1
|
Nair ZJ, Gao IH, Firras A, Chong KKL, Hill ED, Choo PY, Colomer-Winter C, Chen Q, Manzano C, Pethe K, Kline KA. An essential protease, FtsH, influences daptomycin resistance acquisition in Enterococcus faecalis. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38527904 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Daptomycin is a last-line antibiotic commonly used to treat vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, but resistance evolves rapidly and further restricts already limited treatment options. While genetic determinants associated with clinical daptomycin resistance (DAPR) have been described, information on factors affecting the speed of DAPR acquisition is limited. The multiple peptide resistance factor (MprF), a phosphatidylglycerol-modifying enzyme involved in cationic antimicrobial resistance, is linked to DAPR in pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Since Enterococcus faecalis encodes two paralogs of mprF and clinical DAPR mutations do not map to mprF, we hypothesized that functional redundancy between the paralogs prevents mprF-mediated resistance and masks other evolutionary pathways to DAPR. Here, we performed in vitro evolution to DAPR in mprF mutant background. We discovered that the absence of mprF results in slowed DAPR evolution and is associated with inactivating mutations in ftsH, resulting in the depletion of the chaperone repressor HrcA. We also report that ftsH is essential in the parental, but not in the ΔmprF, strain where FtsH depletion results in growth impairment in the parental strain, a phenotype associated with reduced extracellular acidification and reduced ability for metabolic reduction. This presents FtsH and HrcA as enticing targets for developing anti-resistance strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeus Jaren Nair
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Graduate College, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Iris Hanxing Gao
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aslam Firras
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Kian Long Chong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Graduate College, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric D Hill
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Yi Choo
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cristina Colomer-Winter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Qingyan Chen
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caroline Manzano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A Kline
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang K, Limwongyut J, Moreland AS, Wei SCJ, Jim Jia Min T, Sun Y, Shin SJ, Kim SY, Jhun BW, Pethe K, Bazan GC. An anti-mycobacterial conjugated oligoelectrolyte effective against Mycobacterium abscessus. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi7558. [PMID: 38381846 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi7558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria have increased more than 50% in the past two decades and more than doubled in the elderly population. Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab), one of the most prevalent of these rapidly growing species, is intrinsically resistant to numerous antibiotics. Current standard-of-care treatments are not satisfactory, with high failure rate and notable adverse effects. We report here a potent anti-Mab compound from the flexible molecular framework afforded by conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs). A screen of structurally diverse, noncytotoxic COEs identified a lead compound, COE-PNH2, which was bactericidal against replicating, nonreplicating persisters and intracellular Mab.COE-PNH2 had low propensity for resistance development, with a frequency of resistance below 1.25 × 10-9 and showed no detectable resistance upon serial passaging. Mechanism of action studies were in line with COE-PNH2 affecting the physical and functional integrity of the bacterial envelope and disrupting the mycomembrane and associated essential bioenergetic pathways. Moreover, COE-PNH2 was well-tolerated and efficacious in a mouse model of Mab lung infection. This study highlights desirable in vitro and in vivo potency and safety index of this COE structure, which represents a promising anti-mycobacterial to tackle an unmet medical need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jakkarin Limwongyut
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Alex S Moreland
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Samuel Chan Jun Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tania Jim Jia Min
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Sun
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Su-Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Byung Woo Jhun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921 Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), 60 Nanyang Drive, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308442 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), 60 Nanyang Drive, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials (I-FIM), National University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ragunathan P, Sae-Lao P, Hamela C, Alcaraz M, Krah A, Poh WH, Ern Pee CJ, Hou Lim AY, Rice SA, Pethe K, Bond PJ, Dick T, Kremer L, Bates RW, Grüber G. High efficacy of the F-ATP synthase inhibitor TBAJ-5307 against nontuberculous mycobacteria in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105618. [PMID: 38176652 PMCID: PMC10840338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The F1FO-ATP synthase engine is essential for viability and growth of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) by providing the biological energy ATP and keeping ATP homeostasis under hypoxic stress conditions. Here, we report the discovery of the diarylquinoline TBAJ-5307 as a broad spectrum anti-NTM inhibitor, targeting the FO domain of the engine and preventing rotation and proton translocation. TBAJ-5307 is active at low nanomolar concentrations against fast- and slow-growing NTM as well as clinical isolates by depleting intrabacterial ATP. As demonstrated for the fast grower Mycobacterium abscessus, the compound is potent in vitro and in vivo, without inducing toxicity. Combining TBAJ-5307 with anti-NTM antibiotics or the oral tebipenem-avibactam pair showed attractive potentiation. Furthermore, the TBAJ-5307-tebipenem-avibactam cocktail kills the pathogen, suggesting a novel oral combination for the treatment of NTM lung infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Patcharaporn Sae-Lao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Claire Hamela
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthéo Alcaraz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexander Krah
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Wee Han Poh
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Carmen Jia Ern Pee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Albert Yick Hou Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Department for Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Scott A Rice
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore; Microbiomes for One Systems Health and Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore
| | - Peter J Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA; Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM, IRIM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Roderick W Bates
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ragunathan P, Shuyi Ng P, Singh S, Poh WH, Litty D, Kalia NP, Larsson S, Harikishore A, Rice SA, Ingham PW, Müller V, Moraski G, Miller MJ, Dick T, Pethe K, Grüber G. GaMF1.39's antibiotic efficacy and its enhanced antitubercular activity in combination with clofazimine, Telacebec, ND-011992, or TBAJ-876. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0228223. [PMID: 37982630 PMCID: PMC10715162 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02282-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE New drugs are needed to combat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The electron transport chain (ETC) maintains the electrochemical potential across the cytoplasmic membrane and allows the production of ATP, the energy currency of any living cell. The mycobacterial engine F-ATP synthase catalyzes the formation of ATP and has come into focus as an attractive and rich drug target. Recent deep insights into these mycobacterial F1FO-ATP synthase elements opened the door for a renaissance of structure-based target identification and inhibitor design. In this study, we present the GaMF1.39 antimycobacterial compound, targeting the rotary subunit γ of the biological engine. The compound is bactericidal, inhibits infection ex vivo, and displays enhanced anti-tuberculosis activity in combination with ETC inhibitors, which promises new strategies to shorten tuberculosis chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pearly Shuyi Ng
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samsher Singh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Han Poh
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dennis Litty
- Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology & Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Simon Larsson
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott A. Rice
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philip W. Ingham
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Volker Müller
- Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Garrett Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harikishore A, Mathiyazakan V, Pethe K, Grüber G. Novel targets and inhibitors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bd oxidase to foster anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37332221 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2224553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the most devastating bacterial disease. Multidrug-resistant Mtb strains are spreading worldwide, underscoring the need for new anti-TB targets and inhibitors. The respiratory chain complexes, including the cytochrome bd oxidase (cyt-bd), have been identified as an attractive target for drug development. Recent novel structural and mechanistic insight as well as inhibitors of Mtb's cyt-bd brought this enzyme into the focus. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors describe conditions that stimulate the biogenesis of Mtb cyt-bd, its structural-, mechanistic-, and substrate-binding traits. They discuss the present Mtb cyt-bd inhibitors, novel targets within the enzyme and structure activity relationship features that are required for mycobacterial cyt-bd inhibition and augment their understanding on improving the potency of cyt-bd inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION A deeper structure-mechanistic understanding of Mtb's cyt-bd is a prerequisite for in silico efforts to: (i) identify pathogen specific targets for the design of novel nontoxic hit molecules, forming the platform for the development of new leads, (ii) design mechanism of action studies, (iii) perform medicinal chemistry of existing inhibitors to improve their potency and pharmacokinetic/-dynamic properties. Phase studies with such optimized cyt-bd inhibitors in combination with anti-TB compounds targeting the oxidative phosphorylation pathway is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Vikneswaran Mathiyazakan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mathiyazakan V, Wong CF, Harikishore A, Pethe K, Grüber G. Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cytochrome bcc: aa3 Supercomplex and a Novel Inhibitor Targeting Subunit Cytochrome cI. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0153122. [PMID: 37158740 PMCID: PMC10269045 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01531-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial cytochrome bcc:aa3 complex deserves the name "supercomplex" since it combines three cytochrome oxidases-cytochrome bc, cytochrome c, and cytochrome aa3-into one supramolecular machine and performs electron transfer for the reduction of oxygen to water and proton transport to generate the proton motive force for ATP synthesis. Thus, the bcc:aa3 complex represents a valid drug target for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. The production and purification of an entire M. tuberculosis cytochrome bcc:aa3 are fundamental for biochemical and structural characterization of this supercomplex, paving the way for new inhibitor targets and molecules. Here, we produced and purified the entire and active M. tuberculosis cyt-bcc:aa3 oxidase, as demonstrated by the different heme spectra and an oxygen consumption assay. The resolved M. tuberculosis cyt-bcc:aa3 cryo-electron microscopy structure reveals a dimer with its functional domains involved in electron, proton, oxygen transfer, and oxygen reduction. The structure shows the two cytochrome cIcII head domains of the dimer, the counterpart of the soluble mitochondrial cytochrome c, in a so-called "closed state," in which electrons are translocated from the bcc to the aa3 domain. The structural and mechanistic insights provided the basis for a virtual screening campaign that identified a potent M. tuberculosis cyt-bcc:aa3 inhibitor, cytMycc1. cytMycc1 targets the mycobacterium-specific α3-helix of cytochrome cI and interferes with oxygen consumption by interrupting electron translocation via the cIcII head. The successful identification of a new cyt-bcc:aa3 inhibitor demonstrates the potential of a structure-mechanism-based approach for novel compound development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikneswaran Mathiyazakan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chui-Fann Wong
