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van Santen JA, Poynton EF, Iskakova D, McMann E, Alsup T, Clark TN, Fergusson CH, Fewer DP, Hughes AH, McCadden CA, Parra J, Soldatou S, Rudolf JD, Janssen EML, Duncan KR, Linington RG. The Natural Products Atlas 2.0: a database of microbially-derived natural products. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:D1317-D1323. [PMID: 34718710 PMCID: PMC8728154 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the natural products field there is an increasing emphasis on the study of compounds from microbial sources. This has been fuelled by interest in the central role that microorganisms play in mediating both interspecies interactions and host-microbe relationships. To support the study of natural products chemistry produced by microorganisms we released the Natural Products Atlas, a database of known microbial natural products structures, in 2019. This paper reports the release of a new version of the database which includes a full RESTful application programming interface (API), a new website framework, and an expanded database that includes 8128 new compounds, bringing the total to 32 552. In addition to these structural and content changes we have added full taxonomic descriptions for all microbial taxa and have added chemical ontology terms from both NP Classifier and ClassyFire. We have also performed manual curation to review all entries with incomplete configurational assignments and have integrated data from external resources, including CyanoMetDB. Finally, we have improved the user experience by updating the Overview dashboard and creating a dashboard for taxonomic origin. The database can be accessed via the new interactive website at https://www.npatlas.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A van Santen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ella F Poynton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Dasha Iskakova
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Emily McMann
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Tyler A Alsup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Trevor N Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Claire H Fergusson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David P Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alison H Hughes
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Caitlin A McCadden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jonathan Parra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Sylvia Soldatou
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Elisabeth M-L Janssen
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Katherine R Duncan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Roger G Linington
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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2
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Kim HW, Wang M, Leber CA, Nothias LF, Reher R, Kang KB, van der Hooft JJJ, Dorrestein PC, Gerwick WH, Cottrell GW. NPClassifier: A Deep Neural Network-Based Structural Classification Tool for Natural Products. J Nat Prod 2021; 84:2795-2807. [PMID: 34662515 PMCID: PMC8631337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Computational approaches such as genome and metabolome mining are becoming essential to natural products (NPs) research. Consequently, a need exists for an automated structure-type classification system to handle the massive amounts of data appearing for NP structures. An ideal semantic ontology for the classification of NPs should go beyond the simple presence/absence of chemical substructures, but also include the taxonomy of the producing organism, the nature of the biosynthetic pathway, and/or their biological properties. Thus, a holistic and automatic NP classification framework could have considerable value to comprehensively navigate the relatedness of NPs, and especially so when analyzing large numbers of NPs. Here, we introduce NPClassifier, a deep-learning tool for the automated structural classification of NPs from their counted Morgan fingerprints. NPClassifier is expected to accelerate and enhance NP discovery by linking NP structures to their underlying properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Kim
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Ometa
Laboratories LLC, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher A. Leber
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Louis-Félix Nothias
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Raphael Reher
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute
of Pharmacy Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsplatz 10, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | | | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Garrison W. Cottrell
- Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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3
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Montalbán-López M, Scott TA, Ramesh S, Rahman IR, van Heel AJ, Viel JH, Bandarian V, Dittmann E, Genilloud O, Goto Y, Grande Burgos MJ, Hill C, Kim S, Koehnke J, Latham JA, Link AJ, Martínez B, Nair SK, Nicolet Y, Rebuffat S, Sahl HG, Sareen D, Schmidt EW, Schmitt L, Severinov K, Süssmuth RD, Truman AW, Wang H, Weng JK, van Wezel GP, Zhang Q, Zhong J, Piel J, Mitchell DA, Kuipers OP, van der Donk WA. New developments in RiPP discovery, enzymology and engineering. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:130-239. [PMID: 32935693 PMCID: PMC7864896 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to June 2020Ribosomally-synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a large group of natural products. A community-driven review in 2013 described the emerging commonalities in the biosynthesis of RiPPs and the opportunities they offered for bioengineering and genome mining. Since then, the field has seen tremendous advances in understanding of the mechanisms by which nature assembles these compounds, in engineering their biosynthetic machinery for a wide range of applications, and in the discovery of entirely new RiPP families using bioinformatic tools developed specifically for this compound class. The First International Conference on RiPPs was held in 2019, and the meeting participants assembled the current review describing new developments since 2013. The review discusses the new classes of RiPPs that have been discovered, the advances in our understanding of the installation of both primary and secondary post-translational modifications, and the mechanisms by which the enzymes recognize the leader peptides in their substrates. In addition, genome mining tools used for RiPP discovery are discussed as well as various strategies for RiPP engineering. An outlook section presents directions for future research.
