1
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Adolph C, Cheung CY, McNeil MB, Jowsey WJ, Williams ZC, Hards K, Harold LK, Aboelela A, Bujaroski RS, Buckley BJ, Tyndall JDA, Li Z, Langer JD, Preiss L, Meier T, Steyn AJC, Rhee KY, Berney M, Kelso MJ, Cook GM. A dual-targeting succinate dehydrogenase and F 1F o-ATP synthase inhibitor rapidly sterilizes replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:683-698.e7. [PMID: 38151019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial bioenergetics is a validated target space for antitubercular drug development. Here, we identify BB2-50F, a 6-substituted 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride derivative as a potent, multi-targeting bioenergetic inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We show that BB2-50F rapidly sterilizes both replicating and non-replicating cultures of M. tuberculosis and synergizes with several tuberculosis drugs. Target identification experiments, supported by docking studies, showed that BB2-50F targets the membrane-embedded c-ring of the F1Fo-ATP synthase and the catalytic subunit (substrate-binding site) of succinate dehydrogenase. Biochemical assays and metabolomic profiling showed that BB2-50F inhibits succinate oxidation, decreases the activity of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and results in succinate secretion from M. tuberculosis. Moreover, we show that the lethality of BB2-50F under aerobic conditions involves the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, this study identifies BB2-50F as an effective inhibitor of M. tuberculosis and highlights that targeting multiple components of the mycobacterial respiratory chain can produce fast-acting antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Adolph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Matthew B McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - William J Jowsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Zoe C Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Liam K Harold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Richard S Bujaroski
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Buckley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julian D Langer
- Proteomics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Preiss
- Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Meier
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu, Natal, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, Centers for AIDs Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand.
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2
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Olmo-Fontánez AM, Scordo JM, Schami A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Pino PA, Hicks A, Mishra R, Jose Maselli D, Peters JI, Restrepo BI, Nargan K, Naidoo T, Clemens DL, Steyn AJC, Thacker VV, Turner J, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB. Human alveolar lining fluid from the elderly promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis intracellular growth and translocation into the cytosol of alveolar epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:155-168. [PMID: 38185331 PMCID: PMC11034793 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The elderly population is highly susceptible to developing respiratory diseases, including tuberculosis, a devastating disease caused by the airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) that kills one person every 18 seconds. Once M.tb reaches the alveolar space, it contacts alveolar lining fluid (ALF), which dictates host-cell interactions. We previously determined that age-associated dysfunction of soluble innate components in human ALF leads to accelerated M.tb growth within human alveolar macrophages. Here we determined the impact of human ALF on M.tb infection of alveolar epithelial type cells (ATs), another critical lung cellular determinant of infection. We observed that elderly ALF (E-ALF)-exposed M.tb had significantly increased intracellular growth with rapid replication in ATs compared to adult ALF (A-ALF)-exposed bacteria, as well as a dampened inflammatory response. A potential mechanism underlying this accelerated growth in ATs was our observation of increased bacterial translocation into the cytosol, a compartment that favors bacterial replication. These findings in the context of our previous studies highlight how the oxidative and dysfunctional status of the elderly lung mucosa determines susceptibility to M.tb infection, including dampening immune responses and favoring bacterial replication within alveolar resident cell populations, including ATs, the most abundant resident cell type within the alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Olmo-Fontánez
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA.
| | - Julia M Scordo
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alyssa Schami
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Paula A Pino
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Amberlee Hicks
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Richa Mishra
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diego Jose Maselli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jay I Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Blanca I Restrepo
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Brownsville campus, Brownsville, Texas, USA; South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Kievershen Nargan
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Threnesan Naidoo
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Daniel L Clemens
- University of California, Los Angeles Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Vivek V Thacker
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joanne Turner
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA; International Center for the Advancement of Research and Education (I●CARE), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, US.
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3
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Barilar I, Battaglia S, Borroni E, Brandao AP, Brankin A, Cabibbe AM, Carter J, Chetty D, Cirillo DM, Claxton P, Clifton DA, Cohen T, Coronel J, Crook DW, Dreyer V, Earle SG, Escuyer V, Ferrazoli L, Fowler PW, Gao GF, Gardy J, Gharbia S, Ghisi KT, Ghodousi A, Gibertoni Cruz AL, Grandjean L, Grazian C, Groenheit R, Guthrie JL, He W, Hoffmann H, Hoosdally SJ, Hunt M, Iqbal Z, Ismail NA, Jarrett L, Joseph L, Jou R, Kambli P, Khot R, Knaggs J, Koch A, Kohlerschmidt D, Kouchaki S, Lachapelle AS, Lalvani A, Lapierre SG, Laurenson IF, Letcher B, Lin WH, Liu C, Liu D, Malone KM, Mandal A, Mansjö M, Calisto Matias DVL, Meintjes G, de Freitas Mendes F, Merker M, Mihalic M, Millard J, Miotto P, Mistry N, Moore D, Musser KA, Ngcamu D, Nhung HN, Niemann S, Nilgiriwala KS, Nimmo C, O’Donnell M, Okozi N, Oliveira RS, Omar SV, Paton N, Peto TEA, Pinhata JMW, Plesnik S, Puyen ZM, Rabodoarivelo MS, Rakotosamimanana N, Rancoita PMV, Rathod P, Robinson ER, Rodger G, Rodrigues C, Rodwell TC, Roohi A, Santos-Lazaro D, Shah S, Smith G, Kohl TA, Solano W, Spitaleri A, Steyn AJC, Supply P, Surve U, Tahseen S, Thuong NTT, Thwaites G, Todt K, Trovato A, Utpatel C, Van Rie A, Vijay S, Walker AS, Walker TM, Warren R, Werngren J, Wijkander M, Wilkinson RJ, Wilson DJ, Wintringer P, Xiao YX, Yang Y, Yanlin Z, Yao SY, Zhu B. Quantitative measurement of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals genetic determinants of resistance and susceptibility in a target gene approach. Nat Commun 2024; 15:488. [PMID: 38216576 PMCID: PMC10786857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has a goal of universal drug susceptibility testing for patients with tuberculosis. However, molecular diagnostics to date have focused largely on first-line drugs and predicting susceptibilities in a binary manner (classifying strains as either susceptible or resistant). Here, we used a multivariable linear mixed model alongside whole genome sequencing and a quantitative microtiter plate assay to relate genomic mutations to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in 15,211 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from 23 countries across five continents. We identified 492 unique MIC-elevating variants across 13 drugs, as well as 91 mutations likely linked to hypersensitivity. Our results advance genetics-based diagnostics for tuberculosis and serve as a curated training/testing dataset for development of drug resistance prediction algorithms.
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Fernández Requena B, Nadeem S, Reddy VP, Naidoo V, Glasgow JN, Steyn AJC, Barbas C, Gonzalez-Riano C. LiLA: lipid lung-based ATLAS built through a comprehensive workflow designed for an accurate lipid annotation. Commun Biol 2024; 7:45. [PMID: 38182666 PMCID: PMC10770321 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate lipid annotation is crucial for understanding the role of lipids in health and disease and identifying therapeutic targets. However, annotating the wide variety of lipid species in biological samples remains challenging in untargeted lipidomic studies. In this work, we present a lipid annotation workflow based on LC-MS and MS/MS strategies, the combination of four bioinformatic tools, and a decision tree to support the accurate annotation and semi-quantification of the lipid species present in lung tissue from control mice. The proposed workflow allowed us to generate a lipid lung-based ATLAS (LiLA), which was then employed to unveil the lipidomic signatures of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection at two different time points for a deeper understanding of the disease progression. This workflow, combined with manual inspection strategies of MS/MS data, can enhance the annotation process for lipidomic studies and guide the generation of sample-specific lipidome maps. LiLA serves as a freely available data resource that can be employed in future studies to address lipidomic alterations in mice lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Fernández Requena
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, España
| | - Sajid Nadeem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, España.
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Riano
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, España.
