1
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Nagle A, Biggart A, Be C, Srinivas H, Hein A, Caridha D, Sciotti RJ, Pybus B, Kreishman-Deitrick M, Bursulaya B, Lai YH, Gao MY, Liang F, Mathison CJN, Liu X, Yeh V, Smith J, Lerario I, Xie Y, Chianelli D, Gibney M, Berman A, Chen YL, Jiricek J, Davis LC, Liu X, Ballard J, Khare S, Eggimann FK, Luneau A, Groessl T, Shapiro M, Richmond W, Johnson K, Rudewicz PJ, Rao SPS, Thompson C, Tuntland T, Spraggon G, Glynne RJ, Supek F, Wiesmann C, Molteni V. Discovery and Characterization of Clinical Candidate LXE408 as a Kinetoplastid-Selective Proteasome Inhibitor for the Treatment of Leishmaniases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10773-10781. [PMID: 32667203 PMCID: PMC7549094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Visceral
leishmaniasis is responsible for up to 30,000 deaths every
year. Current treatments have shortcomings that include toxicity and
variable efficacy across endemic regions. Previously, we reported
the discovery of GNF6702, a selective inhibitor of the kinetoplastid
proteasome, which cleared parasites in murine models of leishmaniasis,
Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis. Here, we describe
the discovery and characterization of LXE408, a structurally related
kinetoplastid-selective proteasome inhibitor currently in Phase 1
human clinical trials. Furthermore, we present high-resolution cryo-EM
structures of the Leishmania tarentolae proteasome
in complex with LXE408, which provides a compelling explanation for
the noncompetitive mode of binding of this novel class of inhibitors
of the kinetoplastid proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Agnes Biggart
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Celine Be
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Honnappa Srinivas
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hein
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diana Caridha
- Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Richard J Sciotti
- Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Brandon Pybus
- Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Mara Kreishman-Deitrick
- Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yin H Lai
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mu-Yun Gao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Fang Liang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Casey J N Mathison
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vince Yeh
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jeffrey Smith
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Isabelle Lerario
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yongping Xie
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donatella Chianelli
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Gibney
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ashley Berman
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yen-Liang Chen
- Novartis Institute of Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Novartis Institute of Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Lauren C Davis
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xianzhong Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jaime Ballard
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shilpi Khare
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Alexandre Luneau
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Todd Groessl
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Shapiro
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Wendy Richmond
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Patrick J Rudewicz
- Novartis Institute of Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Srinivasa P S Rao
- Novartis Institute of Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Christopher Thompson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Glen Spraggon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richard J Glynne
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Frantisek Supek
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego, California 92121, United States
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2
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Rao SPS, Lakshminarayana SB, Jiricek J, Kaiser M, Ritchie R, Myburgh E, Supek F, Tuntland T, Nagle A, Molteni V, Mäser P, Mottram JC, Barrett MP, Diagana TT. Anti-Trypanosomal Proteasome Inhibitors Cure Hemolymphatic and Meningoencephalic Murine Infection Models of African Trypanosomiasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010028. [PMID: 32079320 PMCID: PMC7157554 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current anti-trypanosomal therapies suffer from problems of longer treatment duration, toxicity and inadequate efficacy, hence there is a need for safer, more efficacious and ‘easy to use’ oral drugs. Previously, we reported the discovery of the triazolopyrimidine (TP) class as selective kinetoplastid proteasome inhibitors with in vivo efficacy in mouse models of leishmaniasis, Chagas Disease and African trypanosomiasis (HAT). For the treatment of HAT, development compounds need to have excellent penetration to the brain to cure the meningoencephalic stage of the disease. Here we describe detailed biological and pharmacological characterization of triazolopyrimidine compounds in HAT specific assays. The TP class of compounds showed single digit nanomolar potency against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense strains. These compounds are trypanocidal with concentration-time dependent kill and achieved relapse-free cure in vitro. Two compounds, GNF6702 and a new analog NITD689, showed favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics and significant brain penetration, which enabled oral dosing. They also achieved complete cure in both hemolymphatic (blood) and meningoencephalic (brain) infection of human African trypanosomiasis mouse models. Mode of action studies on this series confirmed the 20S proteasome as the target in T. brucei. These proteasome inhibitors have the potential for further development into promising new treatment for human African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa P S Rao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Suresh B Lakshminarayana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4501 Basel, Switzerland; (M.K.); (P.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Ritchie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (R.R.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Elmarie Myburgh
