1
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Modification of an engineered Escherichia coli by a combinatorial strategy to improve 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid production. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:2035-2043. [PMID: 34448097 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid (3,4-DHBA) is a multifunctional C4 platform compound widely used for the synthesis of various materials, including pharmaceuticals. Although, a biosynthetic pathway for 3,4-DHBA production has been developed, its low yield still precludes large-scale use. Here, a heterologous four-step biosynthetic pathway was established in recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) using a combinatorial strategy. RESULTS Several aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) were screened, using in vitro enzyme assays, to identify suitable catalysts for the dehydrogenation of 3,4-dihydroxybutanal (3,4-DHB) to 3,4-DHBA. A pathway containing glucose dehydrogenase (BsGDH) from Bacillus subtilis, D-xylonate dehydratase (YagF) from E. coli, benzoylformate decarboxylase (PpMdlC) from Pseudomonas putida and ALDH was introduced into E. coli, generating 3.04 g/L 3,4-DHBA from D-xylose (0.190 g 3,4-DHBA/g D-xylose). Disruption of competing pathways by deleting xylA, ghrA, ghrB and adhP contributed to an 87% increase in 3,4-DHBA accumulation. Expression of a fusion construct containing PpMdlC and YagF enhanced the 3,4-DHBA titer, producing the highest titer and yield reported thus far (7.71 g/L; 0.482 g 3,4-DHBA/g D-xylose). CONCLUSIONS These results showed that deleting genes from competing pathways and constructing fusion proteins significantly improved the titer and yield of 3,4-DHBA in engineered E. coli.
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2
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Co-evolution of activity and thermostability of an aldo-keto reductase KmAKR for asymmetric synthesis of statin precursor dichiral diols. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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Tak RK, Noda H, Shibasaki M. Cyanomethylation of β‐Alkoxyaldehydes: Toward a Short Synthesis of Atorvastatin. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Tak
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
| | - Masakatsu Shibasaki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
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4
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Feng J, Li T, Zhang J, Jiao P. Application of chiral 2-isoxazoline for the synthesis of syn-1,3-diol analogs. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1840-1847. [PMID: 31467605 PMCID: PMC6693402 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric cycloaddition of TIPS nitronate catalyzed by "Cu(II)-bisoxazoline" gave the 2-isoxazoline product in 95% yield, which was converted into tert-butyl (3S,5R)-6-hydroxy-3,5-O-isopropylidene-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate in 14 steps through a β-hydroxy ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Peng Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
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Zarganes-Tzitzikas T, Neochoritis CG, Dömling A. Atorvastatin (Lipitor) by MCR. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:389-392. [PMID: 30891146 PMCID: PMC6421582 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
A concise and convergent synthesis
of the atorvastatin, the best-selling cardiovascular drug of all time,
is presented. Our approach is based on an Ugi reaction, which shortens
the current synthetic route and is advantageous over the published
syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryfon Zarganes-Tzitzikas
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9700 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Constantinos G. Neochoritis
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9700 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9700 AV, The Netherlands
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Wang YJ, Chen XP, Shen W, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Chiral diol t -butyl 6-cyano-(3 R ,5 R )-dihydroxylhexanoate synthesis catalyzed by immobilized cells of carbonyl reductase and glucose dehydrogenase co-expression E. coli. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Dias LC, Vieira AS, Barreiro EJ. The total synthesis of calcium atorvastatin. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2291-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02546j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A practical and convergent asymmetric route to calcium atorvastatin (1) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C. Dias
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- UNICAMP
- 13084-971 Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Adriano S. Vieira
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas
- UNICAMP
- 13084-971 Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Eliezer J. Barreiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
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8
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Wu Y, Xiong FJ, Chen FE. Stereoselective synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl–coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Goyal S, Patel B, Sharma R, Chouhan M, Kumar K, Gangar M, Nair VA. An efficient strategy for the synthesis of syn 1,3-diols via iterative acetate aldol reactions and synthesis of atorvastatin lactone. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Novozhilov YV, Dorogov MV, Blumina MV, Smirnov AV, Krasavin M. An improved kilogram-scale preparation of atorvastatin calcium. Chem Cent J 2015; 9:7. [PMID: 25705254 PMCID: PMC4333361 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-015-0082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background If literature protocols are followed, conversion of an advanced ketal ester intermediate (available in kilogram quantities via a published Paal-Knorr synthesis) to cholesterol-lowering drug atorvastatin calcium is hampered by several process issues, particularly at the final stage where the hemi-calcium salt is obtained. Results We developed a high-yielding synthesis of atorvastatin calcium salt on 7 kg scale that affords >99.5% product purities by introducing the following key improvements: i. isolating the pure product of the ketal deprotection step as crystalline solid, and ii. using a convenient ethyl acetate extraction procedure to isolate the pure atorvastatin calcium at the ester hydrolysis and counter-ion exchange step. Conclusion The convenient and operationally simple conversion of an advanced intermediate of atorvastatin to the clinically used hemi-calcium salt form of the drug that is superior to the methods obtainable from the literature is now available to facilitate the production of atorvastatin calcium on industrial scale. Stepwise ketal and tert-butyl ester group hydrolysis and a modified work-up protocol lead to a more convenient preparation of API-grade atorvastatin calcium. ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-015-0082-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Novozhilov
- The Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 108 Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000 Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail V Dorogov
- The Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 108 Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000 Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Blumina