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Amaravadhi Harikishore
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goh BC, Larsson S, Dam LC, Ling YHS, Chua WLP, Abirami R, Singh S, Ong JLE, Teo JWP, Ho P, Ingham PW, Pethe K, Dedon PC. Rifaximin potentiates clarithromycin against Mycobacterium abscessus in vitro and in zebrafish. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2023; 5:dlad052. [PMID: 37168836 PMCID: PMC10164658 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium abscessus is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) that causes chronic pulmonary infections. Because of its extensive innate resistance to numerous antibiotics, treatment options are limited, often resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Current treatment regimens usually involve a combination of antibiotics, with clarithromycin being the cornerstone of NTM treatments. Objectives To identify drug candidates that exhibit synergistic activity with clarithromycin against M. abscessus. Methods We performed cell-based phenotypic screening of a compound library against M. abscessus induced to become resistant to clarithromycin. Furthermore, we evaluated the toxicity and efficacy of the top compound in a zebrafish embryo infection model. Results The screen revealed rifaximin as a clarithromycin potentiator. The combination of rifaximin and clarithromycin was synergistic and bactericidal in vitro and potent in the zebrafish model. Conclusions The data indicate that the rifaximin/clarithromycin combination is promising to effectively treat pulmonary NTM infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chong Goh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon Larsson
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linh Chi Dam
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Han Sharon Ling
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Lin Patrina Chua
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Abirami
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samsher Singh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Long Ernest Ong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeanette W P Teo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peiying Ho
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Philip W Ingham
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*Star), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee BS, Singh S, Pethe K. Inhibiting respiration as a novel antibiotic strategy. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 74:102327. [PMID: 37235914 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The approval of the first-in-class antibacterial bedaquiline for tuberculosis marks a breakthrough in antituberculosis drug development. The drug inhibits mycobacterial respiration and represents the validation of a wholly different metabolic process as a druggable target space. In this review, we discuss the advances in the development of mycobacterial respiratory inhibitors, as well as the potential of applying this strategy to other pathogens. The non-fermentative nature of mycobacteria explains their vulnerability to respiration inhibition, and we caution that this strategy may not be equally effective in other organisms. Conversely, we also showcase fundamental studies that reveal ancillary functions of the respiratory pathway, which are crucial to some pathogens' virulence, drug susceptibility and fitness, introducing another perspective of targeting bacterial respiration as an antibiotic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
| | - Samsher Singh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kalia NP, Singh S, Hards K, Cheung CY, Sviriaeva E, Banaei-Esfahani A, Aebersold R, Berney M, Cook GM, Pethe K. M. tuberculosis relies on trace oxygen to maintain energy homeostasis and survive in hypoxic environments. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112444. [PMID: 37115669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioenergetic mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis survives hypoxia are poorly understood. Current models assume that the bacterium shifts to an alternate electron acceptor or fermentation to maintain membrane potential and ATP synthesis. Counterintuitively, we find here that oxygen itself is the principal terminal electron acceptor during hypoxic dormancy. M. tuberculosis can metabolize oxygen efficiently at least two orders of magnitude below the concentration predicted to occur in hypoxic lung granulomas. Despite a difference in apparent affinity for oxygen, both the cytochrome bcc:aa3 and cytochrome bd oxidase respiratory branches are required for hypoxic respiration. Simultaneous inhibition of both oxidases blocks oxygen consumption, reduces ATP levels, and kills M. tuberculosis under hypoxia. The capacity of mycobacteria to scavenge trace levels of oxygen, coupled with the absence of complex regulatory mechanisms to achieve hierarchal control of the terminal oxidases, may be a key determinant of long-term M. tuberculosis survival in hypoxic lung granulomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Pal Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-H) Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Samsher Singh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Amir Banaei-Esfahani
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand.
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Si Z, Li J, Ruan L, Reghu S, Ooi YJ, Li P, Zhu Y, Hammond PT, Verma CS, Bazan GC, Pethe K, Chan-Park MB. Designer co-beta-peptide copolymer selectively targets resistant and biofilm Gram-negative bacteria. Biomaterials 2023; 294:122004. [PMID: 36669302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
New antimicrobials are urgently needed to combat Gram-negative bacteria, particularly multi-drug resistant (MDR) and phenotypically resistant biofilm species. At present, only sequence-defined alpha-peptides (e.g. polymyxin B) can selectively target Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. We show that a copolymer, without a defined sequence, shows good potency against MDR Gram-negative bacteria including its biofilm form. The tapered blocky co-beta-peptide with controlled N-terminal hydrophobicity (#4) has strong interaction with the Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides via its backbone through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions but not the Gram-positive bacterial and mammalian cell membranes so that this copolymer is non-toxic to these two latter cell types. The new #4 co-beta-peptide selectively kills Gram-negative bacteria with low cytotoxicity both in vitro and in a mouse biofilm wound infection model. This strategy provides a new concept for the design of Gram-negative selective antimicrobial peptidomimetics against MDR and biofilm species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Si
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Jianguo Li
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, 138671, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, 169856, Singapore
| | - Lin Ruan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Sheethal Reghu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Ying Jie Ooi
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, 315211, China
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) , 138602, Singapore
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, 138671, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117558, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9510, USA; Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Si Z, Pethe K, Chan-Park MB. Chemical Basis of Combination Therapy to Combat Antibiotic Resistance. JACS Au 2023; 3:276-292. [PMID: 36873689 PMCID: PMC9975838 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The antimicrobial resistance crisis is a global health issue requiring discovery and development of novel therapeutics. However, conventional screening of natural products or synthetic chemical libraries is uncertain. Combination therapy using approved antibiotics with inhibitors targeting innate resistance mechanisms provides an alternative strategy to develop potent therapeutics. This review discusses the chemical structures of effective β-lactamase inhibitors, outer membrane permeabilizers, and efflux pump inhibitors that act as adjuvant molecules of classical antibiotics. Rational design of the chemical structures of adjuvants will provide methods to impart or restore efficacy to classical antibiotics for inherently antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As many bacteria have multiple resistance pathways, adjuvant molecules simultaneously targeting multiple pathways are promising approaches to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Si
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921
- Singapore
Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 636921
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Si Z, Zhong W, Prananty D, Li J, Koh CH, Kang ET, Pethe K, Chan-Park MB. Correction: Polymers as advanced antibacterial and antibiofilm agents for direct and combination therapies. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4434. [PMID: 37123184 PMCID: PMC10132088 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc90061d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Correction for ‘Polymers as advanced antibacterial and antibiofilm agents for direct and combination therapies’ by Zhangyong Si et al., Chem. Sci., 2022, 13, 345–364, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SC05835E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Si
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Dicky Prananty
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Jianghua Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Chong Hui Koh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim HJ, Li Y, Zimmermann M, Lee Y, Lim HW, Leong Tan AS, Choi I, Ko Y, Lee S, Seo JJ, Seo M, Jeon HK, Cechetto J, Hoong Yam JK, Yang L, Sauer U, Jang S, Pethe K. Pharmacological perturbation of thiamine metabolism sensitizes Pseudomonas aeruginosa to multiple antibacterial agents. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1317-1324.e5. [PMID: 35901793 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New therapeutic concepts are critically needed for carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen particularly recalcitrant to antibiotics. The screening of around 230,000 small molecules yielded a very low hit rate of 0.002% after triaging for known antibiotics. The only novel hit that stood out was the antimetabolite oxythiamine. Oxythiamine is a known transketolase inhibitor in eukaryotic cells, but its antibacterial potency has not been reported. Metabolic and transcriptomic analyses indicated that oxythiamine is intracellularly converted to oxythiamine pyrophosphate and subsequently inhibits several vitamin-B1-dependent enzymes, sensitizing the bacteria to several antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs such as tetracyclines, 5-fluorouracil, and auranofin. The positive interaction between 5-fluorouracil and oxythiamine was confirmed in a murine ocular infection model, indicating relevance during infection. Together, this study revealed a system-level significance of thiamine metabolism perturbation that sensitizes P. aeruginosa to multiple small molecules, a property that could inform on the development of a rational drug combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Kim
- Discovery Biology Department, Antibacterial Resistance Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yingying Li
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yunmi Lee
- Discovery Biology Department, Antibacterial Resistance Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Wen Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alvin Swee Leong Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Inhee Choi
- Translation Research Department, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonae Ko
- Translation Research Department, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangchul Lee
- Translation Research Department, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jea Seo
- Translation Research Department, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Mooyoung Seo
- Translation Research Department, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyoung Jeon