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Frantisek Supek
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4501 Basel, Switzerland; (M.K.); (P.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (R.R.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Thierry T Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
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3
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Oesterreich S, Katz TA, Logan G, Levine K, Nagle A, Huo Z, Tseng GC, Rui H, Lee AV, Butler LM. Abstract PD2-08: Potential role of prolactin signaling in development and growth of the lobular subtype of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-pd2-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the eighth most frequently diagnosed cancer in any organ, and accounts for 8-11% of breast cancer. This histological subtype is characterized by loss of E-cadherin, and favorable prognostic factors, such as low Ki67 and high rates of ER/PR-positive tumors. Only recently is the lobular subtype gaining recognition as a distinct disease, displaying a unique growth pattern, unique molecular changes in addition to loss of E-cadherin, and evidence for late recurrences and reduced response to targeted endocrine therapy. It is widely accepted that a late age at first full term birth (FFTB) increases a women's risk for breast cancer. Interestingly, several published epidemiological studies have shown that the increased risk after a late age at FFTB is preferential for the lobular subtype of breast cancer compared to the ductal subtype. We therefore hypothesized that pregnancy hormones like prolactin play an integral role in the development and progression of ILC. Interrogation of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data revealed a high expression of milk protein genes as well as prolactin signaling molecules, specifically Stat5a and Stat5b in lobular carcinomas compared to ductal carcinomas. We developed a lactation score including 7 milk protein genes and found that in the TCGA data set ILC tumors have a significantly higher lactation score than IDC tumors. Additionally, we found that ILC cell lines express increased prolactin receptor mRNA and protein levels compared to IDC cell lines. Prolactin treatment in ILC and IDC cells reveals divergent signaling pathways - prolactin stimulates ERK activation in IDC but not ILC cells. We are currently further delineating the prolactin signaling pathways, and resulting phenotypes, comparing ILC and IDC cells. We expect these experiments to move the field forward by establishing a relationship between prolactin and lobular carcinoma.
Citation Format: Oesterreich S, Katz TA, Logan G, Levine K, Nagle A, Huo Z, Tseng GC, Rui H, Lee AV, Butler LM. Potential role of prolactin signaling in development and growth of the lobular subtype of breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD2-08.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oesterreich
- Univeristy of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Univesity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - TA Katz
- Univeristy of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Univesity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - G Logan
- Univeristy of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Univesity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K Levine
- Univeristy of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Univesity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - A Nagle
- Univeristy of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Univesity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Z Huo
- Univeristy of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Univesity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - GC Tseng
- Univeristy of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Univesity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - H Rui
- Univeristy of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Univesity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - AV Lee
- Univeristy of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Univesity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - LM Butler
- Univeristy of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittburgh, PA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Univesity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
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4
