1
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Rao SPS, Gould MK, Noeske J, Saldivia M, Jumani RS, Ng PS, René O, Chen YL, Kaiser M, Ritchie R, Francisco AF, Johnson N, Patra D, Cheung H, Deniston C, Schenk AD, Cortopassi WA, Schmidt RS, Wiedemar N, Thomas B, Palkar R, Ghafar NA, Manoharan V, Luu C, Gable JE, Wan KF, Myburgh E, Mottram JC, Barnes W, Walker J, Wartchow C, Aziz N, Osborne C, Wagner J, Sarko C, Kelly JM, Manjunatha UH, Mäser P, Jiricek J, Lakshminarayana SB, Barrett MP, Diagana TT. Cyanotriazoles are selective topoisomerase II poisons that rapidly cure trypanosome infections. Science 2023; 380:1349-1356. [PMID: 37384702 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Millions who live in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa are at risk of trypanosomatid infections, which cause Chagas disease and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Improved HAT treatments are available, but Chagas disease therapies rely on two nitroheterocycles, which suffer from lengthy drug regimens and safety concerns that cause frequent treatment discontinuation. We performed phenotypic screening against trypanosomes and identified a class of cyanotriazoles (CTs) with potent trypanocidal activity both in vitro and in mouse models of Chagas disease and HAT. Cryo-electron microscopy approaches confirmed that CT compounds acted through selective, irreversible inhibition of trypanosomal topoisomerase II by stabilizing double-stranded DNA:enzyme cleavage complexes. These findings suggest a potential approach toward successful therapeutics for the treatment of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa P S Rao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | - Matthew K Gould
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonas Noeske
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Saldivia
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Rajiv S Jumani
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Pearly S Ng
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | - Olivier René
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Yen-Liang Chen
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Ritchie
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Nila Johnson
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Debjani Patra
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Harry Cheung
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Colin Deniston
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Remo S Schmidt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Wiedemar
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bryanna Thomas
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Rima Palkar
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Catherine Luu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan E Gable
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Kah Fei Wan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | - Elmarie Myburgh
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Whitney Barnes
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John Walker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles Wartchow
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Aziz
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Colin Osborne
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Juergen Wagner
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Sarko
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - John M Kelly
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ujjini H Manjunatha
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | - Suresh B Lakshminarayana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | - Michael P Barrett
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thierry T Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
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2
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Koester DC, Marx VM, Williams S, Jiricek J, Dauphinais M, René O, Miller SL, Zhang L, Patra D, Chen YL, Cheung H, Gable J, Lakshminarayana SB, Osborne C, Galarneau JR, Kulkarni U, Richmond W, Bretz A, Xiao L, Supek F, Wiesmann C, Honnappa S, Be C, Mäser P, Kaiser M, Ritchie R, Barrett MP, Diagana TT, Sarko C, Rao SPS. Discovery of Novel Quinoline-Based Proteasome Inhibitors for Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). J Med Chem 2022; 65:11776-11787. [PMID: 35993839 PMCID: PMC9469205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a vector-borne disease caused by kinetoplastid parasites of the Trypanosoma genus. The disease proceeds in two stages, with a hemolymphatic blood stage and a meningo-encephalic brain stage. In the latter stage, the parasite causes irreversible damage to the brain leading to sleep cycle disruption and is fatal if untreated. An orally bioavailable treatment is highly desirable. In this study, we present a brain-penetrant, parasite-selective 20S proteasome inhibitor that was rapidly optimized from an HTS singleton hit to drug candidate compound 7 that showed cure in a stage II mouse efficacy model. Here, we describe hit expansion and lead optimization campaign guided by cryo-electron microscopy and an in silico model to predict the brain-to-plasma partition coefficient Kp as an important parameter to prioritize compounds for synthesis. The model combined with in vitro and in vivo experiments allowed us to advance compounds with favorable unbound brain-to-plasma ratios (Kp,uu) to cure a CNS disease such as HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C. Koester
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Vanessa M. Marx
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Sarah Williams
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Maxime Dauphinais
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Olivier René
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Sarah L. Miller
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Debjani Patra
- Novartis
Institutes for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Yen-Liang Chen
- Lead
Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Tropical
Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Harry Cheung
- Lead
Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Tropical
Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jonathan Gable
- Lead
Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Tropical
Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Suresh B. Lakshminarayana
- Pharmacokinetic
Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Tropical
Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Colin Osborne
- Pharmacokinetic
Sciences, Pharmacology and Comparative Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jean-Rene Galarneau
- Preclinical
Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical
Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Upendra Kulkarni
- Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Profiling, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wendy Richmond
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Angela Bretz
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Linda Xiao
- Pharmacology, Novartis Institutes for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Frantisek Supek
- Novartis
Institutes for Biomedical Research, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Srinivas Honnappa
- Novartis
Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Be
- Novartis
Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, CH 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, CH 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Ritchie
- University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K
| | | | - Thierry T. Diagana
- Novartis
Institutes for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Christopher Sarko
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Srinivasa P. S. Rao
- Novartis
Institutes for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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3
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Taft BR, Yokokawa F, Kirrane T, Mata AC, Huang R, Blaquiere N, Waldron G, Zou B, Simon O, Vankadara S, Chan WL, Ding M, Sim S, Straimer J, Guiguemde A, Lakshminarayana SB, Jain JP, Bodenreider C, Thompson C, Lanshoeft C, Shu W, Fang E, Qumber J, Chan K, Pei L, Chen YL, Schulz H, Lim J, Abas SN, Ang X, Liu Y, Angulo-Barturen I, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Gamo FJ, Crespo-Fernandez B, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Tumwebaze P, Aguiar ACC, Campo B, Campbell S, Wagner J, Diagana TT, Sarko C. Discovery and Preclinical Pharmacology of INE963, a Potent and Fast-Acting Blood-Stage Antimalarial with a High Barrier to Resistance and Potential for Single-Dose Cures in Uncomplicated Malaria. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3798-3813. [PMID: 35229610 PMCID: PMC9278664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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A series of 5-aryl-2-amino-imidazothiadiazole (ITD) derivatives
were identified by a phenotype-based high-throughput screening using
a blood stage Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) growth inhibition assay. A lead optimization program focused on
improving antiplasmodium potency, selectivity against human kinases,
and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity
properties and extended pharmacological profiles culminated in the
identification of INE963 (1), which demonstrates
potent cellular activity against Pf 3D7 (EC50 = 0.006 μM) and achieves “artemisinin-like”
kill kinetics in vitro with a parasite clearance
time of <24 h. A single dose of 30 mg/kg is fully curative in the Pf-humanized severe combined immunodeficient mouse model. INE963 (1) also exhibits a high barrier to resistance
in drug selection studies and a long half-life (T1/2) across species. These properties suggest the significant
potential for INE963 (1) to provide a curative
therapy for uncomplicated malaria with short dosing regimens. For
these reasons, INE963 (1) was progressed
through GLP toxicology studies and is now undergoing Ph1 clinical
trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Taft
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Fumiaki Yokokawa
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Tom Kirrane
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Anne-Catherine Mata
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Richard Huang
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Grace Waldron
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Bin Zou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Oliver Simon
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Subramanyam Vankadara
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Wai Ling Chan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Mei Ding
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Sandra Sim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Judith Straimer
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Armand Guiguemde
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Suresh B Lakshminarayana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jay Prakash Jain
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Christophe Bodenreider
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Christopher Thompson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christian Lanshoeft
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Fabrikstrasse 14, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Wei Shu
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Eric Fang
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jafri Qumber
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Katherine Chan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Luying Pei
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Yen-Liang Chen
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Hanna Schulz
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jessie Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Siti Nurdiana Abas
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Xiaoman Ang
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Yugang Liu
- Technical Research and Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Iñigo Angulo-Barturen
- The Art of Discovery, Astondo Bidea, BIC Bizkaia building, no. 612 Derio 48160 Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - María Belén Jiménez-Díaz
- The Art of Discovery, Astondo Bidea, BIC Bizkaia building, no. 612 Derio 48160 Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Benigno Crespo-Fernandez
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, 533 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California 94143, Unites States
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Patrick Tumwebaze
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Plot 2C Nakasero Hill Road, P.O. Box 7475 Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 Route de Pre-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Simon Campbell
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 Route de Pre-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Wagner
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Thierry T Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Christopher Sarko
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5959 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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4
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Moquin SA, Simon O, Karuna R, Lakshminarayana SB, Yokokawa F, Wang F, Saravanan C, Zhang J, Day CW, Chan K, Wang QY, Lu S, Dong H, Wan KF, Lim SP, Liu W, Seh CC, Chen YL, Xu H, Barkan DT, Kounde CS, Sim WLS, Wang G, Yeo HQ, Zou B, Chan WL, Ding M, Song JG, Li M, Osborne C, Blasco F, Sarko C, Beer D, Bonamy GMC, Sasseville VG, Shi PY, Diagana TT, Yeung BKS, Gu F. NITD-688, a pan-serotype inhibitor of the dengue virus NS4B protein, shows favorable pharmacokinetics and efficacy in preclinical animal models. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/579/eabb2181. [PMID: 33536278 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that poses a threat to public health, yet no antiviral drug is available. We performed a high-throughput phenotypic screen using the Novartis compound library and identified candidate chemical inhibitors of DENV. This chemical series was optimized to improve properties such as anti-DENV potency and solubility. The lead compound, NITD-688, showed strong potency against all four serotypes of DENV and demonstrated excellent oral efficacy in infected AG129 mice. There was a 1.44-log reduction in viremia when mice were treated orally at 30 milligrams per kilogram twice daily for 3 days starting at the time of infection. NITD-688 treatment also resulted in a 1.16-log reduction in viremia when mice were treated 48 hours after infection. Selection of resistance mutations and binding studies with recombinant proteins indicated that the nonstructural protein 4B is the target of NITD-688. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats and dogs showed a long elimination half-life and good oral bioavailability. Extensive in vitro safety profiling along with exploratory rat and dog toxicology studies showed that NITD-688 was well tolerated after 7-day repeat dosing, demonstrating that NITD-688 may be a promising preclinical candidate for the treatment of dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Moquin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.,Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Oliver Simon
- Novartis (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Singapore 117432, Singapore
| | - Ratna Karuna
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | | | - Fumiaki Yokokawa
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Chandra Saravanan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Translational Medicine: Preclinical Safety, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Translational Medicine: Pharmacokinetics, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Craig W Day
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Katherine Chan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Qing-Yin Wang
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Siyan Lu
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Hongping Dong
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Kah Fei Wan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Siew Pheng Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Wei Liu
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Cheah Chen Seh
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Yen-Liang Chen
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Haoying Xu
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - David T Barkan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Cyrille S Kounde
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | | | - Gang Wang
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Hui-Quan Yeo
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Bin Zou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Wai Ling Chan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Mei Ding
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Jae-Geun Song
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Min Li
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Colin Osborne
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Francesca Blasco
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | | | - David Beer
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | | | - Vito G Sasseville
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Translational Medicine: Preclinical Safety, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | | | - Bryan K S Yeung
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670, Singapore.
| | - Feng Gu
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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5
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Saldivia M, Fang E, Ma X, Myburgh E, Carnielli JBT, Bower-Lepts C, Brown E, Ritchie R, Lakshminarayana SB, Chen YL, Patra D, Ornelas E, Koh HXY, Williams SL, Supek F, Paape D, McCulloch R, Kaiser M, Barrett MP, Jiricek J, Diagana TT, Mottram JC, Rao SPS. Targeting the trypanosome kinetochore with CLK1 protein kinase inhibitors. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1207-1216. [PMID: 32661312 PMCID: PMC7610364 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a macromolecular structure that assembles on the centromeres of chromosomes and provides the major attachment point for spindle microtubules during mitosis. In Trypanosoma brucei, the proteins that make up the kinetochore are highly divergent; the inner kinetochore comprises at least 20 distinct and essential proteins (KKT1-20) that include four protein kinases-CLK1 (also known as KKT10), CLK2 (also known as KKT19), KKT2 and KKT3. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the amidobenzimidazoles (AB) protein kinase inhibitors that show nanomolar potency against T. brucei bloodstream forms, Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi. We performed target deconvolution analysis using a selection of 29 T. brucei mutants that overexpress known essential protein kinases, and identified CLK1 as a primary target. Biochemical studies and the co-crystal structure of CLK1 in complex with AB1 show that the irreversible competitive inhibition of CLK1 is dependent on a Michael acceptor forming an irreversible bond with Cys 215 in the ATP-binding pocket, a residue that is not present in human CLK1, thereby providing selectivity. Chemical inhibition of CLK1 impairs inner kinetochore recruitment and compromises cell-cycle progression, leading to cell death. This research highlights a unique drug target for trypanosomatid parasitic protozoa and a new chemical tool for investigating the function of their divergent kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Saldivia
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Eric Fang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Ma
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Elmarie Myburgh
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Juliana B T Carnielli
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Elaine Brown
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Ryan Ritchie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Yen-Liang Chen
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Debjani Patra
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - Hazel X Y Koh
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Sarah L Williams
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Frantisek Supek
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Paape
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard McCulloch
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
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6
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Mueller R, Reddy V, Nchinda AT, Mebrahtu F, Taylor D, Lawrence N, Tanner L, Barnabe M, Eyermann CJ, Zou B, Kondreddi RR, Lakshminarayana SB, Rottmann M, Street LJ, Chibale K. Lerisetron Analogues with Antimalarial Properties: Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship Studies, and Biological Assessment. ACS Omega 2020; 5:6967-6982. [PMID: 32258933 PMCID: PMC7114883 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A phenotypic whole cell high-throughput screen against the asexual blood and liver stages of the malaria parasite identified a benzimidazole chemical series. Among the hits were the antiemetic benzimidazole drug Lerisetron 1 (IC50 NF54 = 0.81 μM) and its methyl-substituted analogue 2 (IC50 NF54 = 0.098 μM). A medicinal chemistry hit to lead effort led to the identification of chloro-substituted analogue 3 with high potency against the drug-sensitive NF54 (IC50 NF54 = 0.062 μM) and multidrug-resistant K1 (IC50 K1 = 0.054 μM) strains of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Compounds 2 and 3 gratifyingly showed in vivo efficacy in both Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum mouse models of malaria. Cardiotoxicity risk as expressed in strong inhibition of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel was identified as a major liability to address. This led to the synthesis and biological assessment of around 60 analogues from which several compounds with improved antiplasmodial potency, relative to the lead compound 3, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Mueller
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Virsinha Reddy
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Aloysius T. Nchinda
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Fanuel Mebrahtu
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Nina Lawrence
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Tanner
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Marine Barnabe
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Charles J. Eyermann
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Bin Zou
- Shanghai
Blueray Biopharma Co. LTD, Block 3, 576 Libing Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201301, China
| | - Ravinder R. Kondreddi
- PJS
Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Plot
No. 103/1, Phase II, IDA Cherlapally, Hyderabad 500051, India
| | - Suresh B. Lakshminarayana
- Novartis
Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Department
of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leslie J. Street
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry & Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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7
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Rao SPS, Lakshminarayana SB, Jiricek J, Kaiser M, Ritchie R, Myburgh E, Supek F, Tuntland T, Nagle A, Molteni V, Mäser P, Mottram JC, Barrett MP, Diagana TT. Anti-Trypanosomal Proteasome Inhibitors Cure Hemolymphatic and Meningoencephalic Murine Infection Models of African Trypanosomiasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010028. [PMID: 32079320 PMCID: PMC7157554 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current anti-trypanosomal therapies suffer from problems of longer treatment duration, toxicity and inadequate efficacy, hence there is a need for safer, more efficacious and ‘easy to use’ oral drugs. Previously, we reported the discovery of the triazolopyrimidine (TP) class as selective kinetoplastid proteasome inhibitors with in vivo efficacy in mouse models of leishmaniasis, Chagas Disease and African trypanosomiasis (HAT). For the treatment of HAT, development compounds need to have excellent penetration to the brain to cure the meningoencephalic stage of the disease. Here we describe detailed biological and pharmacological characterization of triazolopyrimidine compounds in HAT specific assays. The TP class of compounds showed single digit nanomolar potency against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense strains. These compounds are trypanocidal with concentration-time dependent kill and achieved relapse-free cure in vitro. Two compounds, GNF6702 and a new analog NITD689, showed favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics and significant brain penetration, which enabled oral dosing. They also achieved complete cure in both hemolymphatic (blood) and meningoencephalic (brain) infection of human African trypanosomiasis mouse models. Mode of action studies on this series confirmed the 20S proteasome as the target in T. brucei. These proteasome inhibitors have the potential for further development into promising new treatment for human African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa P S Rao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Suresh B Lakshminarayana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4501 Basel, Switzerland; (M.K.); (P.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Ritchie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (R.R.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Elmarie Myburgh
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Frantisek Supek
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4501 Basel, Switzerland; (M.K.); (P.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (R.R.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Thierry T Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
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8
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Manjunatha UH, Vinayak S, Zambriski JA, Chao AT, Sy T, Noble CG, Bonamy GMC, Kondreddi RR, Zou B, Gedeck P, Brooks CF, Herbert GT, Sateriale A, Tandel J, Noh S, Lakshminarayana SB, Lim SH, Goodman LB, Bodenreider C, Feng G, Zhang L, Blasco F, Wagner J, Leong FJ, Striepen B, Diagana TT. A Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor is a drug candidate for cryptosporidiosis. Nature 2017; 546:376-380. [PMID: 28562588 PMCID: PMC5473467 DOI: 10.1038/nature22337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoeal disease is responsible for 8.6% of global child mortality. Recent epidemiological studies found the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium to be a leading cause of paediatric diarrhoea, with particularly grave impact on infants and immunocompromised individuals. There is neither a vaccine nor an effective treatment. Here we establish a drug discovery process built on scalable phenotypic assays and mouse models that take advantage of transgenic parasites. Screening a library of compounds with anti-parasitic activity, we identify pyrazolopyridines as inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis. Oral treatment with the pyrazolopyridine KDU731 results in a potent reduction in intestinal infection of immunocompromised mice. Treatment also leads to rapid resolution of diarrhoea and dehydration in neonatal calves, a clinical model of cryptosporidiosis that closely resembles human infection. Our results suggest that the Cryptosporidium lipid kinase PI(4)K (phosphatidylinositol-4-OH kinase) is a target for pyrazolopyridines and that KDU731 warrants further preclinical evaluation as a drug candidate for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. The establishment of a drug-discovery screening pipeline for cryptosporidiosis, and identification of pyrazolopyridines as selective ATP-competitive inhibitors of the Cryptosporidium lipid kinase PI(4)K. The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of paediatric diarrhoea, with high mortality in infants and individuals with weak immune systems. Here, the authors report the establishment of a drug discovery screening pipeline for cryptosporidiosis, and identify pyrazolopyridines as selective ATP-competitive inhibitors of the Cryptosporidium lipid kinase PI(4)K. The lead candidate, KDU731, inhibits growth of C. parvum and C. hominis in vitro, and demonstrated in vivo efficacy in immunocompromised mice and neonatal calves (a clinical model of human disease). Moreover, KDU731 meets a broad range of safety and pharmacology criteria, and has potential as a much-needed therapeutic for treatment of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumiti Vinayak
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Zambriski
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Tracy Sy
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bin Zou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670
| | - Peter Gedeck
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670
| | - Carrie F Brooks
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gillian T Herbert
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Adam Sateriale
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jayesh Tandel
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Susan Noh
- Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Pullman, WA, USA.,USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease Research Unit and Washington State University, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Siau H Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Gu Feng
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670
| | - Lijun Zhang
- China Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | - Juergen Wagner
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670
| | - F Joel Leong
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore 138670
| | - Boris Striepen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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9
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Nilar SH, Lakshminarayana SB, Ma NL, Keller TH, Blasco F, Smith PW. Artificial Neural Network Analysis of Pharmacokinetic and Toxicity Properties of Lead Molecules for Dengue Fever, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2016; 12:52-61. [PMID: 26777113 DOI: 10.2174/1573409912999160112113539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles are major reasons for the low rate of advancing lead drug candidates into efficacy studies. The In-silico prediction of primary pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties in the drug discovery and development process can be used as guidance in the design of candidates. In-silico parameters can also be used to choose suitable compounds for in-vivo testing thereby reducing the number of animals used in experiments. At the Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, a data set has been curated from in-house measurements in the disease areas of Dengue, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Volume of distribution, half-life, total in-vivo clearance, in-vitro human plasma protein binding and in-vivo oral bioavailability have been measured for molecules in the lead optimization stage in each of these three disease areas. Data for the inhibition of the hERG channel using the radio ligand binding dofetilide assay was determined for a set of 300 molecules in these therapeutic areas. Based on this data, Artificial Neural Networks were used to construct In-silico models for each of the properties listed above that can be used to prioritize candidates for lead optimization and to assist in selecting promising molecules for in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies.
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10
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Manjunatha UH, S Rao SP, Kondreddi RR, Noble CG, Camacho LR, Tan BH, Ng SH, Ng PS, Ma NL, Lakshminarayana SB, Herve M, Barnes SW, Yu W, Kuhen K, Blasco F, Beer D, Walker JR, Tonge PJ, Glynne R, Smith PW, Diagana TT. Direct inhibitors of InhA are active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:269ra3. [PMID: 25568071 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
New chemotherapeutic agents are urgently required to combat the global spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The mycobacterial enoyl reductase InhA is one of the few clinically validated targets in tuberculosis drug discovery. We report the identification of a new class of direct InhA inhibitors, the 4-hydroxy-2-pyridones, using phenotypic high-throughput whole-cell screening. This class of orally active compounds showed potent bactericidal activity against common isoniazid-resistant TB clinical isolates. Biophysical studies revealed that 4-hydroxy-2-pyridones bound specifically to InhA in an NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent manner and blocked the enoyl substrate-binding pocket. The lead compound NITD-916 directly blocked InhA in a dose-dependent manner and showed in vivo efficacy in acute and established mouse models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Collectively, our structural and biochemical data open up new avenues for rational structure-guided optimization of the 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone class of compounds for the treatment of MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjini H Manjunatha
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Srinivasa P S Rao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Christian G Noble
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luis R Camacho
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bee H Tan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seow H Ng
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pearly Shuyi Ng
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ng L Ma
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Maxime Herve
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Susan W Barnes
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Weixuan Yu
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Kelli Kuhen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Francesca Blasco
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Beer
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | - John R Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | - Richard Glynne
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Paul W Smith
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thierry T Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 138670 Singapore, Singapore. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Lakshminarayana SB, Huat TB, Ho PC, Manjunatha UH, Dartois V, Dick T, Rao SPS. Comprehensive physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and activity profiling of anti-TB agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:857-67. [PMID: 25587994 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The discovery and development of TB drugs has met limited success, with two new drugs approved over the last 40 years. Part of the difficulty resides in the lack of well-established in vitro or in vivo targets of potency and physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters. In an attempt to benchmark and compare such properties for anti-TB agents, we have experimentally determined and compiled these parameters for 36 anti-TB compounds, using standardized and centralized assays, thus ensuring direct comparability across drugs and drug classes. METHODS Potency parameters included growth inhibition, cidal activity against growing and non-growing bacteria and activity against intracellular mycobacteria. Pharmacokinetic parameters included basic physicochemical properties, solubility, permeability and metabolic stability. We then attempted to establish correlations between physicochemical, in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indices to tentatively inform future drug discovery efforts. RESULTS Two-thirds of the compounds tested showed bactericidal and intramacrophage activity. Most compounds exhibited favourable solubility, permeability and metabolic stability in standard in vitro pharmacokinetic assays. An analysis of human pharmacokinetic parameters revealed associations between lipophilicity and volume of distribution, clearance, plasma protein binding and oral bioavailability. Not surprisingly, most compounds with favourable pharmacokinetic properties complied with Lipinski's rule of five. CONCLUSIONS However, most attempts to detect in vitro-in vivo correlations were unsuccessful, emphasizing the challenges of anti-TB drug discovery. The objective of this work is to provide a reference dataset for the TB drug discovery community with a focus on comparative in vitro potency and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tan Bee Huat
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | - Paul C Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Thomas Dick
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Lakshminarayana SB, Boshoff HIM, Cherian J, Ravindran S, Goh A, Jiricek J, Nanjundappa M, Nayyar A, Gurumurthy M, Singh R, Dick T, Blasco F, Barry CE, Ho PC, Manjunatha UH. Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analysis of bicyclic 4-nitroimidazole analogs in a murine model of tuberculosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105222. [PMID: 25141257 PMCID: PMC4139342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PA-824 is a bicyclic 4-nitroimidazole, currently in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of tuberculosis. Dose fractionation pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies in mice indicated that the driver of PA-824 invivo efficacy is the time during which the free drug concentrations in plasma are above the MIC (fT>MIC). In this study, a panel of closely related potent bicyclic 4-nitroimidazoles was profiled in both invivo PK and efficacy studies. In an established murine TB model, the efficacy of diverse nitroimidazole analogs ranged between 0.5 and 2.3 log CFU reduction compared to untreated controls. Further, a retrospective analysis was performed for a set of seven nitroimidazole analogs to identify the PK parameters that correlate with invivo efficacy. Our findings show that the invivo efficacy of bicyclic 4-nitroimidazoles correlated better with lung PK than with plasma PK. Further, nitroimidazole analogs with moderate-to-high volume of distribution and Lung to plasma ratios of >2 showed good efficacy. Among all the PK-PD indices, total lung T>MIC correlated the best with invivo efficacy (rs = 0.88) followed by lung Cmax/MIC and AUC/MIC. Thus, lung drug distribution studies could potentially be exploited to guide the selection of compounds for efficacy studies, thereby accelerating the drug discovery efforts in finding new nitroimidazole analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena I. M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph Cherian
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Anne Goh
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Amit Nayyar
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Dick
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ujjini H. Manjunatha
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (SBL); (UHM)
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13
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Zou B, Nagle A, Chatterjee AK, Leong SY, Tan LJ, Sim WLS, Mishra P, Guntapalli P, Tully DC, Lakshminarayana SB, Lim CS, Tan YC, Abas SN, Bodenreider C, Kuhen KL, Gagaring K, Borboa R, Chang J, Li C, Hollenbeck T, Tuntland T, Zeeman AM, Kocken CHM, McNamara C, Kato N, Winzeler EA, Yeung BKS, Diagana TT, Smith PW, Roland J. Lead optimization of imidazopyrazines: a new class of antimalarial with activity on Plasmodium liver stages. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:947-50. [PMID: 25147620 DOI: 10.1021/ml500244m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidazopyridine 1 was identified from a phenotypic screen against P. falciparum (Pf) blood stages and subsequently optimized for activity on liver-stage schizonts of the rodent parasite P. yoelii (Py) as well as hypnozoites of the simian parasite P. cynomolgi (Pc). We applied these various assays to the cell-based lead optimization of the imidazopyrazines, exemplified by 3 (KAI407), and show that optimized compounds within the series with improved pharmacokinetic properties achieve causal prophylactic activity in vivo and may have the potential to target the dormant stages of P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zou
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Arnab K. Chatterjee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Seh Yong Leong
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Liying Jocelyn Tan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Wei Lin Sandra Sim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Pranab Mishra
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Prasuna Guntapalli
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David C. Tully
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Chek Shik Lim
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Yong Cheng Tan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Siti Nurdiana Abas
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Christophe Bodenreider
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Kelli L. Kuhen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kerstin Gagaring
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rachel Borboa
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chun Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas Hollenbeck
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens H. M. Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Case McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Bryan K. S. Yeung
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Thierry T. Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Paul W. Smith
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, 138670 Singapore
| | - Jason Roland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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14
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Yokokawa F, Wang G, Chan WL, Ang SH, Wong J, Ma I, Rao SPS, Manjunatha U, Lakshminarayana SB, Herve M, Kounde C, Tan BH, Thayalan P, Dick T, Ng SH, Nanjundappa M, Ravindran S, Gee P, Tan M, Wei L, Goh A, Chen PY, Lee KS, Zhang C, Wagner T, Dix I, Chatterjee A, Pethe K, Kuhen K, Glynne R, Smith P, Bifani P, Jiricek J. Corrrection to Discovery of Tetrahydropyrazolopyrimidine Carboxamide Derivatives As Potent and Orally Active Novel Antitubercular Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ml500020r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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15
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Kondreddi RR, Jiricek J, Rao SPS, Lakshminarayana SB, Camacho LR, Rao R, Herve M, Bifani P, Ma NL, Kuhen K, Goh A, Chatterjee AK, Dick T, Diagana TT, Manjunatha UH, Smith PW. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Indole-2-carboxamides: A Promising Class of Antituberculosis Agents. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8849-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4012774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Srinivasa P. S. Rao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | | | - Luis R. Camacho
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Ranga Rao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Maxime Herve
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Pablo Bifani
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Ngai Ling Ma
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Kelli Kuhen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anne Goh
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Arnab K. Chatterjee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas Dick
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Thierry T. Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Ujjini H. Manjunatha
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Paul W. Smith
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
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16
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Yokokawa F, Wang G, Chan WL, Ang SH, Wong J, Ma I, Rao SPS, Manjunatha U, Lakshminarayana SB, Herve M, Kounde C, Tan BH, Thayalan P, Ng SH, Nanjundappa M, Ravindran S, Gee P, Tan M, Wei L, Goh A, Chen PY, Lee KS, Zhong C, Wagner T, Dix I, Chatterjee AK, Pethe K, Kuhen K, Glynne R, Smith P, Bifani P, Jiricek J. Discovery of tetrahydropyrazolopyrimidine carboxamide derivatives as potent and orally active antitubercular agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:451-5. [PMID: 24900693 DOI: 10.1021/ml400071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold was identified as a hit series from a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) whole cell high through-put screening (HTS) campaign. A series of derivatives of this class were synthesized to evaluate their structure-activity relationship (SAR) and structure-property relationship (SPR). Compound 9 had a promising in vivo DMPK profile in mouse and exhibited potent in vivo activity in a mouse efficacy model, achieving a reduction of 3.5 log CFU of Mtb after oral administration to infected mice once a day at 100 mg/kg for 28 days. Thus, compound 9 is a potential candidate for inclusion in combination therapies for both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Yokokawa
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Gang Wang
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Wai Ling Chan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Shi Hua Ang
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Josephine Wong
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Ida Ma
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Srinivasa P S Rao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Ujjini Manjunatha
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | | | - Maxime Herve
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Cyrille Kounde
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Bee Huat Tan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Pamela Thayalan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Seow Hwee Ng
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Mahesh Nanjundappa
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Sindhu Ravindran
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Peck Gee
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Maria Tan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Liu Wei
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Anne Goh
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Pei-Yu Chen
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Kok Sin Lee
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Chen Zhong
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Trixie Wagner
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Ina Dix
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Arnab K. Chatterjee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kelli Kuhen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richard Glynne
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul Smith