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5
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Pacl HT, Chinta KC, Reddy VP, Nadeem S, Sevalkar RR, Nargan K, Lumamba K, Naidoo T, Glasgow JN, Agarwal A, Steyn AJC. NAD(H) homeostasis underlies host protection mediated by glycolytic myeloid cells in tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5472. [PMID: 37673914 PMCID: PMC10482943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) disrupts glycolytic flux in infected myeloid cells through an unclear mechanism. Flux through the glycolytic pathway in myeloid cells is inextricably linked to the availability of NAD+, which is maintained by NAD+ salvage and lactate metabolism. Using lung tissue from tuberculosis (TB) patients and myeloid deficient LDHA (LdhaLysM-/-) mice, we demonstrate that glycolysis in myeloid cells is essential for protective immunity in TB. Glycolytic myeloid cells are essential for the early recruitment of multiple classes of immune cells and IFNγ-mediated protection. We identify NAD+ depletion as central to the glycolytic inhibition caused by Mtb. Lastly, we show that the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide exerts a host-dependent, antimycobacterial effect, and that nicotinamide prophylaxis and treatment reduce Mtb lung burden in mice. These findings provide insight into how Mtb alters host metabolism through perturbation of NAD(H) homeostasis and reprogramming of glycolysis, highlighting this pathway as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden T Pacl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sajid Nadeem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ritesh R Sevalkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kievershen Nargan
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kapongo Lumamba
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Threnesan Naidoo
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Walter Sisulu University, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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6
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Ahmed M, Mackenzie J, Tezera L, Krause R, Truebody B, Garay-Baquero D, Vallejo A, Govender K, Adamson J, Fisher H, Essex JW, Mansour S, Elkington P, Steyn AJC, Leslie A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis senses host Interferon-γ via the membrane protein MmpL10. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1317. [PMID: 36456824 PMCID: PMC9715692 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most successful human pathogens. Several cytokines are known to increase virulence of bacterial pathogens, leading us to investigate whether Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a central regulator of the immune defense against Mtb, has a direct effect on the bacteria. We found that recombinant and T-cell derived IFN-γ rapidly induced a dose-dependent increase in the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of Mtb, consistent with increased bacterial respiration. This was not observed in attenuated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and did not occur for other cytokines tested, including TNF-α. IFN-γ binds to the cell surface of intact Mtb, but not BCG. Mass spectrometry identified mycobacterial membrane protein large 10 (MmpL10) as the transmembrane binding partner of IFN-γ, supported by molecular modelling studies. IFN-γ binding and the OCR response was absent in Mtb Δmmpl10 strain and restored by complementation with wildtype mmpl10. RNA-sequencing and RT-PCR of Mtb exposed to IFN-γ revealed a distinct transcriptional profile, including genes involved in virulence. In a 3D granuloma model, IFN-γ promoted Mtb growth, which was lost in the Mtb Δmmpl10 strain and restored by complementation, supporting the involvement of MmpL10 in the response to IFN-γ. Finally, IFN-γ addition resulted in sterilization of Mtb cultures treated with isoniazid, indicating clearance of phenotypically resistant bacteria that persist in the presence of drug alone. Together our data are the first description of a mechanism allowing Mtb to respond to host immune activation that may be important in the immunopathogenesis of TB and have use in novel eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Jared Mackenzie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Liku Tezera
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert Krause
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Barry Truebody
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Diana Garay-Baquero
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Andres Vallejo
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Katya Govender
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - John Adamson
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Hayden Fisher
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jonathan W Essex
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Salah Mansour
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paul Elkington
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, USA
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
- College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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7
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Wells G, Glasgow JN, Nargan K, Lumamba K, Madansein R, Maharaj K, Perumal LY, Matthew M, Hunter RL, Pacl H, Peabody Lever JE, Stanford DD, Singh SP, Bajpai P, Manne U, Benson PV, Rowe SM, le Roux S, Sigal A, Tshibalanganda M, Wells C, du Plessis A, Msimang M, Naidoo T, Steyn AJC. A high-resolution 3D atlas of the spectrum of tuberculous and COVID-19 lung lesions. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e16283. [PMID: 36285507 PMCID: PMC9641421 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of the spectrum of TB and COVID-19 lesions in the human lung is limited by a reliance on low-resolution imaging platforms that cannot provide accurate 3D representations of lesion types within the context of the whole lung. To characterize TB and COVID-19 lesions in 3D, we applied micro/nanocomputed tomography to surgically resected, postmortem, and paraffin-embedded human lung tissue. We define a spectrum of TB pathologies, including cavitary lesions, calcium deposits outside and inside necrotic granulomas and mycetomas, and vascular rearrangement. We identified an unusual spatial arrangement of vasculature within an entire COVID-19 lobe, and 3D segmentation of blood vessels revealed microangiopathy associated with hemorrhage. Notably, segmentation of pathological anomalies reveals hidden pathological structures that might otherwise be disregarded, demonstrating a powerful method to visualize pathologies in 3D in TB lung tissue and whole COVID-19 lobes. These findings provide unexpected new insight into the spatial organization of the spectrum of TB and COVID-19 lesions within the framework of the entire lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Wells
- Africa Health Research InstituteUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Kievershen Nargan
- Africa Health Research InstituteUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Kapongo Lumamba
- Africa Health Research InstituteUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Kameel Maharaj
- Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Leon Y Perumal
- Perumal & Partners RadiologistsAhmed Al‐Kadi Private HospitalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Malcolm Matthew
- Perumal & Partners RadiologistsAhmed Al‐Kadi Private HospitalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Sciences Center at HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Hayden Pacl
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | | | - Denise D Stanford
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
- Cystic Fibrosis Research CenterUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Satinder P Singh
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Prachi Bajpai
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Paul V Benson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
- Cystic Fibrosis Research CenterUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | | | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research InstituteUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Muofhe Tshibalanganda
- Research Group 3D Innovation, Physics DepartmentStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Carlyn Wells
- CT Scanner Facility, Central Analytical FacilitiesStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Anton du Plessis
- Research Group 3D Innovation, Physics DepartmentStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
- Object Research SystemsMontrealQCCanada
| | - Mpumelelo Msimang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory ServiceInkosi Albert Luthuli Central HospitalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Threnesan Naidoo
- Africa Health Research InstituteUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory ServiceInkosi Albert Luthuli Central HospitalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & PathologyWalter Sisulu UniversityEastern CapeSouth Africa
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research InstituteUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical BiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
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8
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Sevalkar RR, Glasgow JN, Pettinati M, Marti MA, Reddy VP, Basu S, Alipour E, Kim-Shapiro DB, Estrin DA, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosS binds H 2S through its Fe 3+ heme iron to regulate the DosR dormancy regulon. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102316. [PMID: 35489241 PMCID: PMC9062744 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) senses and responds to host-derived gasotransmitters NO and CO via heme-containing sensor kinases DosS and DosT and the response regulator DosR. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule in mammals, but its role in Mtb physiology is unclear. We have previously shown that exogenous H2S can modulate expression of genes in the Dos dormancy regulon via an unknown mechanism(s). Here, we test the hypothesis that Mtb senses and responds to H2S via the DosS/T/R system. Using UV-Vis and EPR spectroscopy, we show that H2S binds directly to the ferric (Fe3+) heme of DosS (KDapp = 5.30 μM) but not the ferrous (Fe2+) form. No interaction with DosT(Fe2+-O2) was detected. We found that the binding of sulfide can slowly reduce the DosS heme iron to the ferrous form. Steered Molecular Dynamics simulations show that H2S, and not the charged HS- species, can enter the DosS heme pocket. We also show that H2S increases DosS autokinase activity and subsequent phosphorylation of DosR, and H2S-mediated increases in Dos regulon gene expression is lost in Mtb lacking DosS. Finally, we demonstrate that physiological levels of H2S in macrophages can induce DosR regulon genes via DosS. Overall, these data reveal a novel mechanism whereby Mtb senses and responds to a third host gasotransmitter, H2S, via DosS(Fe3+). These findings highlight the remarkable plasticity of DosS and establish a new paradigm for how bacteria can sense multiple gasotransmitters through a single heme sensor kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh R Sevalkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Martín Pettinati
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Marti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Swati Basu
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elmira Alipour
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Dario A Estrin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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9
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McCaffrey EF, Donato M, Keren L, Chen Z, Delmastro A, Fitzpatrick MB, Gupta S, Greenwald NF, Baranski A, Graf W, Kumar R, Bosse M, Fullaway CC, Ramdial PK, Forgó E, Jojic V, Van Valen D, Mehra S, Khader SA, Bendall SC, van de Rijn M, Kalman D, Kaushal D, Hunter RL, Banaei N, Steyn AJC, Khatri P, Angelo M. Author Correction: The immunoregulatory landscape of human tuberculosis granulomas. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:814. [PMID: 35277696 PMCID: PMC9098386 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin F McCaffrey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michele Donato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leeat Keren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zhenghao Chen
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alea Delmastro
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sanjana Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Noah F Greenwald
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alex Baranski
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William Graf
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Rashmi Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Pratista K Ramdial
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Erna Forgó
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - David Van Valen
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kalman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Niaz Banaei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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10