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Vaidya AB, Morrisey JM, Zhang Z, Das S, Daly TM, Otto TD, Spillman NJ, Wyvratt M, Siegl P, Marfurt J, Wirjanata G, Sebayang BF, Price RN, Chatterjee A, Nagle A, Stasiak M, Charman SA, Angulo-Barturen I, Ferrer S, Belén Jiménez-Díaz M, Martínez MS, Gamo FJ, Avery VM, Ruecker A, Delves M, Kirk K, Berriman M, Kortagere S, Burrows J, Fan E, Bergman LW. Pyrazoleamide compounds are potent antimalarials that target Na+ homeostasis in intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5521. [PMID: 25422853 PMCID: PMC4263321 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The quest for new antimalarial drugs, especially those with novel modes of action, is essential in the face of emerging drug-resistant parasites. Here we describe a new chemical class of molecules, pyrazoleamides, with potent activity against human malaria parasites and showing remarkably rapid parasite clearance in an in vivo model. Investigations involving pyrazoleamide-resistant parasites, whole-genome sequencing and gene transfers reveal that mutations in two proteins, a calcium-dependent protein kinase (PfCDPK5) and a P-type cation-ATPase (PfATP4), are necessary to impart full resistance to these compounds. A pyrazoleamide compound causes a rapid disruption of Na+ regulation in blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Similar effect on Na+ homeostasis was recently reported for spiroindolones, which are antimalarials of a chemical class quite distinct from pyrazoleamides. Our results reveal that disruption of Na+ homeostasis in malaria parasites is a promising mode of antimalarial action mediated by at least two distinct chemical classes. Novel antimalarial drugs are urgently needed to combat parasite drug resistance. Here, Vaidya et al. describe a new chemical class of potent antimalarial compounds that act by disrupting the parasite's sodium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil B Vaidya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 190129, USA
| | - Joanne M Morrisey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 190129, USA
| | - Zhongsheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Box 357350, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Sudipta Das
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 190129, USA
| | - Thomas M Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 190129, USA
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB101SA, UK
| | - Natalie J Spillman
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Matthew Wyvratt
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, PO Box 1826, 20Rt de Pr-Bois, Geneva 15 1215, Switzerland
| | - Peter Siegl
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, PO Box 1826, 20Rt de Pr-Bois, Geneva 15 1215, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Marfurt
- Division of Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - Grennady Wirjanata
- Division of Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - Boni F Sebayang
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Ric N Price
- 1] Division of Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia [2] Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Arnab Chatterjee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Marcin Stasiak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Box 357350, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Susan A Charman
- Center for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Iñigo Angulo-Barturen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Malaria Support Group, Calle Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Santiago Ferrer
- GlaxoSmithKline, Malaria Support Group, Calle Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | | | - María Santos Martínez
- GlaxoSmithKline, Malaria Support Group, Calle Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- GlaxoSmithKline, Malaria Support Group, Calle Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Andrea Ruecker
- Department of Life Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael Delves
- Department of Life Sciences, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kiaran Kirk
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | | | - Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 190129, USA
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, PO Box 1826, 20Rt de Pr-Bois, Geneva 15 1215, Switzerland
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Box 357350, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Lawrence W Bergman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 190129, USA
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5
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Zou B, Nagle A, Chatterjee AK, Leong SY, Tan LJ, Sim WLS, Mishra P, Guntapalli P, Tully DC, Lakshminarayana SB, Lim CS, Tan YC, Abas SN, Bodenreider C, Kuhen KL, Gagaring K, Borboa R, Chang J, Li C, Hollenbeck T, Tuntland T, Zeeman AM, Kocken CHM, McNamara C, Kato N, Winzeler EA, Yeung BKS, Diagana TT, Smith PW, Roland J. Lead optimization of imidazopyrazines: a new class of antimalarial with activity on Plasmodium liver stages. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:947-50. [PMID: 25147620 DOI: 10.1021/ml500244m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidazopyridine 1 was identified from a phenotypic screen against P. falciparum (Pf) blood stages and subsequently optimized for activity on liver-stage schizonts of the rodent parasite P. yoelii (Py) as well as hypnozoites of the simian parasite P. cynomolgi (Pc). We applied these various assays to the cell-based lead optimization of the imidazopyrazines, exemplified by 3 (KAI407), and show that optimized compounds within the series with improved pharmacokinetic properties achieve causal prophylactic activity in vivo and may have the potential to target the dormant stages of P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Arnab K. Chatterjee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Seh Yong Leong
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Liying Jocelyn Tan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Wei Lin Sandra Sim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Pranab Mishra
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Prasuna Guntapalli