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Pablo Bifani
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos,
138670 Singapore
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17
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Jain JP, Lakshminarayana SB, Lefèvre G, Sivasubramanian R, Blasco F, Sunkara G. Differences in the pharmacokinetics of currently approved antimalarial drugs in uncomplicated malaria patients compared to healthy subjects. Malar J 2012. [PMCID: PMC3472672 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-s1-p118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Blasco
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases Pte Ltd, Singapore Country Singapore
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18
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Nagle A, Wu T, Kuhen K, Gagaring K, Borboa R, Francek C, Chen Z, Plouffe D, Lin X, Caldwell C, Ek J, Skolnik S, Liu F, Wang J, Chang J, Li C, Liu B, Hollenbeck T, Tuntland T, Isbell J, Chuan T, Alper PB, Fischli C, Brun R, Lakshminarayana SB, Rottmann M, Diagana TT, Winzeler EA, Glynne R, Tully DC, Chatterjee AK. Imidazolopiperazines: lead optimization of the second-generation antimalarial agents. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4244-73. [PMID: 22524250 PMCID: PMC3350218 DOI: 10.1021/jm300041e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the initial success of optimization of a novel series of imidazolopiperazines, a second generation of compounds involving changes in the core piperazine ring was synthesized to improve antimalarial properties. These changes were carried out to further improve the potency and metabolic stability of the compounds by leveraging the outcome of a set of in vitro metabolic identification studies. The optimized 8,8-dimethyl imidazolopiperazine analogues exhibited improved potency, in vitro metabolic stability profile and, as a result, enhanced oral exposure in vivo in mice. The optimized compounds were found to be more efficacious than the current antimalarials in a malaria mouse model. They exhibit moderate oral exposure in rat pharmacokinetic studies to achieve sufficient multiples of the oral exposure at the efficacious dose in toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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19
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Cherian J, Choi I, Nayyar A, Manjunatha UH, Mukherjee T, Lee YS, Boshoff HI, Singh R, Ha YH, Goodwin M, Lakshminarayana SB, Niyomrattanakit P, Jiricek J, Ravindran S, Dick T, Keller TH, Dartois V, Barry CE. Structure-activity relationships of antitubercular nitroimidazoles. 3. Exploration of the linker and lipophilic tail of ((s)-2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazin-6-yl)-(4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)amine (6-amino PA-824). J Med Chem 2011; 54:5639-59. [PMID: 21755942 DOI: 10.1021/jm1010644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The (S)-2-nitro-6-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyloxy)-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine named PA-824 (1) has demonstrated antitubercular activity in vitro and in animal models and is currently in clinical trials. We synthesized derivatives at three positions of the 4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzylamino tail, and these were tested for whole-cell activity against both replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In addition, we determined their kinetic parameters as substrates of the deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (Ddn) from Mtb that reductively activates these pro-drugs. These studies yielded multiple compounds with 40 nM aerobic whole cell activity and 1.6 μM anaerobic whole cell activity: 10-fold improvements over both characteristics from the parent molecule. Some of these compounds exhibited enhanced solubility with acceptable stability to microsomal and in vivo metabolism. Analysis of the conformational preferences of these analogues using quantum chemistry suggests a preference for a pseudoequatorial orientation of the linker and lipophilic tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cherian
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, Singapore, 138670
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20
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Wu T, Nagle A, Kuhen K, Gagaring K, Borboa R, Francek C, Chen Z, Plouffe D, Goh A, Lakshminarayana SB, Wu J, Ang HQ, Zeng P, Kang ML, Tan W, Tan M, Ye N, Lin X, Caldwell C, Ek J, Skolnik S, Liu F, Wang J, Chang J, Li C, Hollenbeck T, Tuntland T, Isbell J, Fischli C, Brun R, Rottmann M, Dartois V, Keller T, Diagana T, Winzeler E, Glynne R, Tully DC, Chatterjee AK. Imidazolopiperazines: hit to lead optimization of new antimalarial agents. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5116-30. [PMID: 21644570 PMCID: PMC6950218 DOI: 10.1021/jm2003359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Starting from a hit series from a GNF compound library collection and based on a cell-based proliferation assay of Plasmodium falciparum, a novel imidazolopiperazine scaffold was optimized. SAR for this series of compounds is discussed, focusing on optimization of cellular potency against wild-type and drug resistant parasites and improvement of physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The lead compounds in this series showed good potencies in vitro and decent oral exposure levels in vivo. In a Plasmodium berghei mouse infection model, one lead compound lowered the parasitemia level by 99.4% after administration of 100 mg/kg single oral dose and prolonged mice survival by an average of 17.0 days. The lead compounds were also well-tolerated in the preliminary in vitro toxicity studies and represents an interesting lead for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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21
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Chang J, Schul W, Butters TD, Yip A, Liu B, Goh A, Lakshminarayana SB, Alonzi D, Reinkensmeier G, Pan X, Qu X, Weidner JM, Wang L, Yu W, Borune N, Kinch MA, Rayahin JE, Moriarty R, Xu X, Shi PY, Guo JT, Block TM. Combination of α-glucosidase inhibitor and ribavirin for the treatment of dengue virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2010; 89:26-34. [PMID: 21073903 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular α-glucosidases I and II are enzymes that sequentially trim the three terminal glucoses in the N-linked oligosaccharides of viral envelope glycoproteins. This process is essential for the proper folding of viral glycoproteins and subsequent assembly of many enveloped viruses, including dengue virus (DENV). Imino sugars are substrate mimics of α-glucosidases I and II. In this report, we show that two oxygenated alkyl imino sugar derivatives, CM-9-78 and CM-10-18, are potent inhibitors of both α-glucosidases I and II in vitro and in treated animals, and efficiently inhibit DENV infection of cultured human cells. Pharmacokinetic studies reveal that both compounds are well tolerated at doses up to 100mg/kg in rats and have favorable pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability in mice. Moreover, we showed that oral administration of either CM-9-78 or CM-10-18 reduces the peak viremia of DENV in mice. Interestingly, while treatment of DENV infected mice with ribavirin alone did not reduce the viremia, combination therapy of ribavirin with sub-effective dose of CM-10-18 demonstrated a significantly enhanced antiviral activity, as indicated by a profound reduction of the viremia. Our findings thus suggest that combination therapy of two broad-spectrum antiviral agents may provide a practically useful approach for the treatment of DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chang
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States.