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Abstract
Five new members of the salinilactone family, salinilactones D-H, are reported. These bicyclic lactones are produced by Salinispora bacteria and display extended or shortened alkyl side chains relative to the recently reported salinilactones A-C. They were identified by GC/MS, gas chromatographic retention index, and comparison with synthetic samples. We further investigated the occurrence of salinilactones across six newly proposed Salinispora species to gain insight into how compound production varies among taxa. The growth-inhibiting effect of this compound family on multiple biological systems including non-Salinispora actinomycetes was analyzed. Additionally, we found strong evidence for significant cytotoxicity of the title compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schlawis
- Institut für Organische ChemieTU BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Tim Harig
- Institut für Organische ChemieTU BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Stephanie Ehlers
- Institut für Organische ChemieTU BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Dulce G. Guillen‐Matus
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA92093-0204USA
| | - Kaitlin E. Creamer
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA92093-0204USA
| | - Paul R. Jensen
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA92093-0204USA
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische ChemieTU BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
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5
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Abstract
Plant chemosystematic or chemotaxonomic studies based purely on the profiles of small molecules have become obsolete as tools to study phylogenetic relationships of higher plants due to the advent of the much more powerful (macro-) molecular techniques and new methods of data analysis established in parallel to these techniques. A new term is herein proposed for the field of studies aimed at the exploitation of characteristic arrays of specialized natural products of plant taxa: plant chemophenetics. Chemophenetic studies as defined here are studies aimed at describing the array of specialized secondary metabolites in a given taxon. Thus, chemophenetic studies contribute to the phenetic description of taxa, similar to anatomical, morphological, and karyological approaches, which have already been recognized as of major importance for establishing "natural" systems, and which continue to be of the utmost importance for the description of organisms classified with the help of modern molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zidorn
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts- Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland 92019, New Zealand.
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Bravo D, Jazrawi L, Cardone DA, Virk M, Passias PG, Einhorn TA, Leucht P. Orthobiologics A Comprehensive Review of the Current Evidence and Use in Orthopedic Subspecialties. Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013) 2018; 76:223-231. [PMID: 31513506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Orthobiologics are organic and synthetic materials that are used in and outside of the operating room to augment both bone and soft tissue healing. The orthobiologics portfolio has vastly expanded over the years, and it has become imperative for orthopedic surgeons to understand the role and function of this new class of biologic adjuvants. This review will highlight key components and product groups that may be relevant for the practicing orthopedic surgeon in any subspecialty. This by no means is an extensive list of the available products but provides an important overview of the most highlighted products available in the market today. Those discussed include, bone void fillers, extracelluar matrix (ECM) products, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), bone marrow aspirate (BMA), bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These are further categorized into their uses in several subspecialties including, traumatology, sports medicine, sports surgery, and spine surgery.
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8
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Yeshi K, Morisco P, Wangchuk P. Animal-derived natural products of Sowa Rigpa medicine: Their pharmacopoeial description, current utilization and zoological identification. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 207:192-202. [PMID: 28606809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Bhutanese Sowa Rigpa medicine (BSM) uses animal parts in the preparation of numerous polyingredient traditional remedies. Our study reports the taxonomical identification of medicinal animals and the description of traditional uses in English medical terminologies. AIM OF THE STUDY To taxonomically identify the medicinal animals and their derived natural products used as a zootherapeutic agents in BSM. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, the traditional textbooks were reviewed to generate a list of animal products described as ingredients. Second, animal parts that are currently used in Bhutan were identified. Third, the ethnopharmacological uses of each animal ingredients were translated into English medical terminologies by consulting Traditional Physicians, clinical assistants, pharmacognosists, and pharmacists in Bhutan. Fourth, the animal parts were taxonomically identified and their Latin names were confirmed by crosschecking them with online animal databases and relevant scientific literature. RESULTS The study found 73 natural products belonging to 29 categories derived from 45 medicinal animals (36 vertebrates and 9 invertebrates), comprising of 9 taxonomic categories and 30 zoological families. Out of 116 formulations currently produced, 87 of them contain one or more extracts and products obtained from 13 medicinal animals to treat more than 124 traditionally classified illnesses. Only five animal ingredients were found available in Bhutan and rest of the animal parts are being imported from India. CONCLUSIONS Out of 73 natural products described in the traditional textbooks, only 13 of them (some omitted and few substituted by plants) are currently included in 87 formulations of BSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma Yeshi
- Wangbama Central School, Thimphu District, Bhutan
| | - Paolo Morisco
- Health and Wellbeing North Ward, 34 Gregory Street, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, QLD 4870, Australia.
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9
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Sparks TC, Hahn DR, Garizi NV. Natural products, their derivatives, mimics and synthetic equivalents: role in agrochemical discovery. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:700-715. [PMID: 27739147 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) have a long history as a source of, and inspiration for, novel agrochemicals. Many of the existing herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides have their origins in a wide range of NPs from a variety of sources. Owing to the changing needs of agriculture, shifts in pest spectrum, development of resistance, and evolving regulatory requirements, the need for new agrochemical tools remains as critical as ever. As such, NPs continue to be an important source of models and templates for the development of new agrochemicals, demonstrated by the fact that NP models exist for many of the pest control agents that were discovered by other means. Interestingly, there appear to be distinct differences in the success of different NP sources for different pesticide uses. Although a few microbial NPs have been important starting points in recent discoveries of some insecticidal agrochemicals, historically plant sources have contributed the most to the discovery of new insecticides. In contrast, fungi have been the most important NP sources for new fungicides. Like insecticides, plant-sourced NPs have made the largest contribution to herbicide discovery. Available data on 2014 global sales and numbers of compounds in each class of pesticides indicate that the overall impact of NPs to the discovery of herbicides has been relatively modest compared to the impact observed for fungicides and insecticides. However, as new sourcing and approaches to NP discovery evolve, the impact of NPs in all agrochemical arenas will continue to expand. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Sparks
- Dow AgroSciences, Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Donald R Hahn
- Dow AgroSciences, Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Negar V Garizi
- Dow AgroSciences, Discovery Research, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
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Li J, Larregieu CA, Benet LZ. Classification of natural products as sources of drugs according to the biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system (BDDCS). Chin J Nat Med 2017; 14:888-897. [PMID: 28262115 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) are compounds that are derived from natural sources such as plants, animals, and micro-organisms. Therapeutics has benefited from numerous drug classes derived from natural product sources. The Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) was proposed to serve as a basis for predicting the importance of transporters and enzymes in determining drug bioavailability and disposition. It categorizes drugs into one of four biopharmaceutical classes according to their water solubility and extent of metabolism. The present paper reviews 109 drugs from natural product sources: 29% belong to class 1 (high solubility, extensive metabolism), 22% to class 2 (low solubility, extensive metabolism), 40% to class 3 (high solubility, poor metabolism), and 9% to class 4 (low solubility, poor metabolism). Herein we evaluated the characteristics of NPs in terms of BDDCS class for all 109 drugs as wells as for subsets of NPs drugs derived from plant sources as antibiotics. In the 109 NPs drugs, we compiled 32 drugs from plants, 50% (16) of total in class 1, 22% (7) in class 2 and 28% (9) in class 3, none found in class 4; Meantime, the antibiotics were found 5 (16%) in class 2, 22 (71%) in class 3, and 4 (13%) in class 4; no drug was found in class 1. Based on this classification, we anticipate BDDCS to serve as a useful adjunct in evaluating the potential characteristics of new natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Caroline A Larregieu
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0912, USA
| | - Leslie Z Benet
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0912, USA.
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Klein K, Scholl JHG, Vermeer NS, Broekmans AW, Van Puijenbroek EP, De Bruin ML, Stolk P. Traceability of Biologics in The Netherlands: An Analysis of Information-Recording Systems in Clinical Practice and Spontaneous ADR Reports. Drug Saf 2016; 39:185-92. [PMID: 26719190 PMCID: PMC4735237 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-015-0383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction and Objective Pharmacovigilance requirements for biologics mandate that EU Member States shall ensure that any biologic that is the subject of a suspected adverse drug reaction (ADR) is identifiable by brand name and batch number. Recent studies showed that brand name identification is well established, whereas batch numbers are (still) poorly reported. We evaluated information-recording systems and practices in the Dutch hospital setting to identify determinants for brand name and batch number recording as well as success factors and bottlenecks for traceability. Methods We surveyed Dutch hospital pharmacists with an online questionnaire on systems and practices in hospitals for recording brand names and batch numbers. Additionally, we performed an analysis of the traceability of recombinant biologics in spontaneous ADR reports (received between 2009 and 2014) from the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb. Results The survey showed that brand names are not routinely recorded in the clinical practice of Dutch hospitals, whereas batch numbers are poorly recorded. Seventy-six percent of the 1523 ADR reports for recombinant biologics had a traceable brand name whereas 5 % of these reports contained a batch number. The results suggest a possible relationship between the availability of brand and batch number information in clinical practice and the inclusion of this information in ADR reports for biologics. Conclusion The limited traceability of brand names and batch numbers in ADR reports may be primarily caused by the shortcomings in the recording of information in clinical practice. We recommend efforts to improve information-recording systems as a first step to improve the traceability of biologics in ADR reporting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40264-015-0383-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Klein
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- TI Pharma Escher, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Exon Consultancy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joep H G Scholl
- The Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Niels S Vermeer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Medicines Evaluation Board (MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marie L De Bruin
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Medicines Evaluation Board (MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Stolk
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- TI Pharma Escher, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Exon Consultancy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Removal of Review and Reclassification Procedures for Biological Products Licensed Prior to July 1, 1972. Final rule. Fed Regist 2016; 81:7445-6. [PMID: 26878738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA, the Agency, or we) is removing two regulations that prescribe procedures for FDA's review and classification of biological products licensed before July 1, 1972. FDA is taking this action because the two regulations are obsolete and no longer necessary in light of other statutory and regulatory authorities established since 1972, which allow FDA to evaluate and monitor the safety and effectiveness of all biological products. In addition, other statutory and regulatory authorities authorize FDA to revoke a license for biological products because they are not safe and effective, or are misbranded. FDA is taking this action as part of its retrospective review of its regulations to promote improvement and innovation.