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Benson PV, Litovsky SH, Steyn AJC, Margaroli C, Iriabho E, Anderson PG. Use of Telepathology to Facilitate COVID-19 Research and Education through an Online COVID-19 Autopsy Biorepository. J Pathol Inform 2021; 12:48. [PMID: 34934523 PMCID: PMC8652340 DOI: 10.4103/jpi.jpi_15_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the use of technology for communication including departmental conferences, working remotely, and distance teaching. Methods to enable these activities should be developed and promulgated. Objective: To repurpose a preexisting educational website to enable the development of a COVID-19 autopsy biorepository to support distance teaching and COVID-19 research. Methods: After consent was obtained, autopsies were performed on patients with a confirmed positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain reaction test. Autopsies were performed according to a COVID-19 protocol, and all patients underwent both gross and microscopic examination. The H and E histology slides were scanned using a Leica Biosystems Aperio CS ScanScope whole slide scanner and the digital slide files were converted to deep zoom images that could be uploaded to the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Pathology Educational Instructional Resource website where virtual microscopy of the slides is available. Results: A total of 551 autopsy slides from 24 UAB COVID-19 cases, 1 influenza H1N1 case and 1 tuberculosis case were scanned and uploaded. Five separate COVID-19 research teams used the digital slides remotely with or without a pathologist on a Zoom call. The scanned slides were used to produce one published case report and one published research project. The digital COVID-19 autopsy biorepository was routinely used for educational conferences and research meetings locally, nationally and internationally. Conclusion: The repurposing of a pre-existing website enabled telepathology consultation for research and education purposes. Combined with other communication technology (Zoom) this achievement highlights what is possible using pre-existing technologies during a global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Benson
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Durban, South Africa, South Africa
| | - Silvio H Litovsky
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Durban, South Africa, South Africa
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Camilla Margaroli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Egiebade Iriabho
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics & Bioinformatics, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Peter G Anderson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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11
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Gliddon HD, Frampton D, Munsamy V, Heaney J, Pataillot-Meakin T, Nastouli E, Pym AS, Steyn AJC, Pillay D, McKendry RA. A Rapid Drug Resistance Genotyping Workflow for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Using Targeted Isothermal Amplification and Nanopore Sequencing. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0061021. [PMID: 34817282 PMCID: PMC8612157 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00610-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) for tuberculosis (TB) requires weeks to yield results. Although molecular tests rapidly detect drug resistance-associated mutations (DRMs), they are not scalable to cover the full genome and the many DRMs that can predict resistance. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) methods are scalable, but if conducted directly on sputum, typically require a target enrichment step, such as nucleic acid amplification. We developed a targeted isothermal amplification-nanopore sequencing workflow for rapid prediction of drug resistance of TB isolates. We used recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) to perform targeted isothermal amplification (37°C for 90 min) of three regions within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, followed by nanopore sequencing on the MinION. We tested 29 mycobacterial genomic DNA extracts from patients with drug-resistant (DR) TB and compared our results to those of WGS by Illumina and phenotypic DST to evaluate the accuracy of prediction of resistance to rifampin and isoniazid. Amplification by RPA showed fidelity equivalent to that of high-fidelity PCR (100% concordance). Nanopore sequencing generated DRM predictions identical to those of WGS, with considerably faster sequencing run times of minutes rather than days. The sensitivity and specificity of rifampin resistance prediction for our workflow were 96.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.0 to 99.9%) and 100.0% (95% CI, 15.8 to 100.0%), respectively. For isoniazid resistance prediction, the sensitivity and specificity were 100.0% (95% CI, 86.3 to 100.0%) and 100.0% (95% CI, 39.8 to 100.0%), respectively. The workflow consumable costs per sample are less than £100. Our rapid and low-cost drug resistance genotyping workflow provides accurate prediction of rifampin and isoniazid resistance, making it appropriate for use in resource-limited settings. IMPORTANCE Current methods for diagnosing drug-resistant tuberculosis are time consuming, resulting in delays in patients receiving treatment and in transmission onwards. They also require a high level of laboratory infrastructure, which is often only available at centralized facilities, resulting in further delays to diagnosis and additional barriers to deployment in resource-limited settings. This article describes a new workflow that can diagnose drug-resistant TB in a shorter time, with less equipment, and for a lower price than current methods. The amount of TB DNA is first increased without the need for bulky and costly thermocycling equipment. The DNA is then read using a portable sequencer called a MinION, which indicates whether there are tell-tale changes in the DNA that indicate whether the TB strain is drug resistant. Our workflow could play an important role in the future in the fight against the public health challenge that is TB drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet D. Gliddon
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Public Health Speciality Training Programme, South West, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Frampton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanisha Munsamy
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jude Heaney
- Department of Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Pataillot-Meakin
- Department of Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Department of Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S. Pym
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Deenan Pillay
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Africa Health Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rachel A. McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Rodel HE, Ferreira IATM, Ziegler CGK, Ganga Y, Bernstein M, Hwa SH, Nargan K, Lustig G, Kaplan G, Noursadeghi M, Shalek AK, Steyn AJC, Sigal A. Aggregated Mycobacterium tuberculosis Enhances the Inflammatory Response. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:757134. [PMID: 34925266 PMCID: PMC8674758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.757134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacilli readily aggregate. We previously reported that Mtb aggregates lead to phagocyte death and subsequent efficient replication in the dead infected cells. Here, we examined the transcriptional response of human monocyte derived macrophages to phagocytosis of aggregated Mtb relative to phagocytosis of non-aggregated single or multiple bacilli. Infection with aggregated Mtb led to an early upregulation of pro-inflammatory associated genes and enhanced TNFα signaling via the NFκB pathway. These pathways were significantly more upregulated relative to infection with single or multiple non-aggregated bacilli per cell. Phagocytosis of aggregates led to a decreased phagosome acidification on a per bacillus basis and increased phagocyte cell death, which was not observed when Mtb aggregates were heat killed prior to phagocytosis. Mtb aggregates, observed in a granuloma from a patient, were found surrounding a lesion cavity. These observations suggest that TB aggregation may be a mechanism for pathogenesis. They raise the possibility that aggregated Mtb, if spread from individual to individual, could facilitate increased inflammation, Mtb growth, and macrophage cell death, potentially leading to active disease, cell necrosis, and additional cycles of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylton E Rodel
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yashica Ganga
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Shi-Hsia Hwa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gila Lustig
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Centres for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Cumming BM, Baig Z, Addicott KW, Chen D, Steyn AJC. Erratum for Cumming et al., "Host Bioenergetic Parameters Reveal Cytotoxicity of Antituberculosis Drugs Undetected Using Conventional Viability Assays". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0196821. [PMID: 34787469 PMCID: PMC8597726 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01968-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette M. Cumming
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Zainab Baig
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Kelvin W. Addicott
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Centers for AIDS Research and for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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14
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Wells G, Glasgow JN, Nargan K, Lumamba K, Madansein R, Maharaj K, Hunter RL, Naidoo T, Coetzer L, le Roux S, du Plessis A, Steyn AJC. Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis of the Human Tuberculous Lung Reveals Remarkable Heterogeneity in Three-dimensional Granuloma Morphology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:583-595. [PMID: 34015247 PMCID: PMC8491258 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202101-0032oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Our current understanding of tuberculosis (TB) pathophysiology is limited by a reliance on animal models, the paucity of human TB lung tissue, and traditional histopathological analysis, a destructive two-dimensional approach that provides limited spatial insight. Determining the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the necrotic granuloma, a characteristic feature of TB, will more accurately inform preventive TB strategies.Objectives: To ascertain the 3D shape of the human tuberculous granuloma and its spatial relationship with airways and vasculature within large lung tissues.Methods: We characterized the 3D microanatomical environment of human tuberculous lungs by using micro computed tomography, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. By using 3D segmentation software, we accurately reconstructed TB granulomas, vasculature, and airways in three dimensions and confirmed our findings by using histopathology and immunohistochemistry.Measurements and Main Results: We observed marked heterogeneity in the morphology, volume, and number of TB granulomas in human lung sections. Unlike depictions of granulomas as simple spherical structures, human necrotic granulomas exhibit complex, cylindrical, branched morphologies that are connected to the airways and shaped by the bronchi. The use of 3D imaging of human TB lung sections provides unanticipated insight into the spatial organization of TB granulomas in relation to the airways and vasculature.Conclusions: Our findings highlight the likelihood that a single, structurally complex lesion could be mistakenly viewed as multiple independent lesions when evaluated in two dimensions. In addition, the lack of vascularization within obstructed bronchi establishes a paradigm for antimycobacterial drug tolerance. Lastly, our results suggest that bronchogenic spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reseeds the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Wells
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Kievershen Nargan
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kapongo Lumamba
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kameel Maharaj
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Robert L. Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Threnesan Naidoo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa; and
| | - Llelani Coetzer
- Computed Tomography Scanner Facility, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Stephan le Roux
- Computed Tomography Scanner Facility, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anton du Plessis
- Computed Tomography Scanner Facility, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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15
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Kunota TTR, Rahman MA, Truebody BE, Mackenzie JS, Saini V, Lamprecht DA, Adamson JH, Sevalkar RR, Lancaster JR, Berney M, Glasgow JN, Steyn AJC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 2S Functions as a Sink to Modulate Central Metabolism, Bioenergetics, and Drug Susceptibility. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1285. [PMID: 34439535 PMCID: PMC8389258 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
H2S is a potent gasotransmitter in eukaryotes and bacteria. Host-derived H2S has been shown to profoundly alter M. tuberculosis (Mtb) energy metabolism and growth. However, compelling evidence for endogenous production of H2S and its role in Mtb physiology is lacking. We show that multidrug-resistant and drug-susceptible clinical Mtb strains produce H2S, whereas H2S production in non-pathogenic M. smegmatis is barely detectable. We identified Rv3684 (Cds1) as an H2S-producing enzyme in Mtb and show that cds1 disruption reduces, but does not eliminate, H2S production, suggesting the involvement of multiple genes in H2S production. We identified endogenous H2S to be an effector molecule that maintains bioenergetic homeostasis by stimulating respiration primarily via cytochrome bd. Importantly, H2S plays a key role in central metabolism by modulating the balance between oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, and it functions as a sink to recycle sulfur atoms back to cysteine to maintain sulfur homeostasis. Lastly, Mtb-generated H2S regulates redox homeostasis and susceptibility to anti-TB drugs clofazimine and rifampicin. These findings reveal previously unknown facets of Mtb physiology and have implications for routine laboratory culturing, understanding drug susceptibility, and improved diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafara T. R. Kunota
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Md. Aejazur Rahman
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Barry E. Truebody
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Jared S. Mackenzie
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Dirk A. Lamprecht
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - John H. Adamson
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Ritesh R. Sevalkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.R.S.); (J.N.G.)
| | - Jack R. Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10462, USA;
| | - Joel N. Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.R.S.); (J.N.G.)