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Cechetto
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Joey Kuok Hoong Yam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Soojin Jang
- Discovery Biology Department, Antibacterial Resistance Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lahiri R, Adams LB, Thomas SS, Pethe K. Sensitivity of Mycobacterium leprae to Telacebec. Emerg Infect Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.3201/2803.210394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
15
|
Abstract
The treatment of leprosy is long and complex, benefiting from the development of sterilizing, rapidly-acting drugs. Reductive evolution made Mycobacterium leprae exquisitely sensitive to Telacebec, a phase 2 drug candidate for tuberculosis. The unprecedented potency of Telacebec against M. leprae warrants further validation in clinical trials.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death by an infectious agent and has affected more than 50 million people and killed 6.7 million patients in the past 5 years alone. Rising incidence of resistance to treatment threatens the global effort to eradicate the disease. With limited options available, additional novel antibiotics are needed to form efficacious combinations for the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Telacebec is a first-in-class antibiotic that inhibits growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting its energy metabolism. The compound has undergone three clinical studies, the latest being a phase 2a efficacy trial. AREAS COVERED This paper provides an overview of the recent progress in the development and testing of telacebec. We discuss published clinical data and examine the design and set up of its clinical trials. We also offer insights on the therapeutic potential of telacebec and aspects of which should be evaluated in the future. EXPERT OPINION The first phase 2a trial showed a correlation between dosage and bacterial load in patient sputum which should be confirmed using a direct measurement method such as colony-forming unit counting. Its clinical efficacy, favourable pharmacokinetic properties, low arrhythmogenic risk, and activity against MDR-TB strains make telacebec a suitable candidate for further development. Future clinical testing in combination with approved second-line drugs will reveal its full potential against MDR-TB. Considering recent preclinical studies, we also recommend initiating clinical trials for Buruli ulcer and leprosy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Si Z, Zheng W, Prananty D, Li J, Koh CH, Kang ET, Pethe K, Chan-Park MB. Polymers as advanced antibacterial and antibiofilm agents for direct and combination therapies. Chem Sci 2022; 13:345-364. [PMID: 35126968 PMCID: PMC8729810 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05835e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a critical threat to global health. Conventional antibiotics still play a crucial role in treating bacterial infections, but the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant micro-organisms are rapidly eroding their usefulness. Cationic polymers, which target bacterial membranes, are thought to be the last frontier in antibacterial development. This class of molecules possesses several advantages including a low propensity for emergence of resistance and rapid bactericidal effect. This review surveys the structure-activity of advanced antimicrobial cationic polymers, including poly(α-amino acids), β-peptides, polycarbonates, star polymers and main-chain cationic polymers, with low toxicity and high selectivity to potentially become useful for real applications. Their uses as potentiating adjuvants to overcome bacterial membrane-related resistance mechanisms and as antibiofilm agents are also covered. The review is intended to provide valuable information for design and development of cationic polymers as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents for translational applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Si
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Wenbin Zheng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Dicky Prananty
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Jianghua Li
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Chong Hui Koh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thomas SS, Pethe K. Determination of Bioenergetic Parameters in Mycobacterium ulcerans. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2387:219-230. [PMID: 34643916 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1779-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) pathway has emerged as an attractive pathway for the development of anti-mycobacterial drugs. The OxPhos pathway is essential for ATP resynthesis and maintenance of the electrochemical transmembrane gradient. The bioenergetic parameters of the pathway such as oxygen consumption rate and ATP levels are quantifiable using current technology. Measuring these parameters are useful tools to gauge rapidly the impact of drug candidates on their capacity to inhibit the OxPhos pathway in Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Susan Thomas
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies (HealthTech NTU), Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pethe K, Berney M. Call for Special Issue Papers: Mycobacterial Cell-Envelope as a Target for Drug Development. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1455-1456. [PMID: 34846177 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.29002.cfp2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pethe
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pethe K, Berney M. Call for Special Issue Papers: Mycobacterial Cell-Envelope as a Target for Drug Development. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1303-1304. [PMID: 34665044 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.29002.cfp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pethe
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang K, Raju C, Zhong W, Pethe K, Gründling A, Chan-Park MB. Cationic Glycosylated Block Co-β-peptide Acts on the Cell Wall of Gram-Positive Bacteria as Anti-biofilm Agents. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2021; 4:3749-3761. [PMID: 35006805 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat. In addition to the emergence of resistance to last resort drugs, bacteria escape antibiotics killing by forming complex biofilms. Strategies to tackle antibiotic resistance as well as biofilms are urgently needed. Wall teichoic acid (WTA), a generic anionic glycopolymer present on the cell surface of many Gram-positive bacteria, has been proposed as a possible therapeutic target, but its druggability remains to be demonstrated. Here we report a cationic glycosylated block co-β-peptide that binds to WTA. By doing so, the co-β-peptide not only inhibits biofilm formation, it also disperses preformed biofilms in several Gram-positive bacteria and resensitizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to oxacillin. The cationic block of the co-β-peptide physically interacts with the anionic WTA within the cell envelope, whereas the glycosylated block forms a nonfouling corona around the bacteria. This reduces physical interaction between bacteria-substrate and bacteria-biofilm matrix, leading to biofilm inhibition and dispersal. The WTA-targeting co-β-peptide is a promising lead for the future development of broad-spectrum anti-biofilm strategies against Gram-positive bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Cheerlavancha Raju
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Angelika Gründling
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Flowers Building London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pranantyo D, Raju C, Si Z, Xu X, Pethe K, Kang ET, Chan-Park MB. Nontoxic Antimicrobial Cationic Peptide Nanoconstructs with Bacteria-Displaceable Polymeric Counteranions. Nano Lett 2021; 21:899-906. [PMID: 33448223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides that target the integrity of bacterial envelopes can eradicate pathogens with little development of resistance, but they often inflict nonselective toxicity toward mammalian cells. The prevailing approach to optimize the selectivity of cationic peptides has been to modify their composition. Instead, we invent a new generation of broad-spectrum antibacterial nanoconstructs with negligible mammalian cell toxicity through a competitive displacement of counter polyanions from the complementary polycations. The nanoconstruct, which has a highly cationic Au nanoparticles (NPs) core shielded by polymeric counterions, is inert in nonbacterial environments. When exposed to negatively charged bacterial envelopes, this construct sheds its polyanions, triggering a cationic Au NP/bacterial membrane interaction that rapidly kills Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The anionic charge and hydrophilicity of the polyanion provides charge neutralization for the peptide-decorated Au NP core, but it is also bacteria-displaceable. These results provide a foundation for the development of other cationic particles and polymeric counterion combinations with potent antimicrobial activity without toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Pranantyo
- Centre of Antimicrobial Bioengineering School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge 117585, Singapore
| | - Cheerlavancha Raju
- Centre of Antimicrobial Bioengineering School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Zhangyong Si
- Centre of Antimicrobial Bioengineering School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Xiaofei Xu
- Centre of Antimicrobial Bioengineering School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge 117585, Singapore
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- Centre of Antimicrobial Bioengineering School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Si Z, Hou Z, Vikhe YS, Thappeta KRV, Marimuthu K, De PP, Ng OT, Li P, Zhu Y, Pethe K, Chan-Park MB. Antimicrobial Effect of a Novel Chitosan Derivative and Its Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:3237-3245. [PMID: 33405504 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers are promising antibacterial agents because bacteria have a low propensity to develop resistance against them, but they usually have low biocompatibility because of their hydrophobic moieties. Herein, we report a new biodegradable and biocompatible chitosan-derived cationic antibacterial polymer, 2,6-diamino chitosan (2,6-DAC). 2,6-DAC shows excellent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8-32 μg/mL against clinically relevant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria including Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, 2,6-DAC shows an excellent synergistic effect with various clinically relevant antibiotics proved by decreasing the MICs of the antibiotics against MDR A. baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to <1 μg/mL. In vivo biocompatibility of 2,6-DAC is proved by a dosage of 100 mg/kg compound via oral administration and 25 mg/kg compound via intraperitoneal injection to mice; 2,6-DAC does not cause any weight loss and any significant change in liver and kidney biomarkers or the important blood electrolytes. The combinations of 2,6-DAC together with novobiocin and rifampicin show >2.4 log10 reduction of A. baumannii in murine intraperitoneal and lung infection models. The novel chitosan derivative, 2,6-DAC, can be utilized as a biocompatible broad-spectrum cationic antimicrobial agent alone or in synergistic combination with various antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Si
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, NTU, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Zheng Hou
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, NTU, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Yogesh Shankar Vikhe
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, NTU, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Kishore Reddy Venkata Thappeta
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, NTU, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Singapore Center for Environmental and Life Sciences (SCELSE), NTU, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Kalisvar Marimuthu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308442, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Partha Pratim De