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Abstract
As of early 2013, over 200 natural products are known to contain a nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond. This report categorizes these compounds by structural class and details their isolation and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan M Blair
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Abstract
AbstractThere is a spectrum of several threat agents, ranging from nerve agents and mustard agents to natural substances, such as biotoxins and new, synthetic, bioactive molecules produced by the chemical industry, to the classical biological warfare agents. The new, emerging threat agents are biotoxins produced by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Examples of such biotoxins are botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, and ricin. Several bioactive molecules produced by the pharmaceutical industry can be even more toxic than are the classical chemical warfare agents. Such new agents, like the biotoxins and bioregulators, often are called mid-spectrum agents. The threat to humans from agents developed by modern chemical synthesis and by genetic engineering also must be considered, since such agents may be more toxic or more effective in causing death or incapacitation than classical warfare agents. By developing effective medical protection and treatment against the most likely chemical and mid-spectrum threat agents, the effects of such agents in a war scenario or following a terrorist attack can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Aas
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway.
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15
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Shishehbore MR, Sheibani A, Haghdost A. Kinetic spectrophotometric method as a new strategy for the determination of vitamin B9 in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 81:304-307. [PMID: 21752706 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new method is proposed for the determination of trace amounts of folic acid (vitamin B(9)). This method is based on the inhibitory effect of folic acid on the reaction of Thionine and bromate in sulfuric acid media. The reaction can be monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease in absorbance at 601 nm (λ(max)). The effective variables on the reaction rate were investigated. Under optimum experimental conditions, the method allows to determine of the folic acid in a wide linear range with two linear segments. The limit of detection was 0.36 μg mL(-1) of folic acid. Relative standard deviations of six replicate determinations of 5.0 and 50.0 μg mL(-1) of folic acid were 1.18 and 1.02%, respectively. The interfering effect of the different species was also investigated. The method was evaluated by quantifying of folic acid in biological and pharmaceutical samples with satisfactory assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Shishehbore
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran.
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16
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Knöss W, Dingermann T. ["Demarcation issues" - an unusual subject in Pharmazie in unserer Zeit? Not at all!]. Pharm Unserer Zeit 2011; 40:293. [PMID: 21695705 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201190036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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17
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Abstract
Surfactants are the amphiphilic molecules that tend to alter the interfacial and surface tension. The fundamental property related to the structure of surfactant molecules is their self-aggregation resulting in the formation of association colloids. Apart from the packing of these molecules into closed structures, the structural network also results in formation of extended bilayers, which are thermodynamically stable and lead to existence of biological membranes and vesicles. From biological point of view the development of new knowledge and techniques in the area of vesicles, bilayers and multiplayer membranes and their polymerizable analogue provide new opportunities for research in the respective area. 'Green Surfactants' or the biologically compatible surfactants are in demand to replace some of the existing surfactants and thereby reduce the environmental impact, in general caused by classic surfactants. In this context, the term 'natural surfactants or biosurfactants' is often used to indicate the natural origin of the surfactant molecules. Most important aspect of biosurfactants is their environmental acceptability, because they are readily biodegradable and have low toxicity than synthetic surfactants. Some of the major applications of biosurfactants in pollution and environmental control are microbial enhanced oil recovery, hydrocarbon degradation, hexa-chloro cyclohexane (HCH) degradation and heavy-metal removal from contaminated soil. In this chapter, we tried to make a hierarchy from vital surfactant molecules toward understanding their behavioral aspects and application potential thereby ending into the higher class of broad spectrum 'biosurfactants'. Pertaining to the budding promise offered by these molecules, the selection of the type and size of each structural moiety enables a delicate balance between surface activity and biological function and this represents the most effective approach of harnessing the power of molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mehta
- Center of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Chemistry Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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18
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Abstract
Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds from biological sources, usually extracellular, produced by bacteria, yeast or fungi. Research on biological surfactant production has grown significantly due to the advantages they present over synthetic compounds such as biodegradability, low toxicity, diversity of applications and functionality under extreme conditions. Although the majority of microbial surfactants have been reported in bacteria, the pathogenic nature of some producers restricts the wide application of these compounds. A growing number of aspects related to the production of biosurfactants from yeasts have been the topic of research during the last decade. Given the industrial importance of yeasts and their potential to biosurfactant production, the goal of this chapter is to review the biosurfactants identified up to present, focusing the relevant parameters that influence biosurfactant production by yeasts and its characteristics, revealing the potential of application of such compounds in the industrial field and presenting some directions for the future development of this area, taking into account the production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F F Amaral
- Department of Biochemistry Engineering, Escola de Química/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Höfle G. The epothilones: an outstanding family of anti-tumor agents. General aspects. Fortschr Chem Org Naturst 2009; 90:5-28. [PMID: 19209839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Höfle
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany.