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; (T.T.R.K.); (M.A.R.); (B.E.T.); (J.S.M.); (D.A.L.); (J.H.A.)
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.R.S.); (J.N.G.)
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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16
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Cai Y, Jaecklein E, Mackenzie JS, Papavinasasundaram K, Olive AJ, Chen X, Steyn AJC, Sassetti CM. Host immunity increases Mycobacterium tuberculosis reliance on cytochrome bd oxidase. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008911. [PMID: 34320028 PMCID: PMC8351954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to sustain a persistent infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) must adapt to a changing environment that is shaped by the developing immune response. This necessity to adapt is evident in the flexibility of many aspects of Mtb metabolism, including a respiratory chain that consists of two distinct terminal cytochrome oxidase complexes. Under the conditions tested thus far, the bc1/aa3 complex appears to play a dominant role, while the alternative bd oxidase is largely redundant. However, the presence of two terminal oxidases in this obligate pathogen implies that respiratory requirements might change during infection. We report that the cytochrome bd oxidase is specifically required for resisting the adaptive immune response. While the bd oxidase was dispensable for growth in resting macrophages and the establishment of infection in mice, this complex was necessary for optimal fitness after the initiation of adaptive immunity. This requirement was dependent on lymphocyte-derived interferon gamma (IFNγ), but did not involve nitrogen and oxygen radicals that are known to inhibit respiration in other contexts. Instead, we found that ΔcydA mutants were hypersusceptible to the low pH encountered in IFNγ-activated macrophages. Unlike wild type Mtb, cytochrome bd-deficient bacteria were unable to sustain a maximal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) at low pH, indicating that the remaining cytochrome bc1/aa3 complex is preferentially inhibited under acidic conditions. Consistent with this model, the potency of the cytochrome bc1/aa3 inhibitor, Q203, is dramatically enhanced at low pH. This work identifies a critical interaction between host immunity and pathogen respiration that influences both the progression of the infection and the efficacy of potential new TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Eleni Jaecklein
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Kadamba Papavinasasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Olive
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Christopher M Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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17
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Pacl HT, Tipper JL, Sevalkar RR, Crouse A, Crowder C, Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Holder GD, Kuhlman CJ, Chinta KC, Nadeem S, Green TJ, Petit CM, Steyn AJC, Might M, Harrod KS. Water-soluble tocopherol derivatives inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 34282419 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.13.449251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has led to the global pandemic of the severe disease COVID-19 in humans. While efforts to quickly identify effective antiviral therapies have focused largely on repurposing existing drugs 1-4 , the current standard of care, remdesivir, remains the only authorized antiviral intervention of COVID-19 and provides only modest clinical benefits 5 . Here we show that water-soluble derivatives of α-tocopherol have potent antiviral activity and synergize with remdesivir as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Through an artificial-intelligence-driven in silico screen and in vitro viral inhibition assay, we identified D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as an effective antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and β-coronaviruses more broadly that also displays strong synergy with remdesivir. We subsequently determined that TPGS and other water-soluble derivatives of α-tocopherol inhibit the transcriptional activity of purified SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and identified affinity binding sites for these compounds within a conserved, hydrophobic interface between SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 7 and nonstructural protein 8 that is functionally implicated in the assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp 6 . In summary, we conclude that solubilizing modifications to α-tocopherol allow it to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, making it an effective antiviral molecule alone and even more so in combination with remdesivir. These findings are significant given that many tocopherol derivatives, including TPGS, are considered safe for humans, orally bioavailable, and dramatically enhance the activity of the only approved antiviral for SARS-CoV-2 infection 7-9 .
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18
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Manjeese W, Mvubu NE, Steyn AJC, Mpofana T. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a leaky blood-brain barrier and neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum regions of infected mice offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:428-437. [PMID: 33932039 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The maternal system's exposure to pathogens influences foetal brain development through the influx of maternal cytokines and activation of the foetal immune status to a persistent inflammatory state characterised by glia cell activation. Neuroinflammation influences the blood-brain barrier's (BBB) permeability allowing peripheral immune cell trafficking into the brain. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a pathogen that causes Tuberculosis (TB), a global pandemic responsible for health and economic burdens. Although it is known that maternal infections increase the risk of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is not known whether gestational Mtb infections also contribute to impaired foetal neurodevelopment. Here we infect pregnant Balb/c mice with Mtb H37Rv and Valproic acid (VPA) individually and in combination. Neuroinflammation was measured by assessing microglia and astrocyte population in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cerebellum (CER) of pups. Mtb infection increased the microglia population and caused morphological changes to a reactive phenotype in the PFC. Also, the astrocyte population was significantly increased in the PFC of Mtb pups. The BBB permeability was determined by measuring the Evans Blue (EB) dye concentration in the PFC and CER 1 hr post receiving intravenous EB-dye injection. We found that prenatal Mtb exposure significantly increased the BBB's permeability in the PFC and CER of pups versus saline. Overall, our data demonstrate that prenatal exposure to Mtb predisposes offspring to a higher risk of BBB damage while inducing persistent neuroinflammation, which could lead to impaired neuronal development and function. These findings implicate a potential role of gestational Mtb infections in the aetiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadzanai Manjeese
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nontobeko E Mvubu
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Africa Health Research Institute, K-Rith Tower Building, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Thabisile Mpofana
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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19
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Lee BS, Hards K, Engelhart CA, Hasenoehrl EJ, Kalia NP, Mackenzie JS, Sviriaeva E, Chong SMS, Manimekalai MSS, Koh VH, Chan J, Xu J, Alonso S, Miller MJ, Steyn AJC, Grüber G, Schnappinger D, Berney M, Cook GM, Moraski GC, Pethe K. Dual inhibition of the terminal oxidases eradicates antibiotic-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13207. [PMID: 33283973 PMCID: PMC7799364 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of bedaquiline has placed energy metabolism in the limelight as an attractive target space for tuberculosis antibiotic development. While bedaquiline inhibits the mycobacterial F1 F0 ATP synthase, small molecules targeting other components of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway have been identified. Of particular interest is Telacebec (Q203), a phase 2 drug candidate inhibitor of the cytochrome bcc:aa3 terminal oxidase. A functional redundancy between the cytochrome bcc:aa3 and the cytochrome bd oxidase protects M. tuberculosis from Q203-induced death, highlighting the attractiveness of the bd-type terminal oxidase for drug development. Here, we employed a facile whole-cell screen approach to identify the cytochrome bd inhibitor ND-011992. Although ND-011992 is ineffective on its own, it inhibits respiration and ATP homeostasis in combination with Q203. The drug combination was bactericidal against replicating and antibiotic-tolerant, non-replicating mycobacteria, and increased efficacy relative to that of a single drug in a mouse model. These findings suggest that a cytochrome bd oxidase inhibitor will add value to a drug combination targeting oxidative phosphorylation for tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi Lee
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Curtis A Engelhart
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Erik J Hasenoehrl
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Nitin P Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Ramalingaswami FellowClinical Microbiology DivisionCSIR‐IIIMJammu and KashmirIndia
| | - Jared S Mackenzie
- Africa Health Research InstituteNelson R. Mandela School of MedicineUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Shi Min Sherilyn Chong
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and MedicineInterdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Vanessa H Koh
- Department of MicrobiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Infectious Disease ProgrammeDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - John Chan
- Department of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Jiayong Xu
- Department of MedicineAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of MicrobiologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Infectious Disease ProgrammeDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameINUSA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research InstituteNelson R. Mandela School of MedicineUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of AlabamaBirminghamALUSA
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Garrett C Moraski
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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20
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Rahman MA, Glasgow JN, Nadeem S, Reddy VP, Sevalkar RR, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. The Role of Host-Generated H 2S in Microbial Pathogenesis: New Perspectives on Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:586923. [PMID: 33330130 PMCID: PMC7711268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.586923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was considered primarily as a poisonous gas and environmental hazard. However, with the discovery of prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes for H2S production, breakdown, and utilization, H2S has emerged as an important signaling molecule in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Hence, H2S is considered a gasotransmitter along with nitric oxide (•NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Surprisingly, despite having overlapping functions with •NO and CO, the role of host H2S in microbial pathogenesis is understudied and represents a gap in our knowledge. Given the numerous reports that followed the discovery of •NO and CO and their respective roles in microbial pathogenesis, we anticipate a rapid increase in studies that further define the importance of H2S in microbial pathogenesis, which may lead to new virulence paradigms. Therefore, this review provides an overview of sulfide chemistry, enzymatic production of H2S, and the importance of H2S in metabolism and immunity in response to microbial pathogens. We then describe our current understanding of the role of host-derived H2S in tuberculosis (TB) disease, including its influences on host immunity and bioenergetics, and on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth and survival. Finally, this review discusses the utility of H2S-donor compounds, inhibitors of H2S-producing enzymes, and their potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sajid Nadeem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ritesh R Sevalkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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21
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Russell SL, Lamprecht DA, Mandizvo T, Jones TT, Naidoo V, Addicott KW, Moodley C, Ngcobo B, Crossman DK, Wells G, Steyn AJC. Compromised Metabolic Reprogramming Is an Early Indicator of CD8 + T Cell Dysfunction during Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3564-3579.e5. [PMID: 31825836 PMCID: PMC6915325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunometabolic mechanisms underlying suboptimal T cell immunity in tuberculosis remain undefined. Here, we examine how chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and M. bovis BCG infections rewire metabolic circuits and alter effector functions in lung CD8+ T cells. As Mtb infection progresses, mitochondrial metabolism deteriorates in CD8+ T cells, resulting in an increased dependency on glycolysis that potentiates inflammatory cytokine production. Over time, these cells develop bioenergetic deficiencies that reflect metabolic “quiescence.” This bioenergetic signature coincides with increased mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibitory receptor expression and was not observed in BCG infection. Remarkably, the Mtb-triggered decline in T cell bioenergetics can be reinvigorated by metformin, giving rise to an Mtb-specific CD8+ T cell population with improved metabolism. These findings provide insights into Mtb pathogenesis whereby glycolytic reprogramming and compromised mitochondrial function contribute to the breakdown of CD8+ T cell immunity during chronic disease, highlighting opportunities to reinvigorate immunity with metabolically targeted pharmacologic agents. T cells from Mtb and BCG infections have unique metabolic and functional signatures Mitochondrial metabolism deteriorates in effector T cells as Mtb infection persists Metformin rejuvenates mitochondrial metabolism in T cells from Mtb-infected mice The breakdown of Mtb immunity during chronic disease is linked to immunometabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Terrence T Jones
- Health Science Center (UTHSC), Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Vanessa Naidoo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | | | | | - Bongani Ngcobo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - David K Crossman
- Heflin Center for Genomic Science, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35487, USA
| | - Gordon Wells
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35487, USA; Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35487, USA; Center for Free Radical Biology (CFRB), University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35487, USA.
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22
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Cumming BM, Pacl HT, Steyn AJC. Relevance of the Warburg Effect in Tuberculosis for Host-Directed Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:576596. [PMID: 33072629 PMCID: PMC7531540 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.576596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) was responsible for more deaths in 2019 than any other infectious agent. This epidemic is exacerbated by the ongoing development of multi-drug resistance and HIV co-infection. Recent studies have therefore focused on identifying host-directed therapies (HDTs) that can be used in combination with anti-mycobacterial drugs to shorten the duration of TB treatment and improve TB outcomes. In searching for effective HDTs for TB, studies have looked toward immunometabolism, the study of the role of metabolism in host immunity and, in particular, the Warburg effect. Across a variety of experimental paradigms ranging from in vitro systems to the clinic, studies on the role of the Warburg effect in TB have produced seemingly conflicting results and contradictory conclusions. To reconcile this literature, we take a historical approach to revisit the definition of the Warburg effect, re-examine the foundational papers on the Warburg effect in the cancer field and explore its application to immunometabolism. With a firm context established, we assess the literature investigating metabolism and immunometabolism in TB for sufficient evidence to support the role of the Warburg effect in TB immunity. The effects of the differences between animal models, species of origin of the macrophages, duration of infection and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains used for these studies are highlighted. In addition, the shortcomings of using 2-deoxyglucose as an inhibitor of glycolysis are discussed. We conclude by proposing experimental criteria that are essential for future studies on the Warburg effect in TB to assist with the research for HDTs to combat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayden T Pacl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Centers for Free Radical Biology (CFRB) and AIDS Research (CFAR), University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
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23
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Dunlap MD, Prince OA, Rangel-Moreno J, Thomas KA, Scordo JM, Torrelles JB, Cox J, Steyn AJC, Zúñiga J, Kaushal D, Khader SA. Formation of Lung Inducible Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue Is Regulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Expressed Determinants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1325. [PMID: 32695111 PMCID: PMC7338767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of the infectious disease tuberculosis (TB), which is a leading cause of death worldwide. Approximately one fourth of the world's population is infected with Mtb. A major unresolved question is delineating the inducers of protective long-lasting immune response without inducing overt, lung inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the presence of inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (iBALT) correlate with protection from Mtb infection. In this study, we hypothesized that specific Mtb factors could influence the formation of iBALT, thus skewing the outcome of TB disease. We infected non-human primates (NHPs) with a transposon mutant library of Mtb, and identified specific Mtb mutants that were over-represented within iBALT-containing granulomas. A major pathway reflected in these mutants was Mtb cell wall lipid transport and metabolism. We mechanistically addressed the function of one such Mtb mutant lacking mycobacteria membrane protein large 7 (MmpL7), which transports phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) to the mycobacterial outer membrane (MOM). Accordingly, murine aerosol infection with the Mtb mutant Δmmpl7 correlated with increased iBALT-containing granulomas. Our studies showed that the Δmmpl7 mutant lacking PDIMs on the surface overexpressed diacyl trehaloses (DATs) in the cell wall, which altered the cytokine/chemokine production of epithelial and myeloid cells, thus leading to a dampened inflammatory response. Thus, this study describes an Mtb specific factor that participates in the induction of iBALT formation during TB by directly modulating cytokine and chemokine production in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D Dunlap
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Oliver A Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Kimberly A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Julia M Scordo
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Jeffery Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States.,African Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Division of Bacteriology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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24
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Fernández-García M, Rey-Stolle F, Boccard J, Reddy VP, García A, Cumming BM, Steyn AJC, Rudaz S, Barbas C. Comprehensive Examination of the Mouse Lung Metabolome Following Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Using a Multiplatform Mass Spectrometry Approach. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2053-2070. [PMID: 32285670 PMCID: PMC7199213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) rewires the host metabolism in vivo are surprisingly unexplored. Here, we used three high-resolution mass spectrometry platforms to track altered lung metabolic changes associated with Mtb infection of mice. The multiplatform data sets were merged using consensus orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (cOPLS-DA), an algorithm that allows for the joint interpretation of the results from a single multivariate analysis. We show that Mtb infection triggers a temporal and progressive catabolic state to satisfy the continuously changing energy demand to control infection. This causes dysregulation of metabolic and oxido-reductive pathways culminating in Mtb-associated wasting. Notably, high abundances of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), produced by the host from the bacterial metabolite trimethylamine upon infection, suggest that Mtb could exploit TMAO as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. Overall, these new pathway alterations advance our understanding of the link between Mtb pathogenesis and metabolic dysregulation and could serve as a foundation for new therapeutic intervention strategies. Mass spectrometry data has been deposited in the Metabolomics Workbench repository (data-set identifier: ST001328).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández-García
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | - Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | - Julien Boccard
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Lausanne and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Vineel P. Reddy
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Antonia García
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | | | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Africa
Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
- UAB
Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Lausanne and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
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25
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Saini V, Chinta KC, Reddy VP, Glasgow JN, Stein A, Lamprecht DA, Rahman MA, Mackenzie JS, Truebody BE, Adamson JH, Kunota TTR, Bailey SM, Moellering DR, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. Hydrogen sulfide stimulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis respiration, growth and pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:557. [PMID: 31992699 PMCID: PMC6987094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in numerous pathophysiological processes and shares overlapping functions with CO and •NO. However, the importance of host-derived H2S in microbial pathogenesis is unknown. Here we show that Mtb-infected mice deficient in the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) survive longer with reduced organ burden, and that pharmacological inhibition of CBS reduces Mtb bacillary load in mice. High-resolution respirometry, transcriptomics and mass spectrometry establish that H2S stimulates Mtb respiration and bioenergetics predominantly via cytochrome bd oxidase, and that H2S reverses •NO-mediated inhibition of Mtb respiration. Further, exposure of Mtb to H2S regulates genes involved in sulfur and copper metabolism and the Dos regulon. Our results indicate that Mtb exploits host-derived H2S to promote growth and disease, and suggest that host-directed therapies targeting H2S production may be potentially useful for the management of tuberculosis and other microbial infections. The importance of host-produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in microbial pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, Saini et al. show that H2S alters Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) central metabolism, stimulates respiration to promote growth and TB disease, and upregulates the Dos regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Asaf Stein
- Department of Environment Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dirk A Lamprecht
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shannon M Bailey
- Department of Environment Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Douglas R Moellering
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Medicine, and Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. .,Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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26
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Frank DJ, Horne DJ, Dutta NK, Shaku MT, Madensein R, Hawn TR, Steyn AJC, Karakousis PC, Kana BD, Meintjes G, Laughon B, Tanvir Z. Remembering the Host in Tuberculosis Drug Development. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1518-1524. [PMID: 30590592 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
New therapeutics to augment current approaches and shorten treatment duration are of critical importance for combating tuberculosis (TB), especially those with novel mechanisms of action to counter the emergence of drug-resistant TB. Host-directed therapy (HDT) offers a novel strategy with mechanisms that include activating immune defense mechanisms or ameliorating tissue damage. These and related concepts will be discussed along with issues that emerged from the workshop organized by the Stop TB Working Group on New Drugs, held at the Gordon Research Conference for Tuberculosis Drug Development in Lucca, Italy in June 2017, titled "Strategic Discussion on Repurposing Drugs & Host Directed Therapies for TB." In this review, we will highlight recent data regarding drugs, pathways, and concepts that are important for successful development of HDTs for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Frank
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David J Horne
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Noton K Dutta
- Center for Tuberculosis Research and Center for Systems Approaches to Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Moagi Tube Shaku
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rajhmun Madensein
- Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Petros C Karakousis
- Center for Tuberculosis Research and Center for Systems Approaches to Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bavesh Davandra Kana
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, CAPRISA, Durban, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Stop TB Partnership Working Group on New Drugs, New York, New York
| | - Zaid Tanvir
- Stop TB Partnership Working Group on New Drugs, New York, New York.,Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, New York
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27
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Lupien A, Foo CSY, Savina S, Vocat A, Piton J, Monakhova N, Benjak A, Lamprecht DA, Steyn AJC, Pethe K, Makarov VA, Cole ST. New 2-Ethylthio-4-methylaminoquinazoline derivatives inhibiting two subunits of cytochrome bc1 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008270. [PMID: 31971990 PMCID: PMC6999911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug (MDR-TB) and extensively-drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a major threat to the global management of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. New chemical entities are of need to treat drug-resistant TB. In this study, the mode of action of new, potent quinazoline derivatives was investigated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Four derivatives 11626141, 11626142, 11626252 and 11726148 showed good activity (MIC ranging from 0.02-0.09 μg/mL) and low toxicity (TD50 ≥ 5μg/mL) in vitro against M. tb strain H37Rv and HepG2 cells, respectively. 11626252 was the most selective compound from this series. Quinazoline derivatives were found to target cytochrome bc1 by whole-genome sequencing of mutants selected with 11626142. Two resistant mutants harboured the transversion T943G (Trp312Gly) and the transition G523A (Gly175Ser) in the cytochrome bc1 complex cytochrome b subunit (QcrB). Interestingly, a third mutant QuinR-M1 contained a mutation in the Rieske iron-sulphur protein (QcrA) leading to resistance to quinazoline and other QcrB inhibitors, the first report of cross-resistance involving QcrA. Modelling of both QcrA and QcrB revealed that all three resistance mutations are located in the stigmatellin pocket, as previously observed for other QcrB inhibitors such as Q203, AX-35, and lansoprazole sulfide (LPZs). Further analysis of the mode of action in vitro revealed that 11626252 exposure leads to ATP depletion, a decrease in the oxygen consumption rate and also overexpression of the cytochrome bd oxidase in M. tb. Our findings suggest that quinazoline-derived compounds are a new and attractive chemical entity for M. tb drug development targeting two separate subunits of the cytochrome bc1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Lupien
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Shi-Yan Foo
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Svetlana Savina
- Department of Stresses of Microorganisms, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anthony Vocat
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Piton
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Monakhova
- Department of Stresses of Microorganisms, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrej Benjak
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Vadim A. Makarov
- Department of Stresses of Microorganisms, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Stewart T. Cole
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Docteur Roux, France
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28
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Chinta KC, Rahman MA, Saini V, Glasgow JN, Reddy VP, Lever JM, Nhamoyebonde S, Leslie A, Wells RM, Traylor A, Madansein R, Siegal GP, Antony VB, Deshane J, Wells G, Nargan K, George JF, Ramdial PK, Agarwal A, Steyn AJC. Microanatomic Distribution of Myeloid Heme Oxygenase-1 Protects against Free Radical-Mediated Immunopathology in Human Tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2019; 28:3286. [PMID: 31533049 PMCID: PMC6859473 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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29
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Chinta KC, Rahman MA, Saini V, Glasgow JN, Reddy VP, Lever JM, Nhamoyebonde S, Leslie A, Wells RM, Traylor A, Madansein R, Siegal GP, Antony VB, Deshane J, Wells G, Nargan K, George JF, Ramdial PK, Agarwal A, Steyn AJC. Microanatomic Distribution of Myeloid Heme Oxygenase-1 Protects against Free Radical-Mediated Immunopathology in Human Tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1938-1952.e5. [PMID: 30428359 PMCID: PMC6250977 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective enzyme that controls inflammatory responses and redox homeostasis; however, its role during pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains unclear. Using freshly resected human TB lung tissue, we examined the role of HO-1 within the cellular and pathological spectrum of TB. Flow cytometry and histopathological analysis of human TB lung tissues showed that HO-1 is expressed primarily in myeloid cells and that HO-1 levels in these cells were directly proportional to cytoprotection. HO-1 mitigates TB pathophysiology by diminishing myeloid cell-mediated oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen intermediates, which control granulocytic karyorrhexis to generate a zonal HO-1 response. Using whole-body or myeloid-specific HO-1-deficient mice, we demonstrate that HO-1 is required to control myeloid cell infiltration and inflammation to protect against TB progression. Overall, this study reveals that zonation of HO-1 in myeloid cells modulates free-radical-mediated stress, which regulates human TB immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeremie M Lever
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan M Wells
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Amie Traylor
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Gene P Siegal
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Veena B Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jessy Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gordon Wells
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | | | - James F George
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Pratistadevi K Ramdial
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, NHLS, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4091, South Africa
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa; UAB Center for AIDS Research, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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30
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Foo CS, Lupien A, Kienle M, Vocat A, Benjak A, Sommer R, Lamprecht DA, Steyn AJC, Pethe K, Piton J, Altmann KH, Cole ST. Arylvinylpiperazine Amides, a New Class of Potent Inhibitors Targeting QcrB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2018; 9:e01276-18. [PMID: 30301850 PMCID: PMC6178619 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01276-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New drugs are needed to control the current tuberculosis (TB) pandemic caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis We report here on our work with AX-35, an arylvinylpiperazine amide, and four related analogs, which are potent antitubercular agents in vitro All five compounds showed good activity against M. tuberculosisin vitro and in infected THP-1 macrophages, while displaying only mild cytotoxicity. Isolation and characterization of M. tuberculosis-resistant mutants to the arylvinylpiperazine amide derivative AX-35 revealed mutations in the qcrB gene encoding a subunit of cytochrome bc1 oxidase, one of two terminal oxidases of the electron transport chain. Cross-resistance studies, allelic exchange, transcriptomic analyses, and bioenergetic flux assays provided conclusive evidence that the cytochrome bc1-aa3 is the target of AX-35, although the compound appears to interact differently with the quinol binding pocket compared to previous QcrB inhibitors. The transcriptomic and bioenergetic profiles of M. tuberculosis treated with AX-35 were similar to those generated by other cytochrome bc1 oxidase inhibitors, including the compensatory role of the alternate terminal oxidase cytochrome bd in respiratory adaptation. In the absence of cytochrome bd oxidase, AX-35 was bactericidal against M. tuberculosis Finally, AX-35 and its analogs were active in an acute mouse model of TB infection, with two analogs displaying improved activity over the parent compound. Our findings will guide future lead optimization to produce a drug candidate for the treatment of TB and other mycobacterial diseases, including Buruli ulcer and leprosy.IMPORTANCE New drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are urgently needed to deal with the current global TB pandemic. We report here on the discovery of a series of arylvinylpiperazine amides (AX-35 to AX-39) that represent a promising new family of compounds with potent in vitro and in vivo activities against M. tuberculosis AX compounds target the QcrB subunit of the cytochrome bc1 terminal oxidase with a different mode of interaction compared to those of known QcrB inhibitors. This study provides the first multifaceted validation of QcrB inhibition by recombineering-mediated allelic exchange, gene expression profiling, and bioenergetic flux studies. It also provides further evidence for the compensatory role of cytochrome bd oxidase upon QcrB inhibition. In the absence of cytochrome bd oxidase, AX compounds are bactericidal, an encouraging property for future antimycobacterial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Foo
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andréanne Lupien
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maryline Kienle
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Vocat
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Benjak
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Sommer
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kevin Pethe
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jérémie Piton
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stewart T Cole
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Beteck RM, Seldon R, Coertzen D, van der Watt ME, Reader J, Mackenzie JS, Lamprecht DA, Abraham M, Eribez K, Müller J, Rui F, Zhu G, de Grano RV, Williams ID, Smit FJ, Steyn AJC, Winzeler EA, Hemphill A, Birkholtz LM, Warner DF, N’Da DD, Haynes RK. Accessible and distinct decoquinate derivatives active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and apicomplexan parasites. Commun Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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32
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Pacl HT, Reddy VP, Saini V, Chinta KC, Steyn AJC. Host-pathogen redox dynamics modulate Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4972762. [PMID: 29873719 PMCID: PMC5989597 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, encounters variable and hostile environments within the host. A major component of these hostile conditions is reductive and oxidative stresses induced by factors modified by the host immune response, such as oxygen tension, NO or CO gases, reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, the availability of different carbon sources and changes in pH. It is therefore essential for Mtb to continuously monitor and appropriately respond to the microenvironment. To this end, Mtb has developed various redox-sensitive systems capable of monitoring its intracellular redox environment and coordinating a response essential for virulence. Various aspects of Mtb physiology are regulated by these systems, including drug susceptibility, secretion systems, energy metabolism and dormancy. While great progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms and pathways that govern the response of Mtb to the host's redox environment, many questions in this area remain unanswered. The answers to these questions are promising avenues for addressing the tuberculosis crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden T Pacl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute, K-RITH Tower Building, Durban 4001, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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33
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Murugesan D, Ray PC, Bayliss T, Prosser GA, Harrison JR, Green K, Soares de Melo C, Feng TS, Street LJ, Chibale K, Warner DF, Mizrahi V, Epemolu O, Scullion P, Ellis L, Riley J, Shishikura Y, Ferguson L, Osuna-Cabello M, Read KD, Green SR, Lamprecht DA, Finin PM, Steyn AJC, Ioerger TR, Sacchettini J, Rhee KY, Arora K, Barry CE, Wyatt PG, Boshoff HIM. 2-Mercapto-Quinazolinones as Inhibitors of Type II NADH Dehydrogenase and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Structure-Activity Relationships, Mechanism of Action and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Characterization. ACS Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 29522317 PMCID: PMC5996347 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) possesses
two nonproton pumping type II NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2)
enzymes which are predicted to be jointly essential for respiratory
metabolism. Furthermore, the structure of a closely related bacterial
NDH-2 has been reported recently, allowing for the structure-based
design of small-molecule inhibitors. Herein, we disclose MTb whole-cell structure–activity relationships (SARs) for a series of 2-mercapto-quinazolinones which target the ndh encoded NDH-2 with nanomolar potencies. The compounds were inactivated by glutathione-dependent adduct formation as well as quinazolinone oxidation in microsomes. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated modest bioavailability and compound exposures. Resistance to the compounds in MTb was conferred by promoter mutations in the alternative nonessential NDH-2 encoded by ndhA in MTb. Bioenergetic analyses revealed a decrease in oxygen consumption rates in response to inhibitor in cells in which membrane potential was uncoupled from ATP production, while inverted membrane vesicles showed mercapto-quinazolinone-dependent inhibition of ATP production when NADH was the electron donor to the respiratory chain. Enzyme kinetic studies further demonstrated noncompetitive inhibition, suggesting binding of this scaffold to an allosteric site. In summary, while the initial MTb SAR showed limited improvement in potency, these results, combined with structural information on the bacterial protein, will aid in the future discovery of new and improved NDH-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinakaran Murugesan
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. Ray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Bayliss
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth A. Prosser
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Justin R. Harrison
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsteen Green
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Candice Soares de Melo
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Tzu-Shean Feng
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Leslie J. Street
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Digby F. Warner
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Ola Epemolu
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Scullion
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Ellis
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Yoko Shishikura
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Ferguson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Osuna-Cabello
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Green
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk A. Lamprecht
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), K-RITH Tower Building Level 3, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Peter M. Finin
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), K-RITH Tower Building Level 3, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), K-RITH Tower Building Level 3, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, United States
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jim Sacchettini
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kyu Y. Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kriti Arora
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Paul G. Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Sir James Black Centre, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Helena I. M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Reddy VP, Chinta KC, Saini V, Glasgow JN, Hull TD, Traylor A, Rey-Stolle F, Soares MP, Madansein R, Rahman MA, Barbas C, Nargan K, Naidoo T, Ramdial PK, George JF, Agarwal A, Steyn AJC. Ferritin H Deficiency in Myeloid Compartments Dysregulates Host Energy Metabolism and Increases Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:860. [PMID: 29774023 PMCID: PMC5943674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential factor for the growth and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, little is known about the mechanisms by which the host controls iron availability during infection. Since ferritin heavy chain (FtH) is a major intracellular source of reserve iron in the host, we hypothesized that the lack of FtH would cause dysregulated iron homeostasis to exacerbate TB disease. Therefore, we used knockout mice lacking FtH in myeloid-derived cell populations to study Mtb disease progression. We found that FtH plays a critical role in protecting mice against Mtb, as evidenced by increased organ burden, extrapulmonary dissemination, and decreased survival in Fth-/- mice. Flow cytometry analysis showed that reduced levels of FtH contribute to an excessive inflammatory response to exacerbate disease. Extracellular flux analysis showed that FtH is essential for maintaining bioenergetic homeostasis through oxidative phosphorylation. In support of these findings, RNAseq and mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated an essential role for FtH in mitochondrial function and maintenance of central intermediary metabolism in vivo. Further, we show that FtH deficiency leads to iron dysregulation through the hepcidin-ferroportin axis during infection. To assess the clinical significance of our animal studies, we performed a clinicopathological analysis of iron distribution within human TB lung tissue and showed that Mtb severely disrupts iron homeostasis in distinct microanatomic locations of the human lung. We identified hemorrhage as a major source of metabolically inert iron deposition. Importantly, we observed increased iron levels in human TB lung tissue compared to healthy tissue. Overall, these findings advance our understanding of the link between iron-dependent energy metabolism and immunity and provide new insight into iron distribution within the spectrum of human pulmonary TB. These metabolic mechanisms could serve as the foundation for novel host-directed strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineel P. Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Krishna C. Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joel N. Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Travis D. Hull
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Amie Traylor
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kievershen Nargan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Threnesan Naidoo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Pratistadevi K. Ramdial
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - James F. George
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa
- UAB Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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35
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Wang Z, Cumming BM, Mao C, Zhu Y, Lu P, Steyn AJC, Chen S, Hu Y. RbpA and σ B association regulates polyphosphate levels to modulate mycobacterial isoniazid-tolerance. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:627-640. [PMID: 29575247 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate survival under drug stresses, a small population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can tolerate bactericidal concentrations of drugs without genetic mutations. These drug-tolerant mycobacteria can be induced by environmental stresses and contribute to recalcitrant infections. However, mechanisms underlying the development of drug-tolerant mycobacteria remain obscure. Herein, we characterized a regulatory pathway which is important for the tolerance to isoniazid (INH) in Mycobacterium smegmatis. We found that the RNA polymerase binding protein RbpA associates with the stress response sigma factor σB , to activate the transcription of ppk1, the gene encoding polyphosphate kinase. Subsequently, intracellular levels of inorganic polyphosphate increase to promote INH-tolerant mycobacteria. Interestingly, σB and ppk1 expression varied proportionately in mycobacterial populations and positively correlated with tolerance to INH in individual mycobacteria. Moreover, sigB and ppk1 transcription are both induced upon nutrient depletion, a condition that stimulates the formation of INH-tolerant mycobacteria. Over-expression of ppk1 in rbpA knockdown or sigB deleted strains successfully restored the number of INH-tolerant mycobacteria under both normal growth and nutrient starved conditions. These data suggest that RbpA and σB regulate ppk1 expression to control drug tolerance both during the logarithmic growth phase and under the nutrition starved conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Chunyou Mao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Shiyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE L-ergothioneine is synthesized in actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, methylobacteria, and some fungi. In contrast to other low-molecular-weight redox buffers, glutathione and mycothiol, ergothioneine is primarily present as a thione rather than a thiol at physiological pH, which makes it resistant to autoxidation. Ergothioneine regulates microbial physiology and enables the survival of microbes under stressful conditions encountered in their natural environments. In particular, ergothioneine enables pathogenic microbes, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), to withstand hostile environments within the host to establish infection. Recent Advances: Ergothioneine has been reported to maintain bioenergetic homeostasis in Mtb and protect Mtb against oxidative stresses, thereby enhancing the virulence of Mtb in a mouse model. Furthermore, ergothioneine augments the resistance of Mtb to current frontline anti-TB drugs. Recently, an opportunistic fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus, which infects immunocompromised individuals, has been found to produce ergothioneine, which is important in conidial health and germination, and contributes to the fungal resistance against redox stresses. CRITICAL ISSUES The molecular mechanisms of the functions of ergothioneine in microbial physiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. It is currently not known if ergothioneine is used in detoxification or antioxidant enzymatic pathways. As ergothioneine is involved in bioenergetic and redox homeostasis and antibiotic susceptibility of Mtb, it is of utmost importance to advance our understanding of these mechanisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A clear understanding of the role of ergothioneine in microbes will advance our knowledge of how this thione enhances microbial virulence and resistance to the host's defense mechanisms to avoid complete eradication. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 431-444.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- 2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- 2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- 1 Africa Health Research Institute , Durban, South Africa .,2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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37
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Surolia R, Karki S, Wang Z, Kulkarni T, Li FJ, Vohra S, Batra H, Nick JA, Duncan SR, Thannickal VJ, Steyn AJC, Agarwal A, Antony VB. Attenuated heme oxygenase-1 responses predispose the elderly to pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L928-L940. [PMID: 27694475 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00397.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (P-NTM), such as by Mycobacterium avium complex (M. avium), are increasingly found in the elderly, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Recent studies suggest that adaptive immunity is necessary, but not sufficient, for host defense against mycobacteria. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been recognized as a critical modulator of granuloma formation and programmed cell death in mycobacterial infections. Old mice (18-21 mo) infected with M. avium had attenuated HO-1 response with diffuse inflammation, high burden of mycobacteria, poor granuloma formation, and decreased survival (45%), while young mice (4-6 mo) showed tight, well-defined granuloma, increased HO-1 expression, and increased survival (95%). To further test the role of HO-1 in increased susceptibility to P-NTM infections in the elderly, we used old and young HO-1+/+ and HO-1-/- mice. The transcriptional modulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in HO-1-/- mice due to M. avium infection demonstrated similarities to infected wild-type old mice with upregulation of SOCS3 and inhibition of Bcl2. Higher expression of SOCS3 with downregulation of Bcl2 resulted in higher macrophage death via cellular necrosis. Finally, peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) from elderly patients with P-NTM also demonstrated attenuated HO-1 responses after M. avium stimulation and increased cell death due to cellular necrosis (9.69% ± 2.02) compared with apoptosis (4.75% ± 0.98). The augmented risk for P-NTM in the elderly is due, in part, to attenuated HO-1 responses, subsequent upregulation of SOCS3, and inhibition of Bcl2, leading to programmed cell death of macrophages, and sustained infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Surolia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Suman Karki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tejaswini Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Fu Jun Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shikhar Vohra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hitesh Batra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jerry A Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Steven R Duncan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, Durban, South Africa; and
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Veena B Antony
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
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38
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Chen Z, Hu Y, Cumming BM, Lu P, Feng L, Deng J, Steyn AJC, Chen S. Mycobacterial WhiB6 Differentially Regulates ESX-1 and the Dos Regulon to Modulate Granuloma Formation and Virulence in Zebrafish. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2512-24. [PMID: 27545883 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is exposed to diverse redox stresses that trigger metabolic and physiological changes. How these stressors are sensed and relayed to the Mtb transcriptional apparatus remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that WhiB6 differentially regulates the ESX-1 and DosR regulons through its Fe-S cluster. When challenged with NO, WhiB6 continually activates expression of the DosR regulons but regulates ESX-1 expression through initial activation followed by gradual inhibition. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the holo- and reduced apo-WhiB6 complemented strains confirms these results and also reveals that WhiB6 controls aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, cell division, and virulence. Using the Mycobacterium marinum zebrafish infection model, we find that holo- and apo-WhiB6 modulate levels of mycobacterial infection, granuloma formation, and dissemination. These findings provide fresh insight into the role of WhiB6 in mycobacterial infection, dissemination, and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10086, China
| | - Yangbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bridgette M Cumming
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Pei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lipeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiaoyu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shiyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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39
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Lamprecht DA, Finin PM, Rahman MA, Cumming BM, Russell SL, Jonnala SR, Adamson JH, Steyn AJC. Turning the respiratory flexibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against itself. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12393. [PMID: 27506290 PMCID: PMC4987515 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) electron transport chain (ETC) has received significant attention as a drug target, however its vulnerability may be affected by its flexibility in response to disruption. Here we determine the effect of the ETC inhibitors bedaquiline, Q203 and clofazimine on the Mtb ETC, and the value of the ETC as a drug target, by measuring Mtb's respiration using extracellular flux technology. We find that Mtb's ETC rapidly reroutes around inhibition by these drugs and increases total respiration to maintain ATP levels. Rerouting is possible because Mtb rapidly switches between terminal oxidases, and, unlike eukaryotes, is not susceptible to back pressure. Increased ETC activity potentiates clofazimine's production of reactive oxygen species, causing rapid killing in vitro and in a macrophage model. Our results indicate that combination therapy targeting the ETC can be exploited to enhance killing of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A. Lamprecht
- KwaZulu Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), K-RITH Tower Building Level 3, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Peter M. Finin
- KwaZulu Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), K-RITH Tower Building Level 3, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 1218 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Md. Aejazur Rahman
- KwaZulu Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), K-RITH Tower Building Level 3, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Bridgette M. Cumming
- KwaZulu Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), K-RITH Tower Building Level 3, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Shannon L. Russell
- KwaZulu Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), K-RITH Tower Building Level 3, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | | | - John H. Adamson
- KwaZulu Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), K-RITH Tower Building Level 3, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- KwaZulu Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), K-RITH Tower Building Level 3, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA
- Centres for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA
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40
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Chinta KC, Saini V, Glasgow JN, Mazorodze JH, Rahman MA, Reddy D, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. The emerging role of gasotransmitters in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Nitric Oxide 2016; 59:28-41. [PMID: 27387335 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the second largest contributor to global mortality caused by an infectious agent after HIV. In infected host cells, Mtb is faced with a harsh intracellular environment including hypoxia and the release of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) by immune cells. Hypoxia, NO and CO induce a state of in vitro dormancy where Mtb senses these gases via the DosS and DosT heme sensor kinase proteins, which in turn induce a set of ∼47 genes, known as the Mtb Dos dormancy regulon. On the contrary, both iNOS and HO-1, which produce NO and CO, respectively, have been shown to be important against mycobacterial disease progression. In this review, we discuss the impact of O2, NO and CO on Mtb physiology and in host responses to Mtb infection as well as the potential role of another major endogenous gas, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in Mtb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James H Mazorodze
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (KRITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - Md Aejazur Rahman
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (KRITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - Darshan Reddy
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (KRITH), Durban, South Africa; UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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41
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Saini V, Cumming BM, Guidry L, Lamprecht DA, Adamson JH, Reddy VP, Chinta KC, Mazorodze JH, Glasgow JN, Richard-Greenblatt M, Gomez-Velasco A, Bach H, Av-Gay Y, Eoh H, Rhee K, Steyn AJC. Ergothioneine Maintains Redox and Bioenergetic Homeostasis Essential for Drug Susceptibility and Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2016; 14:572-585. [PMID: 26774486 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) maintains metabolic equilibrium to survive during infection and upon exposure to antimycobacterial drugs are poorly characterized. Ergothioneine (EGT) and mycothiol (MSH) are the major redox buffers present in Mtb, but the contribution of EGT to Mtb redox homeostasis and virulence remains unknown. We report that Mtb WhiB3, a 4Fe-4S redox sensor protein, regulates EGT production and maintains bioenergetic homeostasis. We show that central carbon metabolism and lipid precursors regulate EGT production and that EGT modulates drug sensitivity. Notably, EGT and MSH are both essential for redox and bioenergetic homeostasis. Transcriptomic analyses of EGT and MSH mutants indicate overlapping but distinct functions of EGT and MSH. Last, we show that EGT is critical for Mtb survival in both macrophages and mice. This study has uncovered a dynamic balance between Mtb redox and bioenergetic homeostasis, which critically influences Mtb drug susceptibility and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bridgette M Cumming
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Loni Guidry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dirk A Lamprecht
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - John H Adamson
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - James H Mazorodze
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | - Horacio Bach
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kyu Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa; Department of Pathology, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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42
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Richard-Greenblatt M, Bach H, Adamson J, Peña-Diaz S, Li W, Steyn AJC, Av-Gay Y. Regulation of Ergothioneine Biosynthesis and Its Effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth and Infectivity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23064-76. [PMID: 26229105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is synthesized in mycobacteria, but limited knowledge exists regarding its synthesis, physiological role, and regulation. We have identified Rv3701c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis to encode for EgtD, a required histidine methyltransferase that catalyzes first biosynthesis step in EGT biosynthesis. EgtD was found to be phosphorylated by the serine/threonine protein kinase PknD. PknD phosphorylates EgtD both in vitro and in a cell-based system on Thr(213). The phosphomimetic (T213E) but not the phosphoablative (T213A) mutant of EgtD failed to restore EGT synthesis in a ΔegtD mutant. The findings together with observed elevated levels of EGT in a pknD transposon mutant during in vitro growth suggests that EgtD phosphorylation by PknD negatively regulates EGT biosynthesis. We further showed that EGT is required in a nutrient-starved model of persistence and is needed for long term infection of murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Horacio Bach
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and
| | - John Adamson
- Kwazulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa 4001
| | - Sandra Peña-Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Wu Li
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China, and
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Kwazulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa 4001, Department of Microbiology and Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and
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43
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Wang Y, Jin TH, Farhana A, Freeman J, Estell K, Zmijewski JW, Gaggar A, Thannickal VJ, Schwiebert LM, Steyn AJC, Deshane JS. Exposure to cigarette smoke impacts myeloid-derived regulatory cell function and exacerbates airway hyper-responsiveness. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1312-25. [PMID: 25365203 PMCID: PMC4245361 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking enhances oxidative stress and airway inflammation in asthma, the mechanisms of which are largely unknown. Myeloid-derived regulatory cells (MDRC) are free radical producing immature myeloid cells with immunoregulatory properties that have recently been demonstrated as critical regulators of allergic airway inflammation. NO (nitric oxide)-producing immunosuppressive MDRC suppress T-cell proliferation and airway-hyper responsiveness (AHR), while the O2(•-) (superoxide)-producing MDRC are proinflammatory. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke (CS) exposure may impact MDRC function and contribute to exacerbations in asthma. Exposure of bone marrow (BM)-derived NO-producing MDRC to CS reduced the production of NO and its metabolites and inhibited their potential to suppress T-cell proliferation. Production of immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly inhibited, while proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-33 were enhanced in CS-exposed BM-MDRC. Additionally, CS exposure increased NF-κB activation and induced BM-MDRC-mediated production of O2(•-), via NF-κB-dependent pathway. Intratracheal transfer of smoke-exposed MDRC-producing proinflammatory cytokines increased NF-κB activation, reactive oxygen species and mucin production in vivo and exacerbated AHR in C57BL/6 mice, mice deficient in Type I IFNR and MyD88, both with reduced numbers of endogenous MDRC. Thus CS exposure modulates MDRC function and contributes to asthma exacerbation and identifies MDRC as potential targets for asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tong Huan Jin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aisha Farhana
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jason Freeman
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kim Estell
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jaroslaw W Zmijewski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lisa M Schwiebert
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- 1] Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA [2] KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jessy S Deshane
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Gopal R, Monin L, Torres D, Slight S, Mehra S, McKenna KC, