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Silva Teles MMR, Vieira Pinheiro AA, Da Silva Dias C, Fechine Tavares J, Barbosa Filho JM, Leitão Da Cunha EV. Alkaloids of the Lauraceae. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2019; 82:147-304. [PMID: 30850031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the chemistry and pharmacology of the alkaloids found in species of the Lauraceae family. The occurrence of alkaloids from Lauraceae species as well as their chemical structures is summarized in informative and easy-to-understand tables. Within the Lauraceae family, the genera Ocotea (195), Litsea (180), Cryptocarya (133), and Neolitsea (110) have led to the greater number of publications regarding alkaloids content. Valuable and comprehensive information about the structure of these alkaloids is provided. The alkaloids of the aporphine type, found in 22 of the 23 genera, represent the predominant group in this family. Many of the isolated alkaloids exhibit unique structures. From plants of this family, 22 different types of skeletons have been isolated, among them only the purine alkaloids are classified as pseudoalkaloids, and the types phenethylamines, phenethylcinnamides, and phthalidoisoquinoline are classified as protoalkaloids. The chapter is presented as a contribution for the scientific community, mainly to enable the search for alkaloids in species belonging to the Lauraceae family.
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YU BW, CHEN JY, HE Y, JIN GZ, QIN GW. Dopaminergic Alkaloids from Menispermum dauricum. Chin J Nat Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(11)60059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zein AL, Dawe LN, Georghiou PE. Enantioselective total synthesis and X-ray structures of the tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids (-)-(S)-tetrahydropalmatrubine and (-)-(S)-corytenchine. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1427-1430. [PMID: 20617818 DOI: 10.1021/np1001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective total syntheses and X-ray structures of both (S)-tetrahydropalmatrubine (2) and (S)-corytenchine (3) are reported for the first time. They were both derived from (S)-N-norlaudanidine, a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline that was synthesized with high (>95% ee) enantioselectivity using a chiral auxiliary-assisted Bischler-Napieralski cyclization/reduction approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed L Zein
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B3X7, Canada
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Zein AL, Dakhil OO, Dawe LN, Georghiou PE. Enantioselective syntheses and X-ray structures of (S)- and (R)-N-norlaudanidine: trace opium constituents. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Iwasa K, Doi Y, Takahashi T, Cui W, Nishiyama Y, Tode C, Moriyasu M, Takeda K, Minami H, Ikezawa N, Sato F. Enantiomeric separation of racemic 1-benzyl-N-methyltetrahydroisoquinolines on chiral columns and chiral purity determinations of the O-methylated metabolites in plant cell cultures by HPLC-CD on-line coupling in combination with HPLC-MS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:198-206. [PMID: 19138775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Effective enantiomeric separations of 1-benzyl-N-methyltetrahydroisoquinolines were achieved using commercially available Chiralcel OD-H and OJ-H columns. Online LC-CD analysis allowed for the establishment of a correlation between the absolute configuration of the separated enantiomers and their characteristic CD transitions. LC-MS combined with LC-CD analysis permitted chiral purity determinations of O-methylated metabolites of nine phenolic 1-benzyl-N-methyltetrahydroisoquinolines in cell cultures of Corydalis, Macleaya, and Nandina species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinuko Iwasa
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Natural Medicinal Chemistry, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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New phenantrene alkaloids from Cryptocarya crassinervia. Fitoterapia 2008; 79:308-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cheng P, Ma YB, Yao SY, Zhang Q, Wang EJ, Yan MH, Zhang XM, Zhang FX, Chen JJ. Two new alkaloids and active anti-hepatitis B virus constituents from Hypserpa nitida. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5316-20. [PMID: 17723297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two new alkaloids, hypserpanines A and B (1, 11), together with eleven known compounds, phenolbetain (2), acutumine (3), acutumidine (4), dechloroacutumine (5), dauricumine (6), dauricumidine (7), pronuciferine (8), glaziovine (9), S-reticuline (10), magnoflorine (12) and laurifoline(13), were isolated from Hypserpa nitida Miers. (Menispermaceae) and chemically elucidated through spectral analyses. All the isolated alkaloids were evaluated for their anti-HBV activities in vitro using the HBV transfected Hep G2.2.15 cell line. The most active compound, dauricumidine (7), exhibited an IC(50) value of 0.450 mM (SI=4.13) on hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion of the Hep G2.2.15 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China
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Nicolaou KC, Snyder SA. Chasing molecules that were never there: misassigned natural products and the role of chemical synthesis in modern structure elucidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 44:1012-1044. [PMID: 15688428 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the past half century, the structural elucidation of unknown natural products has undergone a tremendous revolution. Before World War II, a chemist would have relied almost exclusively on the art of chemical synthesis, primarily in the form of degradation and derivatization reactions, to develop and test structural hypotheses in a process that often took years to complete when grams of material were available. Today, a battery of advanced spectroscopic methods, such as multidimensional NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry, not to mention X-ray crystallography, exist for the expeditious assignment of structures to highly complex molecules isolated from nature in milligram or sub-milligram quantities. In fact, it could be argued that the characterization of natural products has become a routine task, one which no longer even requires a reaction flask! This Review makes the case that imaginative detective work and chemical synthesis still have important roles to play in the process of solving nature's most intriguing molecular puzzles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858-784-2469
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Scott A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858-784-2469
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Toske SG, Cooper SD, Morello DR, Hays PA, Casale JF, Casale E. Neutral heroin impurities from tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. J Forensic Sci 2006; 51:308-20. [PMID: 16566764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laudanosine, reticuline, codamine, and laudanine are members of the tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline family of natural products. These alkaloids are present in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, and are subsequently found as impurities in clandestinely processed morphine. Morphine is then synthesized to heroin using hot acetic anhydride. During the course of this study, it was determined that these four tetrahydrobenzylisoquinolines undergo degradation to a series of 18 neutral impurities when subjected to hot acetic anhydride. Based on the degradation pathway, these new impurities were categorized into two sets of impurities called the C1-acetates compounds and the stilbene compounds. Synthesis, isolation, and structural elucidation information is provided for the tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, and the new neutral impurities have been studied. Several hundred authentic heroin samples were analyzed using an established heroin signature program method. This methodology features the detection of trace neutral impurities present in heroin samples. It was determined that all 18 new impurities were detected in various quantities in four different types of heroin samples. Analytical results featuring these new impurities are reported for South American-, Southwest Asian-, Mexican-, and Southeast Asian-type heroin samples. These new impurities, coupled with other established forensic markers, enhance the ability to classify illicit heroin samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Toske
- Special Testing and Research Laboratory, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice, Dulles, VA 20166-9509, USA.
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Nicolaou KC, Snyder SA. Die Jagd auf Moleküle, die nie existiert haben: Falsch zugeordnete Naturstoffstrukturen und die Rolle der chemischen Synthese in der modernen Strukturaufklärung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200460864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry und The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐2469
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Scott A. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry und The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐2469
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Brochmann-Hanssen E, Cherng-Chyi FU. Opium alkaloids. IX. Detection of coreximine in Papaver somniferum L. based on its biosynthesis from reticuline. J Pharm Sci 1971; 60:873-8. [PMID: 5128936 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600600614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chapter 5 Papaverceae Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s1876-0813(08)60104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Genest K, Lowry LJ, Hughes D. Microcrystalloptic test for some minor alkaloids of Peumus boldus. Microchem J 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0026-265x(69)90040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hughes DW, Skakum W, Genest K. Alkaloids of Peumus boldus. Isolation of (+) reticuline and isoboldine. J Pharm Sci 1968; 57:1023-5. [PMID: 5671319 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600570623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Tracer experiments, supported throughout by the analogous chemical transformations, have firmly established the biosynthetic sequence tyrosine -->norlaudanosoline --> reticuline --> salutaridine --> salutaridinol-I -->thebaine --> codeine --> morphine in Papaver somniferum. In general, the farther a precursor lies along this sequence, the more efficient its conversion to morphine in the intact plant. Several intermediates remain to be discovered, such as those lying between tyrosine and norlaudanosoline and between thebaine and codeine. Proof that morphine is made only by the reticuline-salutaridine route is still lacking and would require a careful comparison of the rate of morphine synthesis with the turnover rates for the various intermediates. More importantly, detailed knowledge of the mechanism of each biochemical step can come only with isolation of the enzyme system involved. The chemical oxidation of (-)-reticuline, to give salutaridine, can only be accomplished in very low (0.02 percent) yield (15, 26), whereas, even with whole plants, the biological incorporation of reticuline into the morphine alkaloids can reach 8 percent (13). One would like to know just how an enzyme system directs the oxidative cyclization of reticuline in the desired sense. Kleinschmidt and Mothes and Fairbairn and Wassel (27) have shown that the latex isolated from opium poppies is capable of transforming tyrosine into morphine. Perhaps further work with opium latex will provide the key to the remaining problems of morphine biosynthesis.
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