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20
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O'Hagan D, Allen V. Editorial: Synthesis themed issue. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:215. [PMID: 18389134 DOI: 10.1039/b802687b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With this issue, NPR fully embraces the molecular and structural biology revolution by showcasing leading work in natural product synthesis, with emphasis on those areas allied to the chemical biology agenda.
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21
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Abstract
The aminocyclitol family of natural products is a class of sugar-derived microbial secondary metabolites that demonstrate significant biological activities. Within this class of natural products are the C7N-aminocyclitol-containing compounds, which were originally associated with potent sugar-hydrolase inhibition. However, recent discoveries indicate a broader array of chemical structures and biological activities of this class of compounds. Using both conventional feeding experiments and contemporary molecular genetic approaches, some progress has been made in understanding the biosynthesis of this class of natural products. Results of in silico investigation also suggest a wide distribution of this class of natural products or closely related compounds across different classes of microorganisms, including cyanobacteria and fungi. This review describes our recent progress in the biosynthetic studies of a number of C7N-aminocyclitol-containing compounds and the potential use of bioinformatic approaches to search for novel aminocyclitol-containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Genetics Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, USA.
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22
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Nicolaou KC, Snyder SA. Chasing molecules that were never there: misassigned natural products and the role of chemical synthesis in modern structure elucidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 44:1012-1044. [PMID: 15688428 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the past half century, the structural elucidation of unknown natural products has undergone a tremendous revolution. Before World War II, a chemist would have relied almost exclusively on the art of chemical synthesis, primarily in the form of degradation and derivatization reactions, to develop and test structural hypotheses in a process that often took years to complete when grams of material were available. Today, a battery of advanced spectroscopic methods, such as multidimensional NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry, not to mention X-ray crystallography, exist for the expeditious assignment of structures to highly complex molecules isolated from nature in milligram or sub-milligram quantities. In fact, it could be argued that the characterization of natural products has become a routine task, one which no longer even requires a reaction flask! This Review makes the case that imaginative detective work and chemical synthesis still have important roles to play in the process of solving nature's most intriguing molecular puzzles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858-784-2469
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Scott A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858-784-2469
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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23
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Abstract
Biological agents-like cytokines, monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins are widely used in anti-inflammatory and tumour therapy. They are highly efficient in certain diseases, but can cause a great variety of adverse side-effects. Based on the peculiar features of biological agents a new classification of these adverse side-effects of biological agents is proposed - related but clearly distinct from the classification of side-effects observed with chemicals and drugs. This classification differentiates five distinct types, namely clinical reactions because of high cytokine levels (type alpha), hypersensitivity because of an immune reaction against the biological agent (beta), immune or cytokine imbalance syndromes (gamma), symptoms because of cross-reactivity (delta) and symptoms not directly affecting the immune system (epsilon). This classification could help to better deal with the clinical features of these side-effects, to identify possible individual and general risk factors and to direct research in this novel area of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Pichler
- Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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24
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Nören-Müller A, Reis-Corrêa I, Prinz H, Rosenbaum C, Saxena K, Schwalbe HJ, Vestweber D, Cagna G, Schunk S, Schwarz O, Schiewe H, Waldmann H. Discovery of protein phosphatase inhibitor classes by biology-oriented synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10606-11. [PMID: 16809424 PMCID: PMC1502279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601490103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatases have very recently emerged as important targets for chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research, and new phosphatase inhibitor classes are in high demand. The underlying frameworks of natural products represent the evolutionarily selected fractions of chemical space explored by nature so far and meet the criteria of relevance to nature and biological prevalidation most crucial to inhibitor development. We refer to synthesis efforts and compound collection development based on these criteria as biology-oriented synthesis. For the discovery of phosphatase inhibitor classes by means of this approach, four natural product-derived or -inspired medium-sized compound collections were synthesized and investigated for inhibition of the tyrosine phosphatases VE-PTP, Shp-2, PTP1B, MptpA, and MptpB and the dual-specificity phosphatases Cdc25A and VHR. The screen yielded four unprecedented and selective phosphatase inhibitor classes for four phosphatases with high hit rates. For VE-PTP and MptpB the first inhibitors were discovered. These results demonstrate that biology-oriented synthesis is an efficient approach to the discovery of new compound classes for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology research that opens up new opportunities for the study of phosphatases, which may lead to the development of new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nören-Müller
