach to molecular docking and biological studies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172416. [PMID: 29892427 PMCID: PMC5990764 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, heterogeneous catalysts have been explored eximiously in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Therefore, here we used solid-supported heterogeneous silica sulfuric acid as a catalyst for the synthesis of Schiff's base of 3-chloroformylcoumarin in view of simplified procedure, reusability and acceptable efficiency, which are required in organic synthesis. An efficient and facile methodology is preferred for synthesis of a class of chromeno-3-substituted derivatives (1a-1l) with good yields. The molecular docking results showed excellent binding interactions with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA-D148G mutant (PDB: 4DQU). The same biomolecules were screened for their in vitro anti-tubercular activity against the M.tb H37Rv strain and antimicrobial studies. Physico-chemistry, toxicity prediction with IC50 value and bioactivity score were also calculated for title compounds. Most active compounds were further tested for cytotoxicity studies and exhibited low-level cytotoxicity against Vero cells. The suggested conjugates are promising lead compounds for the subsequent investigation in search of new anti-tubercular agents. All the conjugates were obtained within the range and followed the Lipinski rule of 5, indicating more 'drug-like' nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh S. Kumbar
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Kallappa M. Hosamani
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Gangadhar C. Gouripur
- P. G. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Shrinivas D. Joshi
- Novel Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.E.T.'s College of Pharmacy, Sangolli Rayanna Nagar, Dharwad 580002, Karnataka, India
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
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Kaur N, Jangid NK, Sharma V. Metal- and nonmetal-catalyzed synthesis of five-membered S,N-heterocycles. J Sulphur Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2017.1415338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
| | | | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
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8
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Jang KS, Shin DS, Song HR, Lee BS, Chi DY. Regioselective Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Diverse Benzothiazoles by Thermally Induced Cyclization ofortho-Halobenzanilides. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keun Sam Jang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, 42 Jebong-no, Donggu; Gwangju 501-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Seok Shin
- Department of Chemistry; Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong Mapogu; Seoul 121-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Rim Song
- Department of Chemistry; Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong Mapogu; Seoul 121-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Se Lee
- Research Institute of Labeling; FutureChem Co., Ltd; Seoul 04782 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yoon Chi
- Department of Chemistry; Sogang University, 1 Shinsudong Mapogu; Seoul 121-742 Republic of Korea
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9
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Liu B, Zhu N, Cui Z, Liu L, Hong H, Han L. Self-Neutralizing Carbonic Acidic Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzothiazole Derivatives from Disulfides and Aldehydes in Water. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Chemical Engineering College; Inner Mongolia University of Technology; Hohhot 010051 P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Chemical Engineering College; Inner Mongolia University of Technology; Hohhot 010051 P. R. China
| | - ZhengQing Cui
- Chemical Engineering College; Inner Mongolia University of Technology; Hohhot 010051 P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Chemical Engineering College; Inner Mongolia University of Technology; Hohhot 010051 P. R. China
| | - Hailong Hong
- Chemical Engineering College; Inner Mongolia University of Technology; Hohhot 010051 P. R. China
| | - Limin Han
- Chemical Engineering College; Inner Mongolia University of Technology; Hohhot 010051 P. R. China
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10
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Liu B, Zhu N, Hong H, Han L. Novel synthesis of benzothiazole by self-redox tandem reaction of disulfide with aldehyde. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Prajapati NP, Vekariya RH, Borad MA, Patel HD. Recent advances in the synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles: a review. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07437h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in various synthetic protocols of 2-substituted benzothiazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajesh H. Vekariya
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Gujarat University
- Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mayuri A. Borad
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Gujarat University
- Ahmedabad, India
| | - Hitesh D. Patel
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Gujarat University
- Ahmedabad, India
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12
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Van Snick W, Aibuldinov YK, Dehaen W. An efficient synthetic route towards novel thienobenzothiazoles, thienobenzothiazepines, and thienobenzothiazines. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Kaur N, Kishore D. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Sulfur Containing Heterocycles. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.760563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Shafi S, Mahboob Alam M, Mulakayala N, Mulakayala C, Vanaja G, Kalle AM, Pallu R, Alam M. Synthesis of novel 2-mercapto benzothiazole and 1,2,3-triazole based bis-heterocycles: Their anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 49:324-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Dyachenko VD, Karpov EN. Aliphatic aldehydes in the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles. Part I. Synthesis of three-, four-, and five-membered rings. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428010120018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Miyakoshi T, Itabashi S, Lu R. A Simple and Efficient Method for Synthesis of Benzothiazepine Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Zhu N, Zhang F, Liu G. Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of Disulfides Offers a Highly Efficient Synthesis of Diverse Benzofused Nitrogen−Sulfur Heterocycles in One Pot. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:531-40. [DOI: 10.1021/cc100042v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2 Nanwei Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Fa Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2 Nanwei Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2 Nanwei Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100050, China
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Baryala Y, Salem M, Essassi EM, Reuter H, Izaaryene M. Dimethyl 3-acetyl-3-(1,3-benzothia-zol-2-yl)penta-nedioate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o2290. [PMID: 21581268 PMCID: PMC2959939 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808035782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C16H17NO5S, was one of two condensation products from the reaction of 1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)propan-2-one with methyl chloroacetate. The non-H atoms in each of the four substituent groups on the central quaternary C atom are virtually coplanar. The maximum deviations from the least-squares planes are 0.015 (2) and 0.020 (2) Å for the methyl C atoms in the methyl acetate substituents and 0.033 (1) Å for the linked C atom of the benzothiazole substituent. The S, C and N atoms in the thiazole ring of the benzothiazole substituent lie −0.037 (2), 0.046 (2) and −0.028 (2) Å, respectively, from the mean plane defined by the benzene ring atoms.
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19
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Calvo LA, González-Ortega A, Marcos R, Pérez M, Sañudo MC. Synthesis of 2,3,4,7-tetrahydro[1,4]thiazepines from thiazolidines and β-enaminonitriles. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Chen L, Yang C, Li S, Qin J. Synthesis and electronic absorption and fluorescence of 2-arylbenzothiazole derivatives. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 68:317-22. [PMID: 17329156 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of new 2-arylbenzothiazoles have been prepared in high yields by Jacobson's cyclization condensation of 2-aminobenzenethiol with benzoyl chloride or benzaldehyde derivatives under three different routes. These compounds have been fully characterized by EA, IR, NMR and MS. The electronic absorption and fluorescence of these compounds have been systematically investigated for the first time. The relationships between their photophysical properties and structures have been discussed. The alteration of absorption and emission wavelengths can be elucidated by Hammett's substituent constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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21
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Rathore BS, Kumar M. Design and synthesis of 4H-1,4-benzothiazines containing thiazole ring system for use as potential biopharmaceuticals. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2006. [DOI: 10.1163/156856706778400271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Zhu L, Zhang M, Dai M. A convenient synthesis of 2-mercapto and 2-chlorobenzothiazoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Karlsson HJ, Bergqvist MH, Lincoln P, Westman G. Syntheses and DNA-binding studies of a series of unsymmetrical cyanine dyes: structural influence on the degree of minor groove binding to natural DNA. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2369-84. [PMID: 15080934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Twelve crescent-shaped unsymmetrical dyes have been synthesized and their interactions with DNA have been investigated by spectroscopic methods. A new facile synthetic route to this type of cyanine dyes has been developed, involving the preparation of 6-substituted 2-thiomethyl-benzothiazoles in good yields. The new dyes are analogues to the minor groove binding unsymmetrical cyanine dye, BEBO, recently reported by us. In this dye, the structure of the known intercalating cyanine dye BO was extended with a 6-methylbenzothiazole substituent. Herein we further investigate the role of the extending benzazole heterocycle, as well as of the pyridine or quinoline moiety of the cyanine chromophore, for the binding mode of these crescent-shaped dyes to calf thymus DNA. Flow LD and CD studies of the 12 dyes show that the extent of minor groove binding to mixed sequence DNA varies significantly between the dyes. We find that hydrophobicity and size are the crucial parameters for recognition of the minor groove. The relatively high fluorescence quantum yield of many of these cyanines bound to DNA, combined with their absorption at long wavelengths, may render them useful in biological applications. In particular, two of the benzoxazole containing dyes BOXTO and 2-BOXTO show a high degree of minor groove binding and quantum yields of 0.52 and 0.32, respectively, when bound to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jonas Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Bräse S, Gil C, Knepper K. The recent impact of solid-phase synthesis on medicinally relevant benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:2415-37. [PMID: 12057632 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benzoannelated heterocycles such as benzodiazepines and indoles can be prepared efficiently through cyclization on solid supports, although no single approach is currently universal for the preparation of all benzoannelated N-heterocycle chemistries. In this review, a number of synthetic strategies for the generation of benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles using resin-bound substrates have been described. Classical heterocycle forming reactions such as the Fischer indole, the Bischler-Napieralski tetrahydroisoquinoline, the Pictet-Spengler tetrahydro-beta-carboline, the Tsuge, the Nenitzescu and the Richter cinnoline reaction are presented. In addition, the Heck, Sonogashira, Wittig, Diels-Alder, and olefin metathesis reactions have been also used. Multicomponent reactions such as the Grieco three-component assembly have been exploited for the synthesis of heterocycles. Cyclative cleavage from the solid support is particularly suitable for the synthesis of heterocycles while particular emphasis has been focused on the synthesis of libraries and the use of combinatorial chemistry techniques. In addition, the most relevant pharmacological properties of benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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