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Oon Tek Ng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308442, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, NTU, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, NTU, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, NTU, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, NTU, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, NTU, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, NTU, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee BS, Hards K, Engelhart CA, Hasenoehrl EJ, Kalia NP, Mackenzie JS, Sviriaeva E, Chong SMS, Manimekalai MSS, Koh VH, Chan J, Xu J, Alonso S, Miller MJ, Steyn AJC, Grüber G, Schnappinger D, Berney M, Cook GM, Moraski GC, Pethe K. Dual inhibition of the terminal oxidases eradicates antibiotic-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13207. [PMID: 33283973 PMCID: PMC7799364 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of bedaquiline has placed energy metabolism in the limelight as an attractive target space for tuberculosis antibiotic development. While bedaquiline inhibits the mycobacterial F1 F0 ATP synthase, small molecules targeting other components of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway have been identified. Of particular interest is Telacebec (Q203), a phase 2 drug candidate inhibitor of the cytochrome bcc:aa3 terminal oxidase. A functional redundancy between the cytochrome bcc:aa3 and the cytochrome bd oxidase protects M. tuberculosis from Q203-induced death, highlighting the attractiveness of the bd-type terminal oxidase for drug development. Here, we employed a facile whole-cell screen approach to identify the cytochrome bd inhibitor ND-011992. Although ND-011992 is ineffective on its own, it inhibits respiration and ATP homeostasis in combination with Q203. The drug combination was bactericidal against replicating and antibiotic-tolerant, non-replicating mycobacteria, and increased efficacy relative to that of a single drug in a mouse model. These findings suggest that a cytochrome bd oxidase inhibitor will add value to a drug combination targeting oxidative phosphorylation for tuberculosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Curtis A Engelhart
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Erik J Hasenoehrl
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Nitin P Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Ramalingaswami FellowClinical Microbiology DivisionCSIR‐IIIMJammu and KashmirIndia
| | - Jared S Mackenzie
- Africa Health Research InstituteNelson R. Mandela School of MedicineUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Shi Min Sherilyn Chong
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and MedicineInterdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Vanessa H Koh
- Department of MicrobiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Infectious Disease ProgrammeDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - John Chan
- Department of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Jiayong Xu
- Department of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of MicrobiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Infectious Disease ProgrammeDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research InstituteNelson R. Mandela School of MedicineUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamALUSA
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Garrett C Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hopfner SM, Lee BS, Kalia NP, Miller MJ, Pethe K, Moraski GC. Structure guided generation of thieno[3,2- d]pyrimidin-4-amine Mycobacterium tuberculosis bd oxidase inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:73-77. [PMID: 34046599 PMCID: PMC8130631 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00398k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome bd oxidase (Cyt-bd) is an attractive drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially in the context of developing a drug combination targeting energy metabolism. However, currently few synthetically assessable scaffolds target Cyt-bd. Herein, we report that thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amines inhibit Cyt-bd, and report an initial structure-activity-relationship (SAR) of 13 compounds in three mycobacterial strains: Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate N0145 in an established ATP depletion assay with or without the cytochrome bcc : aa 3 (QcrB) inhibitor Q203. All compounds displayed activity against M. bovis BCG and the M. tuberculosis clinical isolate strain N0145 with ATP IC50 values from 6 to 54 μM in the presence of Q203 only, as expected from a Cyt-bd inhibitor. All derivatives were much less potent against M. tuberculosis H37Rv compared to N0145 (IC50's from 24 to >100 μM and 9-52 μM, respectively), an observation that may be attributed to the higher expression of the Cyt-bd-encoding genes in the laboratory-adapted M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. N-(4-(tert-butyl)phenethyl)thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (19) was the most active compound with ATP IC50 values from 6 to 18 μM against all strains in the presence of Q203, making it a good chemical probe for interrogation the function of the mycobacterial Cyt-bd under various physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Hopfner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University 103 Chemistry and Biochemistry Building Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Bei Shi Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive 636921 Singapore
| | - Nitin P Kalia
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive 636921 Singapore
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame Indiana 46556 USA
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive 636921 Singapore
| | - Garrett C Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University 103 Chemistry and Biochemistry Building Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu R, Markley L, Miller PA, Franzblau S, Shetye G, Ma R, Savková K, Mikušová K, Lee BS, Pethe K, Moraski GC, Miller MJ. Hydride-induced Meisenheimer complex formation reflects activity of nitro aromatic anti-tuberculosis compounds. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:62-72. [PMID: 34046598 PMCID: PMC8130608 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation efficiency of hydride-induced Meisenheimer complexes of nitroaromatic compounds is consistent with their anti-TB activities exemplied by MDL860 and benzothiazol N-oxide (BTO) analogs. Herein we report that nitro cyano phenoxybenzenes (MDL860 and analogs) reacted slowly and incompletely which reflected their moderate anti-TB activity, in contrast to the instantaneous reaction of BTO derivatives to quantitatively generate Meisenheimer complexes which corresponded to their enhanced anti-TB activity. These results were corroborated by mycobacterial and radiolabelling studies that confirmed inhibition of the DprE1 enzyme by BTO derivatives but not MDL860 analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Lowell Markley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Patricia A Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Scott Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 833 South Wood Street Chicago Il 60612 USA
| | - Gauri Shetye
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 833 South Wood Street Chicago Il 60612 USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 833 South Wood Street Chicago Il 60612 USA
| | - Karin Savková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Katarína Mikušová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637551
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637551
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 636921
| | - Garrett C Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hou Z, Wu Y, Xu C, Reghu S, Shang Z, Chen J, Pranantyo D, Marimuth K, De PP, Ng OT, Pethe K, Kang ET, Li P, Chan-Park MB. Precisely Structured Nitric-Oxide-Releasing Copolymer Brush Defeats Broad-Spectrum Catheter-Associated Biofilm Infections In Vivo. ACS Cent Sci 2020; 6:2031-2045. [PMID: 33274280 PMCID: PMC7706084 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria cannot be easily eradicated by antibiotics and are a major source of recalcitrant infections of indwelling medical devices. Among various device-associated infections, intravascular catheter infection is a leading cause of mortality. Prior approaches to surface modification, such as antibiotics impregnation, hydrophilization, unstructured NO-releasing, etc., have failed to achieve adequate infection-resistant coatings. We report a precision-structured diblock copolymer brush (H(N)-b-S) composed of a surface antifouling block of poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (S) and a subsurface bactericidal block (H(N)) of nitric-oxide-emitting functionalized poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (H) covalently grafted from the inner and outer surfaces of a polyurethane catheter. The block copolymer architecture of the coating is important for achieving good broad-spectrum anti-biofilm activity with good biocompatibility and low fouling. The coating procedure is scalable to clinically useful catheter lengths. Only the block copolymer brush coating ((H(N)-b-S)) shows unprecedented, above 99.99%, in vitro biofilm inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, 100-fold better than previous coatings. It has negligible toxicity toward mammalian cells and excellent blood compatibility. In a murine subcutaneous infection model, it achieves >99.99% biofilm reduction of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared with <90% for silver catheter, while in a porcine central venous catheter infection model, it achieves >99.99% reduction of MRSA with 5-day implantation. This precision coating is readily applicable for long-term biofilm-resistant and blood-compatible copolymer coatings covalently grafted from a wide range of medical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hou
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
- Centre
for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, NTU, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Yang Wu
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
- Centre
for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, NTU, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Chen Xu
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
- Centre
for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, NTU, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Sheethal Reghu
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
- Centre
for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, NTU, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Zifang Shang
- Frontiers
Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute
of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical
Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern
Polytechnical University (NPU), 1 Dongxiang Road Changan District, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jingjie Chen
- Frontiers
Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute
of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical
Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern
Polytechnical University (NPU), 1 Dongxiang Road Changan District, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Dicky Pranantyo
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117585
| | - Kalisvar Marimuth
- Tan
Tock Seng Hospital, 11
Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
- Yong
Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University
of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228
- National
Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308442
| | - Partha Pratim De
- Tan
Tock Seng Hospital, 11
Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
| | - Oon Tek Ng
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
- Tan
Tock Seng Hospital, 11
Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
- National
Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308442
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117585
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers
Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute
of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical
Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern
Polytechnical University (NPU), 1 Dongxiang Road Changan District, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
- Centre
for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, NTU, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
- School
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
- Lee
Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological
University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chauffour A, Robert J, Veziris N, Aubry A, Pethe K, Jarlier V. Telacebec (Q203)-containing intermittent oral regimens sterilized mice infected with Mycobacterium ulcerans after only 16 doses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007857. [PMID: 32866170 PMCID: PMC7494103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Buruli ulcer (BU), caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is currently treated with a daily combination of rifampin and either injectable streptomycin or oral clarithromycin. An intermittent oral regimen would facilitate treatment supervision. We first evaluated the bactericidal activity of newer antimicrobials against M. ulcerans using a BU animal model. The imidazopyridine amine telacebec (Q203) exhibited high bactericidal activity whereas tedizolid (an oxazolidinone closely related to linezolid), selamectin and ivermectin (two avermectine compounds) and the benzothiazinone PBTZ169 were not active. Consequently, telacebec was evaluated for its bactericidal and sterilizing activities in combined intermittent regimens. Telacebec given twice a week in combination with a long-half-life compound, either rifapentine or bedaquiline, sterilized mouse footpads in 8 weeks, i.e. after a total of only 16 doses, and prevented relapse during a period of 20 weeks after the end of treatment. These results are very promising for future intermittent oral regimens which would greatly simplify BU treatment in the field. The current treatment for Buruli ulcer (BU), an infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is based on a daily antibiotic combination of rifampin associated with streptomycin or clarithromycin. A shorter or intermittent treatment without an injectable drug would clearly simplify the management in the field. We evaluated the bactericidal activity of several new antimicrobial drugs in a mouse model of BU and found that telacebec (Q203) exhibited the greatest bactericidal effect. We subsequently identified new antibiotic combinations containing telacebec with high sterilizing activity when administered twice a week for 8 weeks, i.e. at a total of only 16 doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Chauffour
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jérôme Robert
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Groupe hospitalier APHP, Sorbonne Université, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Veziris
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Groupe hospitalier APHP, Sorbonne Université, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de Bactériologie, Groupe hospitalier APHP, Sorbonne Université, Site Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Aubry
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Groupe hospitalier APHP, Sorbonne Université, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent Jarlier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Groupe hospitalier APHP, Sorbonne Université, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sviriaeva E, Subramanian Manimekalai MS, Grüber G, Pethe K. Features and Functional Importance of Key Residues of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cytochrome bd Oxidase. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1697-1707. [PMID: 32379966 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome bd (cyt-bd) oxygen reductases have a high affinity to oxygen and use the two electrons provided by ubiquinol or menaquinol, like in mycobacteria, to reduce oxygen to water. Although they do not pump protons from the cytoplasmic to the periplasmic side, they generate a proton motive force due to the release of protons after quinol oxidation. Here, we show that the mycobacterial cyt-bd has a number of specific features, including a 17-residue stretch (307SGVTLQGIRDLQQEYQQ323) near the Q-loop of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit CydA and a 412QLVRLTVKA420 region on the periplasmic side. Site directed mutagenesis and whole-bacteria assays demonstrated that these mycobacteria-specific stretches are essential for the oxidase's function. Single amino acid substitutions around the 307SGVTLQGIRDLQQEYQQ323 stretch revealed the importance of the aromatic residue Y330 in oxygen consumption and consequently in ATP synthesis. A moderate reduction and no effect was observed for mutants F325 and Y321, respectively, while the double mutant CydAY321/F325 drastically reduced enzyme activity. In addition, single mutants of the mycobacterial cyt-bd were generated to probe the role of proposed critical residues for proton shuffling. Further data demonstrate that amino acids W64 and F18 in the CydB subunit might be important as any slight destabilization of the hydrophobic environment near them makes the enzyme inactive. Finally, the potential of the mycobacterial cyt-bd as a drug target is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Gerhard Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hotra A, Ragunathan P, Ng PS, Seankongsuk P, Harikishore A, Sarathy JP, Saw W, Lakshmanan U, Sae‐Lao P, Kalia NP, Shin J, Kalyanasundaram R, Anbarasu S, Parthasarathy K, Pradeep CN, Makhija H, Dröge P, Poulsen A, Tan JHL, Pethe K, Dick T, Bates RW, Grüber G. Discovery of a Novel Mycobacterial F‐ATP Synthase Inhibitor and its Potency in Combination with Diarylquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13295-13304. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hotra
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine Interdisciplinary Graduate School Nanyang Technological University Republic of Singapore
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pearly Shuyi Ng
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pattarakiat Seankongsuk
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jickky Palmae Sarathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
| | - Wuan‐Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Umayal Lakshmanan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Patcharaporn Sae‐Lao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Joon Shin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Revathy Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Sivaraj Anbarasu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Krupakar Parthasarathy
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Chaudhari Namrata Pradeep
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Harshyaa Makhija
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jocelyn Hui Ling Tan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
- Center for Discovery and Innovation Hackensack Meridian Health 340 Kingsland Street Nutley NJ 07110 USA
| | - Roderick W. Bates
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hotra A, Ragunathan P, Ng PS, Seankongsuk P, Harikishore A, Sarathy JP, Saw W, Lakshmanan U, Sae‐Lao P, Kalia NP, Shin J, Kalyanasundaram R, Anbarasu S, Parthasarathy K, Pradeep CN, Makhija H, Dröge P, Poulsen A, Tan JHL, Pethe K, Dick T, Bates RW, Grüber G. Discovery of a Novel Mycobacterial F‐ATP Synthase Inhibitor and its Potency in Combination with Diarylquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hotra
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine Interdisciplinary Graduate School Nanyang Technological University Republic of Singapore
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pearly Shuyi Ng
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pattarakiat Seankongsuk
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jickky Palmae Sarathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
| | - Wuan‐Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Umayal Lakshmanan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Patcharaporn Sae‐Lao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Joon Shin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Revathy Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Sivaraj Anbarasu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Krupakar Parthasarathy
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Chaudhari Namrata Pradeep
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Harshyaa Makhija
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jocelyn Hui Ling Tan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
- Center for Discovery and Innovation Hackensack Meridian Health 340 Kingsland Street Nutley NJ 07110 USA
| | - Roderick W. Bates
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Si Z, Lim HW, Tay MYF, Du Y, Ruan L, Qiu H, Zamudio‐Vazquez R, Reghu S, Chen Y, Tiong WS, Marimuthu K, De PP, Ng OT, Zhu Y, Gan Y, Chi YR, Duan H, Bazan GC, Greenberg EP, Chan‐Park MB, Pethe K. A Glycosylated Cationic Block Poly(β‐peptide) Reverses Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance in All ESKAPE Gram‐Negative Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Si
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Hui Wen Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
| | - Moon Y. F. Tay
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Yu Du
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Lin Ruan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Haofeng Qiu
- Medical School of Ningbo UniversityNingbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Rubí Zamudio‐Vazquez
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Sheethal Reghu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Yahua Chen
- Department of BiochemistryNational University of Singapore Singapore 117596 Singapore
| | - Wen Shuo Tiong
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
| | - Kalisvar Marimuthu
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital Singapore 308433 Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore Singapore 119228 Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases Singapore
| | | | - Oon Tek Ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital Singapore 308433 Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases Singapore
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Medical School of Ningbo UniversityNingbo University Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Yunn‐Hwen Gan
- Department of BiochemistryNational University of Singapore Singapore 117596 Singapore
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological ChemistryNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Hongwei Duan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9510 USA
| | - E. Peter Greenberg
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Mary B. Chan‐Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore 637459 Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637551 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chong SMS, Manimekalai MSS, Sarathy JP, Williams ZC, Harold LK, Cook GM, Dick T, Pethe K, Bates RW, Grüber G. Antituberculosis Activity of the Antimalaria Cytochrome bcc Oxidase Inhibitor SCR0911. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:725-737. [PMID: 32092260 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to respire and generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is essential for the physiology, persistence, and pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis. By employing a lead repurposing strategy, the malarial cytochrome bc1 inhibitor SCR0911 was tested against mycobacteria. Docking studies were carried out to reveal potential binding and to understand the binding interactions with the target, cytochrome bcc. Whole-cell-based and in vitro assays demonstrated the potency of SCR0911 by inhibiting cell growth and ATP synthesis in both the fast- and slow-growing M. smegmatis and M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, respectively. The variety of biochemical assays and the use of a cytochrome bcc deficient mutant strain validated the cytochrome bcc oxidase as the direct target of the drug. The data demonstrate the broad-spectrum activity of SCR0911 and open the door for structure-activity relationship studies to improve the potency of new mycobacteria specific SCR0911 analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Min Sherilyn Chong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Republic of Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Jickky Palmae Sarathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zoe C. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Liam K. Harold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gregory M. Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Republic of Singapore
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street Building 102, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Roderick W. Bates
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Si Z, Lim HW, Tay MYF, Du Y, Ruan L, Qiu H, Zamudio-Vazquez R, Reghu S, Chen Y, Tiong WS, Marimuthu K, De PP, Ng OT, Zhu Y, Gan YH, Chi YR, Duan H, Bazan GC, Greenberg EP, Chan-Park MB, Pethe K. A Glycosylated Cationic Block Poly(β-peptide) Reverses Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance in All ESKAPE Gram-Negative Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6819-6826. [PMID: 32011781 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are heading the list of pathogens for which antibiotics are the most critically needed. Many antibiotics are either unable to penetrate the outer-membrane or are excluded by efflux mechanisms. Here, we report a cationic block β-peptide (PAS8-b-PDM12) that reverses intrinsic antibiotic resistance in GNB by two distinct mechanisms of action. PAS8-b-PDM12 does not only compromise the integrity of the bacterial outer-membrane, it also deactivates efflux pump systems by dissipating the transmembrane electrochemical potential. As a result, PAS8-b-PDM12 sensitizes carbapenem- and colistin-resistant GNB to multiple antibiotics in vitro and in vivo. The β-peptide allows the perfect alternation of cationic versus hydrophobic side chains, representing a significant improvement over previous antimicrobial α-peptides sensitizing agents. Together, our results indicate that it is technically possible for a single adjuvant to reverse innate antibiotic resistance in all pathogenic GNB of the ESKAPE group, including those resistant to last resort antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Si