- *Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fachbereich 3, Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ivan Reis-Corrêa
- *Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fachbereich 3, Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Heino Prinz
- *Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fachbereich 3, Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Claudia Rosenbaum
- *Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fachbereich 3, Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harald J. Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany; and
| | - Guiseppe Cagna
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany; and
| | - Stefan Schunk
- AnalytiCon Discovery, Hermannswerder Haus 17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver Schwarz
- AnalytiCon Discovery, Hermannswerder Haus 17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
- To whom correspondence on compound identity, purity, and supply should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Hajo Schiewe
- AnalytiCon Discovery, Hermannswerder Haus 17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- *Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fachbereich 3, Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Maison
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Broder MS, Reissman D. A method classifying biologics for formulary decision making. Manag Care Interface 2006; 19:30-2. [PMID: 16689025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committees have been trying to determine the correct way to incorporate biologic agents into their formularies. As with any new drug, the first step is to determine the appropriate category or classification in which they will be evaluated. The biologics present some challenges to classification in significant ways. Even though two or more biologics may have a common indication, their differences in mechanism of action, method of delivery, dosing schedule, and other factors may be important considerations in choice of a useful classification. A method is suggested and illustrated, utilizing the group of biologic agents commonly used to treat psoriasis (including, for illustrative purposes, alefacept, efalizumab, etanercept, and infliximab).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Broder
- Partnership Health Analytic Research, LLC, Los Angeles , California 90025, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Antimitotic agents have been the most successful pharmacological agents for the treatment of cancer. The term "antimitotic agent" has traditionally been synonymous with tubulin-targeting compounds, but as a consequence of the large number of new compounds and mechanisms that have been identified recently, a much broader definition is currently needed. This review attempts to provide a broad overview of compounds and their cognate protein targets which result in a block in mitosis. Focus has been placed on agents that act directly on the mitotic machinery rather than on targets further upstream such as growth factor receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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28
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2004 for marine natural products, with 693 citations (491 for the period January to December 2004) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (716 for 2004), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies (8), and syntheses (80), including those that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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29
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Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Revocation of status of specific products; Group A streptococcus. Direct final rule. Fed Regist 2005; 70:72197-9. [PMID: 16323338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is removing the regulation applicable to the status of specific products; Group A streptococcus. FDA is removing the regulation because the existing requirement for Group A streptococcus organisms and derivatives is both obsolete and a perceived impediment to the development of Group A streptococcus vaccines. The regulation was written to apply to a group of products that are no longer on the market. We are taking this action as part of our continuing effort to reduce the burden of unnecessary regulations on industry and to revise outdated regulations without diminishing public health protection. We are issuing the removal directly as a final rule because it is noncontroversial, and there is little likelihood that we will receive any significant adverse comments. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, we are publishing a companion proposed rule under our usual procedures for notice and comment in the event that we receive any significant adverse comments on the direct final rule. If we receive any significant adverse comments that warrant terminating the direct final rule, we will consider such comments on the proposed rule in developing the final rule.