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David C. Tully
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Chek Shik Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Yong Cheng Tan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Siti Nurdiana Abas
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Christophe Bodenreider
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Kelli L. Kuhen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kerstin Gagaring
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rachel Borboa
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chun Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas Hollenbeck
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens H. M. Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Case McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Bryan K. S. Yeung
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Thierry T. Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Paul W. Smith
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Jason Roland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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6
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Tatipaka HB, Gillespie JR, Chatterjee AK, Norcross NR, Hulverson MA, Ranade RM, Nagendar P, Creason SA, McQueen J, Duster NA, Nagle A, Supek F, Molteni V, Wenzler T, Brun R, Glynne R, Buckner FS, Gelb MH. Substituted 2-phenylimidazopyridines: a new class of drug leads for human African trypanosomiasis. J Med Chem 2014; 57:828-35. [PMID: 24354316 DOI: 10.1021/jm401178t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A phenotypic screen of a compound library for antiparasitic activity on Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis, led to the identification of substituted 2-(3-aminophenyl)oxazolopyridines as a starting point for hit-to-lead medicinal chemistry. A total of 110 analogues were prepared, which led to the identification of 64, a substituted 2-(3-aminophenyl)imidazopyridine. This compound showed antiparasitic activity in vitro with an EC50 of 2 nM and displayed reasonable druglike properties when tested in a number of in vitro assays. The compound was orally bioavailable and displayed good plasma and brain exposure in mice. Compound 64 cured mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei when dosed orally down to 2.5 mg/kg. Given its potent antiparasitic properties and its ease of synthesis, compound 64 represents a new lead for the development of drugs to treat human African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Babu Tatipaka
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Medicine, and §Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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7
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Nagle A, Wu T, Kuhen K, Gagaring K, Borboa R, Francek C, Chen Z, Plouffe D, Lin X, Caldwell C, Ek J, Skolnik S, Liu F, Wang J, Chang J, Li C, Liu B, Hollenbeck T, Tuntland T, Isbell J, Chuan T, Alper PB, Fischli C, Brun R, Lakshminarayana SB, Rottmann M, Diagana TT, Winzeler EA, Glynne R, Tully DC, Chatterjee AK. Imidazolopiperazines: lead optimization of the second-generation antimalarial agents. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4244-73. [PMID: 22524250 PMCID: PMC3350218 DOI: 10.1021/jm300041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the initial success of optimization of a novel series of imidazolopiperazines, a second generation of compounds involving changes in the core piperazine ring was synthesized to improve antimalarial properties. These changes were carried out to further improve the potency and metabolic stability of the compounds by leveraging the outcome of a set of in vitro metabolic identification studies. The optimized 8,8-dimethyl imidazolopiperazine analogues exhibited improved potency, in vitro metabolic stability profile and, as a result, enhanced oral exposure in vivo in mice. The optimized compounds were found to be more efficacious than the current antimalarials in a malaria mouse model. They exhibit moderate oral exposure in rat pharmacokinetic studies to achieve sufficient multiples of the oral exposure at the efficacious dose in toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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8
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Meister S, Plouffe DM, Kuhen KL, Bonamy GMC, Wu T, Barnes SW, Bopp SE, Borboa R, Bright AT, Che J, Cohen S, Dharia NV, Gagaring K, Gettayacamin M, Gordon P, Groessl T, Kato N, Lee MCS, McNamara CW, Fidock DA, Nagle A, Nam TG, Richmond W, Roland J, Rottmann M, Zhou B, Froissard P, Glynne RJ, Mazier D, Sattabongkot J, Schultz PG, Tuntland T, Walker JR, Zhou Y, Chatterjee A, Diagana TT, Winzeler EA. Imaging of Plasmodium liver stages to drive next-generation antimalarial drug discovery. Science 2011; 334:1372-7. [PMID: 22096101 DOI: 10.1126/science.1211936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Most malaria drug development focuses on parasite stages detected in red blood cells, even though, to achieve eradication, next-generation drugs active against both erythrocytic and exo-erythrocytic forms would be preferable. We applied a multifactorial approach to a set of >4000 commercially available compounds with previously demonstrated blood-stage activity (median inhibitory concentration < 1 micromolar) and identified chemical scaffolds with potent activity against both forms. From this screen, we identified an imidazolopiperazine scaffold series that was highly enriched among compounds active against Plasmodium liver stages. The orally bioavailable lead imidazolopiperazine confers complete causal prophylactic protection (15 milligrams/kilogram) in rodent models of malaria and shows potent in vivo blood-stage therapeutic activity. The open-source chemical tools resulting from our effort provide starting points for future drug discovery programs, as well as opportunities for researchers to investigate the biology of exo-erythrocytic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Meister