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Hui Wen Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Moon Y F Tay
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yu Du
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Lin Ruan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Haofeng Qiu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Rubí Zamudio-Vazquez
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Sheethal Reghu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yahua Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Wen Shuo Tiong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Kalisvar Marimuthu
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | | | - Oon Tek Ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore.,Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yunn-Hwen Gan
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Hongwei Duan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9510, USA
| | - E Peter Greenberg
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee BS, Sviriaeva E, Pethe K. Targeting the cytochrome oxidases for drug development in mycobacteria. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2020; 152:45-54. [PMID: 32081616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis strictly depends on oxygen to multiply, and the terminal oxidases are a vital part of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The bacterium possesses two aerobic respiratory branches: a cytochrome bcc-aa3 and a bacteria-specific cytochrome bd oxidase. The identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the cytochrome bcc-aa3 under numerous experimental conditions reflects the essentiality of the pathway for the optimum growth of M. tuberculosis. Recent findings on the biology of the cytochrome bcc-aa3 as well as the report of the first high-resolution structure of a mycobacterial cytochrome bcc-aa3 complex will help in the characterization and further development of potent inhibitors. Although the aerobic cytochrome bd respiratory branch is not strictly essential for growth, the discovery of a strong synthetic lethal interaction with the cytochrome bcc-aa3 placed the cytochrome bd oxidase under the spotlight as an attractive drug target for its synergistic role in potentiating the efficacy of cytochrome bcc-aa3 inhibitors and other drugs targeting oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we are discussing current knowledge about the two mycobacterial aerobic respiratory branches, their potential as drug targets, as well as potential drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Poh W, Ab Rahman N, Ostrovski Y, Sznitman J, Pethe K, Loo SCJ. Active pulmonary targeting against tuberculosis (TB) via triple-encapsulation of Q203, bedaquiline and superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIOs) in nanoparticle aggregates. Drug Deliv 2020; 26:1039-1048. [PMID: 31691600 PMCID: PMC6844420 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1676841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has gained attention over the past few decades by becoming one of the top ten leading causes of death worldwide. This infectious disease of the lungs is orally treated with a medicinal armamentarium. However, this route of administration passes through the body’s first-pass metabolism which reduces the drugs’ bioavailability and toxicates the liver and kidneys. Inhalation therapy represents an alternative to the oral route, but low deposition efficiencies of delivery devices such as nebulizers and dry powder inhalers render it challenging as a favorable therapy. It was hypothesized that by encapsulating two potent TB-agents, i.e. Q203 and bedaquiline, that inhibit the oxidative phosphorylation of the bacteria together with a magnetic targeting component, superparamagnetic iron oxides, into a poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PDLG) carrier using a single emulsion technique, the treatment of TB can be a better therapeutic alternative. This simple fabrication method achieved a homogenous distribution of 500 nm particles with a magnetic saturation of 28 emu/g. Such particles were shown to be magnetically susceptible in an in-vitro assessment, viable against A549 epithelial cells, and were able to reduce two log bacteria counts of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) organism. Furthermore, through the use of an external magnet, our in-silico Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations support the notion of yielding 100% deposition in the deep lungs. Our proposed inhalation therapy circumvents challenges related to oral and respiratory treatments and embodies a highly favorable new treatment regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Poh
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurlilah Ab Rahman
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Ostrovski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lupien A, Foo CSY, Savina S, Vocat A, Piton J, Monakhova N, Benjak A, Lamprecht DA, Steyn AJC, Pethe K, Makarov VA, Cole ST. New 2-Ethylthio-4-methylaminoquinazoline derivatives inhibiting two subunits of cytochrome bc1 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008270. [PMID: 31971990 PMCID: PMC6999911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug (MDR-TB) and extensively-drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a major threat to the global management of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. New chemical entities are of need to treat drug-resistant TB. In this study, the mode of action of new, potent quinazoline derivatives was investigated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Four derivatives 11626141, 11626142, 11626252 and 11726148 showed good activity (MIC ranging from 0.02-0.09 μg/mL) and low toxicity (TD50 ≥ 5μg/mL) in vitro against M. tb strain H37Rv and HepG2 cells, respectively. 11626252 was the most selective compound from this series. Quinazoline derivatives were found to target cytochrome bc1 by whole-genome sequencing of mutants selected with 11626142. Two resistant mutants harboured the transversion T943G (Trp312Gly) and the transition G523A (Gly175Ser) in the cytochrome bc1 complex cytochrome b subunit (QcrB). Interestingly, a third mutant QuinR-M1 contained a mutation in the Rieske iron-sulphur protein (QcrA) leading to resistance to quinazoline and other QcrB inhibitors, the first report of cross-resistance involving QcrA. Modelling of both QcrA and QcrB revealed that all three resistance mutations are located in the stigmatellin pocket, as previously observed for other QcrB inhibitors such as Q203, AX-35, and lansoprazole sulfide (LPZs). Further analysis of the mode of action in vitro revealed that 11626252 exposure leads to ATP depletion, a decrease in the oxygen consumption rate and also overexpression of the cytochrome bd oxidase in M. tb. Our findings suggest that quinazoline-derived compounds are a new and attractive chemical entity for M. tb drug development targeting two separate subunits of the cytochrome bc1 complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Lupien
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Shi-Yan Foo
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Svetlana Savina
- Department of Stresses of Microorganisms, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anthony Vocat
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Piton
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Monakhova
- Department of Stresses of Microorganisms, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrej Benjak
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Vadim A. Makarov
- Department of Stresses of Microorganisms, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Stewart T. Cole
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Docteur Roux, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sorayah R, Manimekalai MSS, Shin SJ, Koh WJ, Grüber G, Pethe K. Naturally-Occurring Polymorphisms in QcrB Are Responsible for Resistance to Telacebec in Mycobacterium abscessus. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:2055-2060. [PMID: 31599569 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) is a rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria that is quickly emerging as a global health concern. M. abscessus pulmonary infections are frequently intractable due to the high intrinsic resistance to most antibiotics. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover effective pharmacological options for M. abscessus infections. In this study, the potency of the antituberculosis drug Telacebec (Q203) was evaluated against M. abscessus. Q203 is a clinical-stage drug candidate targeting the subunit QcrB of the cytochrome bc1:aa3 terminal oxidase. We demonstrated that the presence of four naturally-occurring polymorphisms in the M. abscessus QcrB is responsible for the high resistance of the bacterium to Q203. Genetics reversion of the four polymorphisms sensitized M. abscessus to Q203. While this study highlights the limitation of a direct drug repurposing approach of Q203 and related drugs for M. abscessus infections, it reveals that the M. abscessus cytochrome bc1:aa3 respiratory branch is sensitive to chemical inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Sorayah
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies (HealthTech NTU), Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | | | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Won-Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 16419, South Korea
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang K, Du Y, Si Z, Liu Y, Turvey ME, Raju C, Keogh D, Ruan L, Jothy SL, Reghu S, Marimuthu K, De PP, Ng OT, Mediavilla JR, Kreiswirth BN, Chi YR, Ren J, Tam KC, Liu XW, Duan H, Zhu Y, Mu Y, Hammond PT, Bazan GC, Pethe K, Chan-Park MB. Enantiomeric glycosylated cationic block co-beta-peptides eradicate Staphylococcus aureus biofilms and antibiotic-tolerant persisters. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4792. [PMID: 31636263 PMCID: PMC6803644 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of bacterial infections is hindered by the presence of biofilms and metabolically inactive persisters. Here, we report the synthesis of an enantiomeric block co-beta-peptide, poly(amido-D-glucose)-block-poly(beta-L-lysine), with high yield and purity by one-shot one-pot anionic-ring opening (co)polymerization. The co-beta-peptide is bactericidal against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), including replicating, biofilm and persister bacterial cells, and also disperses biofilm biomass. It is active towards community-acquired and hospital-associated MRSA strains which are resistant to multiple drugs including vancomycin and daptomycin. Its antibacterial activity is superior to that of vancomycin in MRSA mouse and human ex vivo skin infection models, with no acute in vivo toxicity in repeated dosing in mice at above therapeutic levels. The copolymer displays bacteria-activated surfactant-like properties, resulting from contact with the bacterial envelope. Our results indicate that this class of non-toxic molecule, effective against different bacterial sub-populations, has promising potential for the treatment of S. aureus infections. The authors report the synthesis of an enantiomeric block co-beta-peptide that kills methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, including biofilm and persister bacterial cells, and disperses biofilms. The copolymer displays antibacterial activity in human ex vivo and mouse in vivo infection models without toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yu Du
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhangyong Si
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yang Liu
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Michelle E Turvey
- Infectious Disease Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology Centre, 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Cheerlavancha Raju
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Damien Keogh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Lin Ruan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Subramanion L Jothy
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Sheethal Reghu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Kalisvar Marimuthu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308442, Singapore
| | - Partha Pratim De
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Oon Tek Ng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308442, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - José R Mediavilla
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - Barry N Kreiswirth
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Kam C Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Hongwei Duan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuguang Mu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9510, USA
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore.
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore. .,Centre for Antimicrobial Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kalia NP, Shi Lee B, Ab Rahman NB, Moraski GC, Miller MJ, Pethe K. Carbon metabolism modulates the efficacy of drugs targeting the cytochrome bc 1:aa 3 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8608. [PMID: 31197236 PMCID: PMC6565617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of carbon metabolism on oxidative phosphorylation is poorly understood in mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis expresses two respiratory terminal oxidases, the cytochrome bc1:aa3 and the cytochrome bd oxidase, which are jointly required for oxidative phosphorylation and mycobacterial viability. The essentiality of the cytochrome bc1:aa3 for optimum growth is illustrated by its vulnerability to chemical inhibition by the clinical drug candidate Q203 and several other chemical series. The cytochrome bd oxidase is not strictly essential for growth but is required to maintain bioenergetics when the function of the cytochrome bc1:aa3 is compromised. In this study, we observed that the potency of drugs targeting the cytochrome bc1:aa3 is influenced by carbon metabolism. The efficacy of Q203 and related derivatives was alleviated by glycerol supplementation. The negative effect of glycerol supplementation on Q203 potency correlated with an upregulation of the cytochrome bd oxidase-encoding cydABDC operon. Upon deletion of cydAB, the detrimental effect of glycerol on the potency of Q203 was abrogated. The same phenomenon was also observed in recent clinical isolates, but to a lesser extent compared to the laboratory-adapted strain H37Rv. This study reinforces the importance of optimizing in vitro culture conditions for drug evaluation in mycobacteria, a factor which appeared to be particularly essential for drugs targeting the cytochrome bc1:aa3 terminal oxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin P Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Nurlilah B Ab Rahman
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Garrett C Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bouvier G, Simenel C, Jang J, Kalia NP, Choi I, Nilges M, Pethe K, Izadi-Pruneyre N. Target Engagement and Binding Mode of an Antituberculosis Drug to Its Bacterial Target Deciphered in Whole Living Cells by NMR. Biochemistry 2019; 58:526-533. [PMID: 30521325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detailed information on hit-target interaction is very valuable for drug discovery efforts and indispensable for rational hit to lead optimization. We developed a new approach combining NMR in whole-cells in-cell NMR) and docking to characterize hit-target interaction at the atomic level. By using in-cell NMR, we validated target engagement of the antituberculosis imidazopyridine amide (IPA) series with the subunit b of the cytochrome bc1:aa3, the major respiratory terminal oxidase in mycobacteria. The most advanced IPA called Q203 is currently in clinical trial. Using its derivative IPA317, we identified the atoms of the drug interacting with the cytochrome b in whole cells. NMR data and the self-organizing map algorithm were used to cluster a large set of drug-target complex models. The selected ensemble revealed IPA317 in a transient cavity of the cytochrome b, interacting directly with the residue T313, which is the site of spontaneous mutation conferring resistance to the IPA series. Our approach constitutes a pipeline to obtain atomic information on hit-target interactions in the cellular context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bouvier
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry , Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, C3BI , USR3756 Paris , France
| | - Catherine Simenel
- NMR of Biomolecules Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry , Institut Pasteur, CNRS , UMR3528 Paris , France
| | - Jichan Jang
- Institut Pasteur Korea , 13488 Gyeonggi-do , Korea.,Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Life Science , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Korea 52828
| | - Nitin P Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 636921 Singapore
| | - Inhee Choi
- Institut Pasteur Korea , 13488 Gyeonggi-do , Korea
| | - Michael Nilges
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry , Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3528, C3BI , USR3756 Paris , France
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Institut Pasteur Korea , 13488 Gyeonggi-do , Korea.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 636921 Singapore
| | - Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre
- NMR of Biomolecules Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry , Institut Pasteur, CNRS , UMR3528 Paris , France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Scherr N, Bieri R, Thomas SS, Chauffour A, Kalia NP, Schneide P, Ruf MT, Lamelas A, Manimekalai MSS, Grüber G, Ishii N, Suzuki K, Tanner M, Moraski GC, Miller MJ, Witschel M, Jarlier V, Pluschke G, Pethe K. Targeting the Mycobacterium ulcerans cytochrome bc 1:aa 3 for the treatment of Buruli ulcer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5370. [PMID: 30560872 PMCID: PMC6299076 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, a neglected tropical skin disease that is most commonly found in children from West and Central Africa. Despite the severity of the infection, therapeutic options are limited to antibiotics with severe side effects. Here, we show that M. ulcerans is susceptible to the anti-tubercular drug Q203 and related compounds targeting the respiratory cytochrome bc1:aa3. While the cytochrome bc1:aa3 is the primary terminal oxidase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the presence of an alternate bd-type terminal oxidase limits the bactericidal and sterilizing potency of Q203 against this bacterium. M. ulcerans strains found in Buruli ulcer patients from Africa and Australia lost all alternate terminal electron acceptors and rely exclusively on the cytochrome bc1:aa3 to respire. As a result, Q203 is bactericidal at low dose against M. ulcerans replicating in vitro and in mice, making the drug a promising candidate for Buruli ulcer treatment. Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer (BU). Existing anti-tubercular drugs have been used to treat the condition with varying success. Here, the authors show that a clinical-stage drug candidate for tuberculosis, Q203, is effective at killing M. ulcerans and is a promising therapeutic candidate for BU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scherr
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Bieri
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001, Switzerland
| | - Sangeeta S Thomas
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Aurélie Chauffour
- CR7, INSERM, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Team E13 (Bactériologie), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | | | - Marie-Thérèse Ruf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001, Switzerland
| | - Araceli Lamelas
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001, Switzerland.,Red de Estudios Moleculares, AvanzadosInstituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, 91000, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Malathy S S Manimekalai
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 189-0002, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 189-0002, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, 4051, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001, Switzerland
| | - Garrett C Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | - Vincent Jarlier
- CR7, INSERM, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Team E13 (Bactériologie), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, 75005, France.,CNR-MyRMA, Bactériologie Hygiène, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitie Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Gerd Pluschke
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, 4051, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, 4001, Switzerland.
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, 636921, Singapore. .,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee BS, Kalia NP, Jin XEF, Hasenoehrl EJ, Berney M, Pethe K. Inhibitors of energy metabolism interfere with antibiotic-induced death in mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1936-1943. [PMID: 30530783 PMCID: PMC6369303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism has recently gained interest as a target space for antibiotic drug development in mycobacteria. Of particular importance is bedaquiline (Sirturo), which kills mycobacteria by inhibiting the F1F0 ATP synthase. Other components of the electron transport chain such as the NADH dehydrogenases (NDH-2 and NdhA) and the terminal respiratory oxidase bc1:aa3 are also susceptible to chemical inhibition. Because antituberculosis drugs are prescribed as part of combination therapies, the interaction between novel drugs targeting energy metabolism and classical first and second line antibiotics must be considered to maximize treatment efficiency. Here, we show that subinhibitory concentration of drugs targeting the F1F0 ATP synthase and the cytochrome bc1:aa3, as well as energy uncouplers, interfere with the bactericidal potency of isoniazid and moxifloxacin. Isoniazid- and moxifloxacin-induced mycobacterial death correlated with a transient increase in intracellular ATP that was dissipated by co-incubation with energy metabolism inhibitors. Although oxidative phosphorylation is a promising target space for drug development, a better understanding of the link between energy metabolism and antibiotic-induced mycobacterial death is essential to develop potent drug combinations for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Nitin P Kalia
- the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, and
| | - Xin Er F Jin
- the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, and
| | - Erik J Hasenoehrl
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Michael Berney
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Kevin Pethe
- From the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, .,the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, and
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee BS, Pethe K. Therapeutic potential of promiscuous targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 42:22-26. [PMID: 30015177 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the field of tuberculosis drug development, the term 'promiscuous' was coined to collectively describe targets that repeatedly show up in whole-cell screenings. With the current climate leaning towards the exclusion of these targets in future drug screens, this review discusses and clarifies misconceptions surrounding this classification, the prospects of developing compounds targeting promiscuous targets, and their potential impact on tuberculosis drug development. The dominance of these targets in cell-based screens reflect not only bias introduced by experimental setup, but also some of the pathogen's greatest vulnerabilities. Coupled with favourable predictions of their in vivo efficacies and synergism with other TB drugs, these targets open opportunities to be explored for the development of rational drug combination for tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chotirmall SH, Gellatly SL, Budden KF, Mac Aogain M, Shukla SD, Wood DLA, Hugenholtz P, Pethe K, Hansbro PM. Microbiomes in respiratory health and disease: An Asia-Pacific perspective. Respirology 2017; 22:240-250. [PMID: 28102970 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is currently enormous interest in studying the role of the microbiome in health and disease. Microbiome's role is increasingly being applied to respiratory diseases, in particular COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. The changes in respiratory microbiomes that occur in these diseases and how they are modified by environmental challenges such as cigarette smoke, air pollution and infection are being elucidated. There is also emerging evidence that gut microbiomes play a role in lung diseases through the modulation of systemic immune responses and can be modified by diet and antibiotic treatment. There are issues that are particular to the Asia-Pacific region involving diet and prevalence of specific respiratory diseases. Each of these issues is further complicated by the effects of ageing. The challenges now are to elucidate the cause and effect relationships between changes in microbiomes and respiratory diseases and how to translate these into new treatments and clinical care. Here we review the current understanding and progression in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Shaan L Gellatly
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kurtis F Budden
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Micheál Mac Aogain
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David L A Wood
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hou Z, Shankar YV, Liu Y, Ding F, Subramanion JL, Ravikumar V, Zamudio-Vázquez R, Keogh D, Lim H, Tay MYF, Bhattacharjya S, Rice SA, Shi J, Duan H, Liu XW, Mu Y, Tan NS, Tam KC, Pethe K, Chan-Park MB. Nanoparticles of Short Cationic Peptidopolysaccharide Self-Assembled by Hydrogen Bonding with Antibacterial Effect against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:38288-38303. [PMID: 29028315 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and polymers are active against many multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, but only a limited number of these compounds are in clinical use due to their unselective toxicity. The typical strategy for achieving selective antibacterial efficacy with low mammalian cell toxicity is through balancing the ratio of cationicity to hydrophobicity. Herein, we report a cationic nanoparticle self-assembled from chitosan-graft-oligolysine (CSM5-K5) chains with ultralow molecular weight (1450 Da) that selectively kills bacteria. Further, hydrogen bonding rather than the typical hydrophobic interaction causes the polymer chains to be aggregated together in water into small nanoparticles (with about 37 nm hydrodynamic radius) to concentrate the cationic charge of the lysine. When complexed with bacterial membrane, these cationic nanoparticles synergistically cluster anionic membrane lipids and produce a greater membrane perturbation and antibacterial effect than would be achievable by the same quantity of charge if dispersed in individual copolymer molecules in solution. The small zeta potential (+15 mV) and lack of hydrophobicity of the nanoparticles impedes the insertion of the copolymer into the cell bilayer to improve biocompatibility. In vivo study (using a murine excisional wound model) shows that CSM5-K5 suppresses the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria by 4.0 orders of magnitude, an efficacy comparable to that of the last resort MRSA antibiotic vancomycin; it is also noninflammatory with little/no activation of neutrophils (CD11b and Ly6G immune cells). This study demonstrates a promising new class of cationic polymers-short cationic peptidopolysaccharides-that effectively attack MDR bacteria due to the synergistic clustering of, rather than insertion into, bacterial anionic lipids by the concentrated polymers in the resulting hydrogen-bonding-stabilized cationic nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yang Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | | | - Vikashini Ravikumar
- Singapore Center for Environmental and Life Sciences (SCELSE) , 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | | | - Huiwen Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Moon Yue Feng Tay
- Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Scott A Rice
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Singapore Center for Environmental and Life Sciences (SCELSE) , 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jian Shi
- NUS Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore , 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
| | | | - Xue-Wei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuguang Mu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Kam C Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Mary B Chan-Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ang MLT, Zainul Rahim SZ, de Sessions PF, Lin W, Koh V, Pethe K, Hibberd ML, Alonso S. EthA/R-Independent Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Ethionamide. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:710. [PMID: 28487681 PMCID: PMC5403819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETH) is part of the drug arsenal available to treat multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. The current paradigm of this pro-drug activation involves the mycobacterial enzyme EthA and the transcriptional repressor, EthR. However, several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of additional players. The ethA/R locus was deleted in Mycobacterium bovis BCG and three Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains. While complete resistance to ETH was observed with BCG ethA/R KO, drug susceptibility and dose-dependent killing were retained in the ethA/R KO MTB mutants, suggesting the existence of an alternative pathway of ETH bio-activation in MTB. We further demonstrated that this alternative pathway is EthR-independent, whereby re-introduction of ethR in ethA/R KO MTB did not lead to increased resistance to ETH. Consistently, ethA KO MTB (with intact ethR expression) displayed similar ETH susceptibility profile as their ethA/R KO counterparts. To identify the alternative ETH bio-activator, spontaneous ETH-resistant mutants were obtained from ethA/R KO MTB and whole genome sequencing identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in mshA, involved in mycothiol biosynthesis and previously linked to ETH resistance. Deletion of mshA in ethA/R KO MTB led to complete ETH resistance, supporting that the role of MshA in ETH killing is EthA/R-independent. Furthermore mshA single KO MTB displayed levels of ETH resistance similar or greater than those obtained with ethA/R KO strains, supporting that mshA is as critical as ethA/R for ETH killing efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L T Ang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineSingapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Siti Z Zainul Rahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineSingapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineSingapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Vanessa Koh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineSingapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Genome Institute of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineSingapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Leung JM, Tiew PY, Mac Aogáin M, Budden KF, Yong VFL, Thomas SS, Pethe K, Hansbro PM, Chotirmall SH. The role of acute and chronic respiratory colonization and infections in the pathogenesis of COPD. Respirology 2017; 22:634-650. [PMID: 28342288 PMCID: PMC7169176 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COPD is a major global concern, increasingly so in the context of ageing populations. The role of infections in disease pathogenesis and progression is known to be important, yet the mechanisms involved remain to be fully elucidated. While COPD pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are strongly associated with acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), the clinical relevance of these pathogens in stable COPD patients remains unclear. Immune responses in stable and colonized COPD patients are comparable to those detected in AECOPD, supporting a role for chronic colonization in COPD pathogenesis through perpetuation of deleterious immune responses. Advances in molecular diagnostics and metagenomics now allow the assessment of microbe–COPD interactions with unprecedented personalization and precision, revealing changes in microbiota associated with the COPD disease state. As microbial changes associated with AECOPD, disease severity and therapeutic intervention become apparent, a renewed focus has been placed on the microbiology of COPD and the characterization of the lung microbiome in both its acute and chronic states. Characterization of bacterial, viral and fungal microbiota as part of the lung microbiome has the potential to reveal previously unrecognized prognostic markers of COPD that predict disease outcome or infection susceptibility. Addressing such knowledge gaps will ultimately lead to a more complete understanding of the microbe–host interplay in COPD. This will permit clearer distinctions between acute and chronic infections and more granular patient stratification that will enable better management of these features and of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Leung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pei Yee Tiew
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Micheál Mac Aogáin
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kurtis F Budden
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Sangeeta S Thomas
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Murima P, Zimmermann M, Chopra T, Pojer F, Fonti G, Dal Peraro M, Alonso S, Sauer U, Pethe K, McKinney JD. A rheostat mechanism governs the bifurcation of carbon flux in mycobacteria. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12527. [PMID: 27555519 PMCID: PMC4999502 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism is an important feature of the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during infection. Consumption of fatty acids requires regulation of carbon flux bifurcation between the oxidative TCA cycle and the glyoxylate shunt. In Escherichia coli, flux bifurcation is regulated by phosphorylation-mediated inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), a paradigmatic example of post-translational mechanisms governing metabolic fluxes. Here, we demonstrate that, in contrast to E. coli, carbon flux bifurcation in mycobacteria is regulated not by phosphorylation but through metabolic cross-activation of ICD by glyoxylate, which is produced by the glyoxylate shunt enzyme isocitrate lyase (ICL). This regulatory circuit maintains stable partitioning of fluxes, thus ensuring a balance between anaplerosis, energy production, and precursor biosynthesis. The rheostat-like mechanism of metabolite-mediated control of flux partitioning demonstrates the importance of allosteric regulation during metabolic steady-state. The sensitivity of this regulatory mechanism to perturbations presents a potentially attractive target for chemotherapy. Microbes survive in dynamic environments by modulating their intracellular metabolism. Here, the authors reveal that mycobacteria employ a rheostat-like mechanism to regulate carbon flux between the oxidative TCA cycle and the glyoxylate shunt during glucose-acetate diauxic shift.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Murima
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tarun Chopra
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Crystallography Platform, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Fonti
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636 921, Singapore
| | - John D McKinney
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ang MLT, Pethe K. Contribution of high-content imaging technologies to the development of anti-infective drugs. Cytometry A 2016; 89:755-60. [PMID: 27272127 PMCID: PMC5089693 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Originally developed to study fundamental aspects of cellular biology, high‐content imaging (HCI) was rapidly adapted to study host–pathogen interactions at the cellular level and adopted as a technology of choice to unravel disease biology. HCI platforms allow for the visualization and quantification of discrete phenotypes that cannot be captured using classical screening approaches. A key advantage of high‐content screening technologies lies in the possibility to develop and interrogate physiologically significant, predictive ex vivo disease models that reproduce complex conditions relevant for infection. Here we review and discuss recent advances in HCI technologies and chemical biology approaches that are contributing to an increased understanding of the intricate host–pathogen interrelationship on the cellular level, and which will foster the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of human bacterial and protozoan infections. © 2016 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lay Teng Ang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|