- The Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 108 Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000 Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V Smirnov
- The Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 108 Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl, 150000 Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskyi Prospekt, Peterhof, 198504 Russian Federation
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11
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12
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Chen X, Xiong F, Chen W, He Q, Chen F. Asymmetric Synthesis of the HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor Atorvastatin Calcium: An Organocatalytic Anhydride Desymmetrization and Cyanide-Free Side Chain Elongation Approach. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2723-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402829b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institutes of Biomedical
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangjun Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institutes of Biomedical
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxue Chen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institutes of Biomedical
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuqin He
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institutes of Biomedical
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fener Chen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institutes of Biomedical
Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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13
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You ZY, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Chemical and enzymatic approaches to the synthesis of optically pure ethyl (R)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutanoate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:11-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Modular CeCl3·7H2O-catalyzed multi-component synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted pyrroles under microwave irradiation and their further trichloroisocyanuric acid-mediated conversion into 5-sulfenylpyrrole derivatives. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Mineeva IV. Methyl (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxydecanoate in the asymmetric synthesis of Idea Leuconoe pheromone and formal syntheses of (+)-(3R,5R)-3-hydroxydecano-5-lactone, verbalactone, and Tolypothrix pentaether. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428013060067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Mineeva IV. Enantioselective synthesis of (+)-(S)-7,8-dihydrokavain and (4R,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-(2-phenylethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one, lactone analog of compactin and mevinolin. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428013050138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Kawato Y, Chaudhary S, Kumagai N, Shibasaki M. Streamlined Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atorvastatin. Chemistry 2013; 19:3802-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Synthetic studies on statins. Part 1: a short and cyanide-free synthesis of atorvastatin calcium via an enantioselective aldol strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Kumagai N, Shibasaki M. Cooperative Asymmetric Catalysis Using Thioamides toward Truly Practical Organic Syntheses. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Dunn PJ. The importance of Green Chemistry in Process Research and Development. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1452-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15041c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Kawato Y, Iwata M, Yazaki R, Kumagai N, Shibasaki M. A simplified catalytic system for direct catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction of thioamides; application to an enantioselective synthesis of atorvastatin. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Gao J, Guo YH, Wang YP, Wang XJ, Xiang WS. A novel and efficient route for the preparation of atorvastatin. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Thirumalairajan S, Pearce BM, Thompson A. Chiral molecules containing the pyrrole framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1797-812. [DOI: 10.1039/b926045e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic routes to chiral molecules containing a pyrrolic ring are discussed: strategies include formation of the pyrrole ring using starting materials appended with chirality, as well as the attachment of chirality to a pre-formed pyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth M. Pearce
- Department of Chemistry
- Dalhousie University
- Halifax
- Canada
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24
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Kračun M, Kocijan A, Bastarda A, Grahek R, Plavec J, Kocjan D. Isolation and structure determination of oxidative degradation products of atorvastatin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:729-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Andrushko N, Andrushko V, Tararov V, Korostylev A, König G, Börner A. Highly stereoselective hydrogenations-As key-steps in the total synthesis of statins. Chirality 2009; 22:534-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Asako H, Shimizu M, Itoh N. Biocatalytic production of (S)-4-bromo-3-hydroxybutyrate and structurally related chemicals and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:397-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Tao J, Xu JH. Biocatalysis in development of green pharmaceutical processes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry ‘Li’ Rathman
- t-Links Consulting, 100-29 Willow Run, Gastonia, North Carolina 28056, U.S.A., and Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 U.S.A
| | - William F. Bailey
- t-Links Consulting, 100-29 Willow Run, Gastonia, North Carolina 28056, U.S.A., and Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 U.S.A
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Engineering of NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase from Penicillium citrinum by directed evolution to improve thermostability and enantioselectivity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:805-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Lee HW, Kim YM, Yoo CL, Kang SK, Ahn SK. An Efficient Method for the Large-Scale Synthesis of Atorvastatin Calcium. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2008. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2008.16.1.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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32
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Stach J, Havlíček J, Plaček L, Rádl S. Synthesis of Some Impurities and/or Degradation Products of Atorvastatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20080229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of some impurities and/or degradation products of atorvastatin, calcium (3R,5R)-7- [2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)pyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoate, is described. These include its desfluoro analog, the corresponding (3S,5S)- and (3S,5R)-epimers, atorvastatin lactone, and some other potential impurities. The synthesized compounds as well as the corresponding intermediates were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS.
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33
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Occhiato EG, Scarpi D, Guarna A. Stereoselective Synthesis of (2S,4R)-4-Hydroxypipecolic Acid. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Sun F, Xu G, Wu J, Yang L. A new and facile preparation of tert-butyl (3R,5S)-6-hydroxy-3,5-O-isopropylidene-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Tararov VI, Andrushko N, Andrushko V, König G, Spannenberg A, Börner A. Synthesis of the Chiral Side Chain of Statins – Lactone versus Lactol Pathway. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Tararov V, König G, Börner A. Synthesis and Highly Stereoselective Hydrogenation of the Statin Precursor Ethyl (5S)-5,6-Isopropylidenedioxy-3-oxohexanoate. Adv Synth Catal 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200600291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Mann EE, Palmer CW, Hagen SR. Direct Liquid Chromatographic Separation of 3R-Trans, 3S-Cis, and 3R-Cis 1,1-Dimethylethyl (4R-CIS)-6-Cyanomethyl-2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-Dioxane-4-Acetate Enantiomers on a Cellulose Tris (3,5-Dimethylphenyl Carbamate) Chiral Column. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708002714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. E. Mann
- a Chemical Development Department , Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division Warner-Lambert Company , 188 Howard Avenue Holland, Michigan, 49424
| | - C. W. Palmer
- a Chemical Development Department , Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division Warner-Lambert Company , 188 Howard Avenue Holland, Michigan, 49424
| | - S. R. Hagen
- a Chemical Development Department , Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division Warner-Lambert Company , 188 Howard Avenue Holland, Michigan, 49424
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Burkhardt ER, Matos K. Boron Reagents in Process Chemistry: Excellent Tools for Selective Reductions. Chem Rev 2006; 106:2617-50. [PMID: 16836295 DOI: 10.1021/cr0406918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Kumar P, Deshmukh AN, Upadhyay RK, Gurjar MK. A simple and practical approach to enantiomerically pure (S)-3-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone: synthesis of (R)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutyric acid ethyl ester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Regio and enantioselective reduction of t-butyl 6-chloro-3,5-dioxohexanoate with baker’s yeast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pandey PS, Srinivasa Rao T. An efficient synthesis of N3,4-diphenyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-1H-3-pyrrolecarboxamide, a key intermediate for atorvastatin synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:129-31. [PMID: 14684313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of N3,4-diphenyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-isopropyl-1H-3-pyrrolecarboxamide, a key intermediate for the synthesis of an effective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin, is described. The synthesis is based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of mesoionic munchnone (1,3-oxazolium-5-olate) with N1,3-diphenyl-2-propynamide leading to N-benzyl pyrrole, and N-debenzylation using sodium in liquid ammonia as key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod S Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110-016, India.
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Liu J, Hsu CC, Wong CH. Sequential aldol condensation catalyzed by DERA mutant Ser238Asp and a formal total synthesis of atorvastatin. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Roth BD. The discovery and development of atorvastatin, a potent novel hypolipidemic agent. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 40:1-22. [PMID: 12516521 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The search for potent and efficacious inhibitors of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGRI) was the focus of considerable research in the 1980s. Building on the discovery of the fungal metabolite-derived inhibitors, mevastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin, a number of totally synthetic inhibitors were discovered and developed. This manuscript describes the discovery and development of one of those synthetic inhibitors, atovastatin calcium, currently marketed in the United States as LIPITOR. This inhibitor was designed based in part on molecular modeling comparisons of the structures of the fungal metabolites and other synthetically derived inhibitors. In addition to development of the structure-activity relationships which led to atorvastatin calcium, another critical aspect of the development of this area was the parallel improvement in the chemistry required to prepare compounds of the increased synthetic complexity needed to potently inhibit this enzyme. Ultimately, the development of several chiral syntheses of enantiomerically pure atorvastatin calcium was accomplished through a collaborative effort between discovery and development. The impact of the progress of the required chemistry as well as external factors on internal decision-making with regards to the development of atorvastatin calcium will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48170, USA
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Rádl S. A New Way totert-Butyl [(4R,6R)-6-Aminoethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl]acetate, a Key Intermediate of Atorvastatin Synthesis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120021507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hiyoshi H, Yanagimachi M, Ito M, Yasuda N, Okada T, Ikuta H, Shinmyo D, Tanaka K, Kurusu N, Yoshida I, Abe S, Saeki T, Tanaka H. Squalene synthase inhibitors suppress triglyceride biosynthesis through the farnesol pathway in rat hepatocytes. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:128-35. [PMID: 12518031 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200316-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that squalene synthase (SQS) inhibitors reduce plasma triglyceride through an LDL receptor-independent mechanism in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits (Hiyoshi et al. 2001. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 431: 345-352). The present study deals with the mechanism of the inhibition of triglyceride biosynthesis by the SQS inhibitors ER-27856 and RPR-107393 in rat primary cultured hepatocytes. Atorvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, had no effect on triglyceride biosynthesis, but reversed the inhibitory effect of the SQS inhibitors. A squalene epoxidase inhibitor, NB-598, affected neither triglyceride biosynthesis nor its inhibition by ER-27856 and RPR-107393. The reduction of triglyceride biosynthesis by ER-27856 and RPR-107393 was potentiated by mevalonolactone supplementation. Treatment of hepatocytes with farnesol and its derivatives reduced triglyceride biosynthesis. In addition, we found that ER-27856 and RPR-107393 significantly reduced the incorporation of [1-(14)C]acetic acid into oleic acid, but not the incorporation of [1-(14)C]oleic acid into triglyceride. Though ER-27856 and RPR-107393 increased mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation, the inhibition of beta-oxidation by RS-etomoxir had little effect on their inhibition of triglyceride biosynthesis. These results suggest that SQS inhibitors reduce triglyceride biosynthesis by suppressing fatty acid biosynthesis via an increase in intracellular farnesol and its derivatives.
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Matsuyama A, Yamamoto H, Kobayashi Y. Practical Application of Recombinant Whole-Cell Biocatalysts for the Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical Intermediates Such as Chiral Alcohols. Org Process Res Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/op025514s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Matsuyama
- Tsukuba Research Center, Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., 27 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamamoto
- Tsukuba Research Center, Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., 27 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Tsukuba Research Center, Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., 27 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
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Rádl S, Stach J, Hajicek J. An improved synthesis of 1,1-dimethylethyl 6-cyanomethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4-acetate, a key intermediate for atorvastatin synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hiyoshi H, Yanagimachi M, Ito M, Saeki T, Yoshida I, Okada T, Ikuta H, Shinmyo D, Tanaka K, Kurusu N, Tanaka H. Squalene synthase inhibitors reduce plasma triglyceride through a low-density lipoprotein receptor-independent mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 431:345-52. [PMID: 11730728 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of squalene synthase are considered to be candidate drugs to reduce both plasma cholesterol and triglyceride. However, little is known about the mechanism of squalene synthase inhibitor-specific effect on plasma triglyceride. In this study, we confirmed the triglyceride-lowering effect of ER-27856, a potent squalene synthase inhibitor prodrug, in rhesus monkeys. To determine the role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in the triglyceride-lowering effect of squalene synthase inhibitors, we intravenously administered ER-28448, the active form of ER-27856, to Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits for 4 days. In heterozygotes, ER-28448 reduced plasma cholesterol and triglyceride by 52% and 37%, respectively. In homozygous rabbits, in contrast, ER-28448 lowered plasma triglyceride by 40% but did not lower plasma cholesterol. Orally administered ER-27856 reduced plasma triglyceride in homozygous animals but atorvastatin and bezafibrate did not. In hepatocytes isolated from homozygous WHHL rabbits, squalene synthase inhibitors but not atorvastatin reduced triglyceride biosynthesis. These data demonstrate that squalene synthase inhibitors reduced plasma triglyceride through an LDL receptor-independent mechanism, which was distinct from that of the triglyceride-lowering action of atorvastatin or bezafibrate. The reduction of hepatic triglyceride biosynthesis may play an important role in the hypotrigyceridemic action of squalene synthase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hiyoshi
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., Tokodai 5-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
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Preparation of (R)- and (S)-4-chloro-3-acetoxybutyronitrile using microbial resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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