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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9
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Wu T, Nagle A, Kuhen K, Gagaring K, Borboa R, Francek C, Chen Z, Plouffe D, Goh A, Lakshminarayana SB, Wu J, Ang HQ, Zeng P, Kang ML, Tan W, Tan M, Ye N, Lin X, Caldwell C, Ek J, Skolnik S, Liu F, Wang J, Chang J, Li C, Hollenbeck T, Tuntland T, Isbell J, Fischli C, Brun R, Rottmann M, Dartois V, Keller T, Diagana T, Winzeler E, Glynne R, Tully DC, Chatterjee AK. Imidazolopiperazines: hit to lead optimization of new antimalarial agents. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5116-30. [PMID: 21644570 PMCID: PMC6950218 DOI: 10.1021/jm2003359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Starting from a hit series from a GNF compound library collection and based on a cell-based proliferation assay of Plasmodium falciparum, a novel imidazolopiperazine scaffold was optimized. SAR for this series of compounds is discussed, focusing on optimization of cellular potency against wild-type and drug resistant parasites and improvement of physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The lead compounds in this series showed good potencies in vitro and decent oral exposure levels in vivo. In a Plasmodium berghei mouse infection model, one lead compound lowered the parasitemia level by 99.4% after administration of 100 mg/kg single oral dose and prolonged mice survival by an average of 17.0 days. The lead compounds were also well-tolerated in the preliminary in vitro toxicity studies and represents an interesting lead for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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10
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Deng X, Nagle A, Wu T, Sakata T, Henson K, Chen Z, Kuhen K, Plouffe D, Winzeler E, Adrian F, Tuntland T, Chang J, Simerson S, Howard S, Ek J, Isbell J, Tully DC, Chatterjee AK, Gray NS. Discovery of novel 1H-imidazol-2-yl-pyrimidine-4,6-diamines as potential antimalarials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4027-31. [PMID: 20610151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel family of 1H-imidazol-2-yl-pyrimidine-4,6-diamines has been identified with potent activity against the erythrocyte-stage of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), the most common causative agent of malaria. A systematic SAR study resulted in the identification of compound 40 which exhibits good potency against both wild-type and drug resistant parasites and exhibits good in vivo pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Deng
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Ave., SGM 628, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Wu T, Nagle A, Sakata T, Henson K, Borboa R, Chen Z, Kuhen K, Plouffe D, Winzeler E, Adrian F, Tuntland T, Chang J, Simerson S, Howard S, Ek J, Isbell J, Deng X, Gray NS, Tully DC, Chatterjee AK. Cell-based optimization of novel benzamides as potential antimalarial leads. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6970-4. [PMID: 19879133 PMCID: PMC3532596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Screening our in-house compound collection using a cell based Plasmodium falciparum proliferation assay we discovered a known pan-kinase inhibitor scaffold as a hit. Further optimization of this series led us to a novel benzamide scaffold which was devoid of human kinase activity while retaining its antiplasmodial activity. The evolution of this compound series leading to optimized candidates with good cellular potency against multiple strains as well as decent in vivo profile is described in this Letter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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12
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Park CP, Nagle A, Yoon CH, Chen C, Jung KW. Formal Aromatic C−H Insertion for Stereoselective Isoquinolinone Synthesis and Studies on Mechanistic Insights into the C−C Bond Formation. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6231-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9011255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Hur W, Velentza A, Kim S, Flatauer L, Jiang X, Valente D, Mason DE, Suzuki M, Larson B, Zhang J, Zagorska A, Didonato M, Nagle A, Warmuth M, Balk SP, Peters EC, Gray NS. Clinical stage EGFR inhibitors irreversibly alkylate Bmx kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5916-9. [PMID: 18667312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible HER/erbB inhibitors selectively inhibit HER-family kinases by targeting a unique cysteine residue located within the ATP-binding pocket. Sequence alignment reveals that this rare cysteine is also present in ten other protein kinases including all five Tec-family members. We demonstrate that the Tec-family kinase Bmx is potently inhibited by irreversible modification at Cys496 by clinical stage EGFR inhibitors such as CI-1033. This cross-reactivity may have significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Hur