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Koch MA, Schuffenhauer A, Scheck M, Wetzel S, Casaulta M, Odermatt A, Ertl P, Waldmann H. Charting biologically relevant chemical space: a structural classification of natural products (SCONP). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17272-7. [PMID: 16301544 PMCID: PMC1297657 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503647102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of small molecules that fall within the biologically relevant subfraction of vast chemical space is of utmost importance to chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research. The prerequirement of biological relevance to be met by such molecules is fulfilled by natural product-derived compound collections. We report a structural classification of natural products (SCONP) as organizing principle for charting the known chemical space explored by nature. SCONP arranges the scaffolds of the natural products in a tree-like fashion and provides a viable analysis- and hypothesis-generating tool for the design of natural product-derived compound collections. The validity of the approach is demonstrated in the development of a previously undescribed class of selective and potent inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 with activity in cells guided by SCONP and protein structure similarity clustering. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is a target in the development of new therapies for the treatment of diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Koch
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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31
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Lindenberg M, Kopp S, Dressman JB. Classification of orally administered drugs on the World Health Organization Model list of Essential Medicines according to the biopharmaceutics classification system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 58:265-78. [PMID: 15296954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception in 1995, the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) has become an increasingly important tool for regulation of drug products world-wide. Until now, application of the BCS has been partially hindered by the lack of a freely available and accurate database summarising solubility and permeability characteristics of drug substances. In this report, orally administered drugs on the Model list of Essential Medicines of the World Health Organization (WHO) are assigned BCS classifications on the basis of data available in the public domain. Of the 130 orally administered drugs on the WHO list, 61 could be classified with certainty. Twenty-one (84%) of these belong to class I (highly soluble, highly permeable), 10 (17%) to class II (poorly soluble, highly permeable), 24 (39%) to class III (highly soluble, poorly permeable) and 6 (10%) to class IV (poorly soluble, poorly permeable). A further 28 drugs could be provisionally assigned, while for 41 drugs insufficient or conflicting data precluded assignment to a specific BCS class. A total of 32 class I drugs (either certain or provisional classification) were identified. These drugs can be further considered for biowaiver status (drug product approval based on dissolution tests rather than bioequivalence studies in humans).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lindenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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32
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Abstract
Changes in production methods of a biological product may necessitate an assessment of comparability to ensure that these manufacturing changes have not affected the safety, identity, purity, or efficacy of the product. Depending on the nature of the protein or the change, this assessment consists of a hierarchy of sequential tests in analytical testing, preclinical animal studies and clinical studies. Differences in analytical test results between pre- and post-change products may require functional testing to establish the biological or clinical significance of the observed difference. An underlying principle of comparability is that under certain conditions, protein products may be considered comparable on the basis of analytical testing results alone. However, the ability to compare biological materials is solely dependent on the tests used, since no single analytical method is able to compare every aspect of protein structure or function. The advantages and disadvantages of any given method depends on the protein property being characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Chirino
- Xencor Inc., 111 West Lemon Avenue, Monrovia, Calfornia 91016, USA.
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Wautier JL, Cabaud JJ, Cazenave JP, Fialon P, Fruchart MF, Joussemet M, Leblond V, Muller JY, Rouger P, Vignon D, Waller C, Lefrère JJ, Worms B, Vileyn F. Programme en transfusion des étudiants en médecine. Transfus Clin Biol 2005; 12:59-69. [PMID: 15814295 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In France, transfusion medicine training program has been updated. A national committee of professors in transfusion medicine propose a series of 13 items which represent the minimum knowledge that general practitioners should possess. This overview of transfusion medicine is far below the level that specialists should reach and they will need an additional specialized training. Several French universities have set up their own training program which is quite similar to the work of the committee of professors. The following recommendations are not strict guidelines but is a common basis which will be improved in 2005 according to new evidence based transfusion medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Wautier
- Secrétariat du CETS, 6, rue Alexandre-Cabanel, 75739 Paris cedex 15, France.
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2003 for marine natural products, with 619 citations (413 for the period January to December 2003) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (656 for 2003), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country or origin. Biosynthetic studies or syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries have been included (78), including any first total syntheses of a marine natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Kleinberg M, Mosdell KW. Current and future considerations for the new classes of biologicals. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2004; 61:695-708; quiz 709-10. [PMID: 15119576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Key structural features of biologicals and their development are explained, and the fundamental distinctions between biological and chemical drugs in terms of their discovery, scale-up from research to commercial quantities, quality control, regulatory requirements, and potential for generic substitution are discussed. SUMMARY Recent advances in biotechnology have accelerated the introduction of biological protein drugs into the marketplace, offering new treatment options and challenges for pharmacists. Because these drugs are produced in living systems and are structurally complex, they are more difficult to manufacture, purify, and evaluate than are traditional chemical drugs. The production of recombinant-DNA-based protein and monoclonal antibody drugs is explained, and the strengths and limitations in selecting one or another host system (i.e., bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells) for making a given biological drug are explored. Subtle variations in production methods can lead to significant differences in product volume, potential viral or bacterial contamination, bioactivity, and toxicity. Like manufacturers, federal regulators face difficult new challenges because of the structural complexity and in vivo synthesis of biologicals. Pharmacists and regulators alike must determine when and if therapeutic interchange is relevant to biologicals. Because biologicals are so difficult to manufacture and test, noninnovator biologicals must be subject to more oversight than traditional generic drugs. CONCLUSION Biologicals are complex agents whose production and properties present many considerations that are not associated with traditional chemical drugs.
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2002 for marine natural products, with 579 citations (413 for the period January to December 2002) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (677 for 2002), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries have been included (114), including any first total syntheses of a marine natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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37
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Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Biological products; bacterial vaccines and toxoids; implementation of efficacy review. Final rule and final order. Fed Regist 2004; 69:255-67. [PMID: 14968793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the biologics regulations in response to the report and recommendations of the Panel on Review of Bacterial Vaccines and Toxoids with Standards of Potency (the Panel). The Panel reviewed the safety, efficacy, and labeling of bacterial vaccines and toxoids that have standards of potency, bacterial antitoxins, and immune globulins. On the basis of the Panel's findings and recommendations, FDA is classifying these products as Category I (safe, effective, and not misbranded), Category II (unsafe, ineffective, or misbranded), or Category IIIB (off the market pending completion of studies permitting a determination of effectiveness).
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Prabhash K, Bapsy PP. New frontiers of therapy in hemato-oncology. J Assoc Physicians India 2003; 51:1123-4; author reply 1124. [PMID: 15260408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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39
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Pariser DM. Management of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis with biologic therapy. Manag Care 2003; 12:36-44. [PMID: 12747028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2001 for marine natural products, with 497 citations (373 for the period January to December 2001) and includes 793 compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds and new stereochemical assignments (683 for 2001), together with relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Syntheses that confirm or revise structures or stereochemistries have been included (95), including any first total synthesis of a marine natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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41
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Abstract
This review covers microbial secondary metabolites classified in the family of C7N aminocyclitols, a relatively new class of natural products that is increasingly gaining recognition due to their significant biomedical and agricultural uses. Their discovery and structure determinations, their biosynthetic origin, biological properties, chemical synthesis, as well as their further development for pharmaceutical uses are described. The literature from 1970 to July 2002 is reviewed, with 269 references cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
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Halder M, Balls M, Hendriksen C, Cussler K. ECVAM's activities on biologicals. Altern Lab Anim 2002; 30 Suppl 2:125-8. [PMID: 12513663 DOI: 10.1177/026119290203002s20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarises key activities initiated and the progress achieved between April 1993 and June 2002 in implementing the Three Rs in one of ECVAM's priority areas - the production and quality control of biologicals. These have included: organising nine key workshops; financially supporting and/or participating in a number of prevalidation and/or validation studies; financial contributions and sponsorship to relevant international workshops, symposia and conferences; and financial support for the compilation of manuals and expert reports, and training in test methods. The paper complements the papers of Hendriksen et al. and Cussler et al. included in these proceedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Halder
- ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
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43
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Skyler D, Heathcock CH. The pyridoacridine family tree: a useful scheme for designing synthesis and predicting undiscovered natural products. J Nat Prod 2002; 65:1573-1581. [PMID: 12444679 DOI: 10.1021/np020016y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pyridoacridine natural products represent a large and growing class and serve here to illustrate the wealth of information that can be extracted by comparing natural products on the basis of structure and occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Skyler
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Mukherjee N. New frontiers of therapy in hemato-oncology. J Assoc Physicians India 2002; 50:950-61. [PMID: 12126354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- R David G Theakston
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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Abstract
This review covers the marine natural products literature for the year 2000 and is organized phylogenetically, with sections on marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates. echinoderms and miscellaneous marine organisms. There is an emphasis on new structures, stressing their biological activities, source organisms and countries of origin, and also syntheses that confirm the structures of known compounds. The review contains 869 structures and 592 references, of which 434 appeared between January and December 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- D John Faulkner
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0212, USA
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Minsk AG. "Come out, come out wherever you are": the Food and Drug Administration's proposed rule on establishment registration and listing for manufacturing of human cellular and tissue-based products. Tissue Eng 1999; 4:445-6. [PMID: 9916175 DOI: 10.1089/ten.1998.4.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A G Minsk
- Food and Drug Practice Group, Arnall Golden & Gregory LLP, Atlanta, GA 30309-3450, USA.
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Vorob'ev AA, Liashenko VA. [Immunobiological preparations: their present and future]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1995:105-11. [PMID: 8553716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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50
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Strand V. Are there special considerations relevant to trials of biologic agents? J Rheumatol Suppl 1994; 41:41-5; discussion 45-9. [PMID: 7799384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although biologic agents have been developed to effect change in observed or hypothesized pathogenic pathways, discrepancies between biological and clinical effects are well recognized. In trials of these agents, biological and clinical effects need to be evaluated. While the biological effects require assessment to test the proposed primary effect and significant influences, clinical evaluation should use the same set of assessment procedures as pharmacological agents. The disease controlling antirheumatic therapy (DC-ART) classification with its requirement for longterm efficacy poses problems for the biological agents, which, in general, have demonstrated short term benefit. They may be best accommodated in a new "remission induction" category or, alternatively, as part of longterm combination therapy either with pharmaceuticals or with other biologicals to fulfill DC-ART requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Strand
- Clinical Faculty, Division of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto
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