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22
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Rottmann M, McNamara C, Yeung BKS, Lee MCS, Zou B, Russell B, Seitz P, Plouffe DM, Dharia NV, Tan J, Cohen SB, Spencer KR, González-Páez GE, Lakshminarayana SB, Goh A, Suwanarusk R, Jegla T, Schmitt EK, Beck HP, Brun R, Nosten F, Renia L, Dartois V, Keller TH, Fidock DA, Winzeler EA, Diagana TT. Spiroindolones, a potent compound class for the treatment of malaria. Science 2010; 329:1175-80. [PMID: 20813948 DOI: 10.1126/science.1193225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 900] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of increased tolerance to artemisinin derivatives--the most recently adopted class of antimalarials--have prompted a need for new treatments. The spirotetrahydro-beta-carbolines, or spiroindolones, are potent drugs that kill the blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax clinical isolates at low nanomolar concentration. Spiroindolones rapidly inhibit protein synthesis in P. falciparum, an effect that is ablated in parasites bearing nonsynonymous mutations in the gene encoding the P-type cation-transporter ATPase4 (PfATP4). The optimized spiroindolone NITD609 shows pharmacokinetic properties compatible with once-daily oral dosing and has single-dose efficacy in a rodent malaria model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rottmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Parasite Chemotherapy, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Yeung BKS, Zou B, Rottmann M, Lakshminarayana SB, Ang SH, Leong SY, Tan J, Wong J, Keller-Maerki S, Fischli C, Goh A, Schmitt EK, Krastel P, Francotte E, Kuhen K, Plouffe D, Henson K, Wagner T, Winzeler EA, Petersen F, Brun R, Dartois V, Diagana TT, Keller TH. Spirotetrahydro beta-carbolines (spiroindolones): a new class of potent and orally efficacious compounds for the treatment of malaria. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5155-64. [PMID: 20568778 PMCID: PMC6996867 DOI: 10.1021/jm100410f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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The antiplasmodial activity of a series of spirotetrahydro β-carbolines is described. Racemic spiroazepineindole (1) was identified from a phenotypic screen on wild type Plasmodium falciparum with an in vitro IC50 of 90 nM. Structure−activity relationships for the optimization of 1 to compound 20a (IC50 = 0.2 nM) including the identification of the active 1R,3S enantiomer and elimination of metabolic liabilities is presented. Improvement of the pharmacokinetic profile of the series translated to exceptional oral efficacy in the P. berghei infected malaria mouse model where full cure was achieved in four of five mice with three daily doses of 30 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K S Yeung
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, no. 05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670.
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Pethe K, Sequeira PC, Agarwalla S, Rhee K, Kuhen K, Phong WY, Patel V, Beer D, Walker JR, Duraiswamy J, Jiricek J, Keller TH, Chatterjee A, Tan MP, Ujjini M, Rao SPS, Camacho L, Bifani P, Mak PA, Ma I, Barnes SW, Chen Z, Plouffe D, Thayalan P, Ng SH, Au M, Lee BH, Tan BH, Ravindran S, Nanjundappa M, Lin X, Goh A, Lakshminarayana SB, Shoen C, Cynamon M, Kreiswirth B, Dartois V, Peters EC, Glynne R, Brenner S, Dick T. A chemical genetic screen in Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies carbon-source-dependent growth inhibitors devoid of in vivo efficacy. Nat Commun 2010; 1:57. [PMID: 20975714 PMCID: PMC3220188 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate antibacterials are usually identified on the basis of their in vitro activity. However, the apparent inhibitory activity of new leads can be misleading because most culture media do not reproduce an environment relevant to infection in vivo. In this study, while screening for novel anti-tuberculars, we uncovered how carbon metabolism can affect antimicrobial activity. Novel pyrimidine–imidazoles (PIs) were identified in a whole-cell screen against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lead optimization generated in vitro potent derivatives with desirable pharmacokinetic properties, yet without in vivo efficacy. Mechanism of action studies linked the PI activity to glycerol metabolism, which is not relevant for M. tuberculosis during infection. PIs induced self-poisoning of M. tuberculosis by promoting the accumulation of glycerol phosphate and rapid ATP depletion. This study underlines the importance of understanding central bacterial metabolism in vivo and of developing predictive in vitro culture conditions as a prerequisite for the rational discovery of new antibiotics. Candidate anti-tuberculosis drugs are often identified in whole-cell screens. Here, Pethe et al. show that inappropriate carbon-source selection can lead to the identification of compounds devoid of efficacy in vivo, underlining the importance of developing predictive in vitro screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pethe
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore.
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Heimbach T, Lakshminarayana SB, Hu W, He H. Practical anticipation of human efficacious doses and pharmacokinetics using in vitro and preclinical in vivo data. AAPS J 2009; 11:602-14. [PMID: 19707878 PMCID: PMC2758129 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate predictions of human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profiles are critical in early drug development, as safe, efficacious, and "developable" dosing regimens of promising compounds have to be identified. While advantages of successful integration of preclinical PK/PD data in the "anticipation" of human doses (AHD) have been recognized, pharmaceutical scientists have faced difficulties with practical implementation, especially for PK/PD profile projections of compounds with challenging absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and formulation properties. In this article, practical projection approaches for formulation-dependent human PK/PD parameters and profiles of Biopharmaceutics Classification System classes I-IV drugs based on preclinical data are described. Case examples for "AHD" demonstrate the utility of preclinical and clinical PK/PD modeling for formulation risk identification, lead candidate differentiation, and prediction of clinical outcome. The application of allometric scaling methods and physiologically based pharmacokinetic approaches for clearance or volume of distribution projections is described using GastroPlus. Methods to enhance prediction confidence such as in vitro-in vivo extrapolations in clearance predictions using in vitro microsomal data are discussed. Examples for integration of clinical PK/PD and formulation data from frontrunner compounds via "reverse pharmacology strategies" that minimize uncertainty with PK/PD predictions are included. The use of integrated softwares such as GastroPlus in combination with established PK projection methods allow the projection of formulation-dependent preclinical and human PK/PD profiles required for compound differentiation and development risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho Heimbach
- DMPK-Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza 436/3253, East Hanover, NJ 07470, USA.
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