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Kato N, Sakata T, Breton G, Le Roch KG, Nagle A, Andersen C, Bursulaya B, Henson K, Johnson J, Kumar KA, Marr F, Mason D, McNamara C, Plouffe D, Ramachandran V, Spooner M, Tuntland T, Zhou Y, Peters EC, Chatterjee A, Schultz PG, Ward GE, Gray N, Harper J, Winzeler EA. Gene expression signatures and small-molecule compounds link a protein kinase to Plasmodium falciparum motility. Nat Chem Biol 2008. [PMID: 18454143 DOI: 10.1038/nphys949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases play a crucial role in intracellular calcium signaling in plants, some algae and protozoa. In Plasmodium falciparum, calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (PfCDPK1) is expressed during schizogony in the erythrocytic stage as well as in the sporozoite stage. It is coexpressed with genes that encode the parasite motor complex, a cellular component required for parasite invasion of host cells, parasite motility and potentially cytokinesis. A targeted gene-disruption approach demonstrated that pfcdpk1 seems to be essential for parasite viability. An in vitro biochemical screen using recombinant PfCDPK1 against a library of 20,000 compounds resulted in the identification of a series of structurally related 2,6,9-trisubstituted purines. Compound treatment caused sudden developmental arrest at the late schizont stage in P. falciparum and a large reduction in intracellular parasites in Toxoplasma gondii, which suggests a possible role for PfCDPK1 in regulation of parasite motility during egress and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, ICND202 La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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15
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Kato N, Sakata T, Breton G, Le Roch KG, Nagle A, Andersen C, Bursulaya B, Henson K, Johnson J, Kumar KA, Marr F, Mason D, McNamara C, Plouffe D, Ramachandran V, Spooner M, Tuntland T, Zhou Y, Peters EC, Chatterjee A, Schultz PG, Ward GE, Gray N, Harper J, Winzeler EA. Gene expression signatures and small-molecule compounds link a protein kinase to Plasmodium falciparum motility. Nat Chem Biol 2008; 4:347-56. [PMID: 18454143 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases play a crucial role in intracellular calcium signaling in plants, some algae and protozoa. In Plasmodium falciparum, calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (PfCDPK1) is expressed during schizogony in the erythrocytic stage as well as in the sporozoite stage. It is coexpressed with genes that encode the parasite motor complex, a cellular component required for parasite invasion of host cells, parasite motility and potentially cytokinesis. A targeted gene-disruption approach demonstrated that pfcdpk1 seems to be essential for parasite viability. An in vitro biochemical screen using recombinant PfCDPK1 against a library of 20,000 compounds resulted in the identification of a series of structurally related 2,6,9-trisubstituted purines. Compound treatment caused sudden developmental arrest at the late schizont stage in P. falciparum and a large reduction in intracellular parasites in Toxoplasma gondii, which suggests a possible role for PfCDPK1 in regulation of parasite motility during egress and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, ICND202 La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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16
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Okram B, Nagle A, Adrián FJ, Lee C, Ren P, Wang X, Sim T, Xie Y, Wang X, Xia G, Spraggon G, Warmuth M, Liu Y, Gray NS. A general strategy for creating "inactive-conformation" abl inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:779-86. [PMID: 16873026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Kinase inhibitors that bind to the ATP cleft can be broadly classified into two groups: those that bind exclusively to the ATP site with the kinase assuming a conformation otherwise conducive to phosphotransfer (type I), and those that exploit a hydrophobic site immediately adjacent to the ATP pocket made accessible by a conformational rearrangement of the activation loop (type II). To date, all type II inhibitors were discovered by using structure-activity-guided optimization strategies. Here, we describe a general pharmacophore model of type II inhibition that enables a rational "hybrid-design" approach whereby a 3-trifluoromethylbenzamide functionality is appended to four distinct type I scaffolds in order to convert them into their corresponding type II counterparts. We demonstrate that the designed compounds function as type II inhibitors by using biochemical and cellular kinase assays and by cocrystallography with Abl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Okram
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Antimitotic agents have been the most successful pharmacological agents for the treatment of cancer. The term "antimitotic agent" has traditionally been synonymous with tubulin-targeting compounds, but as a consequence of the large number of new compounds and mechanisms that have been identified recently, a much broader definition is currently needed. This review attempts to provide a broad overview of compounds and their cognate protein targets which result in a block in mitosis. Focus has been placed on agents that act directly on the mitotic machinery rather than on targets further upstream such as growth factor receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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18
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Nagle A. 239 Outcomes of GP referrals/clearance to Heartmoves programs. J Sci Med Sport 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Yoon CH, Nagle A, Chen C, Gandhi D, Jung KW. Gamma-lactam synthesis via C-H insertion: elaboration of N-benzyl protecting groups for high regioselectivity toward the total synthesis of rolipram. Org Lett 2003; 5:2259-62. [PMID: 12816423 DOI: 10.1021/ol0345834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By intramolecular C-H insertion of alpha-diazo-alpha-(phenylsulfonyl)acetamides, gamma-lactams such as the antidepressant agent rolipram were efficiently synthesized in a highly regioselective manner. N-Benzyl moieties were elaborated as amide protecting groups to enhance regioselectivity in C-H activation as well as chemoselectivity over addition reactions. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Hwan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry (SCA 400), University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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20
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Nagle A, Wiggers J, Fisher J, Johnson N, Inder K. Prevalence and predictors of being invited, attending and completing phase II outpatient cardiac rehabilitation. Heart Lung Circ 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1443-9506.2000.09090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 1990s, liver transplantations and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) have become the most common methods to decompress portal hypertension. This center has continued to use surgical shunts for variceal bleeding in good-risk patients who continue to bleed through endoscopic and pharmacologic treatment. This article reports this center's experience with surgical shunts and TIPS shunts from 1992 through 1999. METHODS Sixty-three patients (Child A, 43 patients; Child B, 20 patients) received surgical shunts: distal splenorenal, 54 patients; splenocaval, 4 patients; coronary caval, 1 patient; and mesocaval, 4 patients. Sixty-two patients had refractory variceal bleeding, and 1 patient had ascites with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Two hundred patients (Child A, 24 patients; Child B, 62 patients; Child C, 114 patients) received TIPS shunts. One hundred forty-nine patients had refractory variceal bleeding, and 51 patients had ascites, hydrothorax, or hepatorenal syndrome. Data were collected by prospective databases, protocol follow-up, and phone contact. RESULTS The 30-day mortality rate was 0% for surgical shunts and 26% for TIPS shunts; the overall survival rate was 86% (median follow-up, 36 months) for surgical shunts and 53% (median follow-up, 40 months) for TIPS shunts. For surgical shunts, the portal hypertensive rebleeding rate was 6.3%; the overall rebleeding rate was 14.3%. For TIPS shunts, the overall rebleeding rate was 25.5% (30-day, 9.4%; late, 22.4%). There were 4 reinterventions for surgical shunts (6.3%); the reintervention rate for TIPS shunts in the bleeding group was 33%, and the reintervention rate in the ascites group was 9.5%. Encephalopathy was severe in 3.1% of the shunt group and mild in 17.5%; this was not systematically evaluated in the TIPS shunts patients. CONCLUSIONS Surgical shunts still have a role for patients whose condition was classified as Child A and B with refractory bleeding, who achieve excellent outcomes with low morbidity and mortality rates. TIPS shunts have been used in high-risk patients with significant early and late mortality rates and have been useful in the control of refractory bleeding and as a bridge to transplantation. The comparative role of TIPS shunts versus surgical shunt in patients whose condition was classified as Child A and B is under study in a randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Henderson
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44119, USA
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22
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Nagle A. Australian nurses' smoking behaviour, knowledge and attitude towards providing smoking cessation care to their patients. Health Promot Int 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/14.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Conjeevaram HS, Nagle A, Katz A, Kaminsky-Russ K, McCullough AJ, Mullen KD. Reversal of behavioral changes in rats subjected to portacaval shunt with oral neomycin therapy. Hepatology 1994; 19:1245-50. [PMID: 8175148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The portacaval shunt rat is often used as a model of human portal-systemic encephalopathy, but its relevance to human portal-systemic encephalopathy remains uncertain. Specifically, it has not been demonstrated that the behavioral changes seen in this model respond to measures known to improve portal-systemic encephalopathy in human subjects. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to establish whether neomycin (an effective treatment for portal-systemic encephalopathy in human beings) added to the drinking water of rats subjected to portacaval shunt reversed or ameliorated the reduction in spontaneous motor activity, which represents a measure of encephalopathy in this animal model. A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design was used, with each animal serving as its own control. After establishment of baseline activities, 12 rats with portacaval shunt and 12 sham-operated rats were divided into two equal groups: Group A animals received neomycin for 1 wk; this was followed by 1 wk off neomycin; in group B rats, the sequence was reversed. Spontaneous intake of neomycin for 7 days at doses comparable to human usage (0.1 to 0.2 gm/kg/day) was associated with a significant increase in spontaneous motor activity in rats subjected to portacaval shunt (26.4% in group A, 66.3% in group B; p < 0.01 for each protocol) with no significant effect in sham-operated animals. Withdrawal of neomycin resulted in reversal of this effect in group A rats subjected to portacaval shunt. Similar significant improvements for exploratory activity as measured on the basis of nose-hole pokes was also seen in rats subjected to portacaval shunt and given neomycin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Conjeevaram
- Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44109-1998
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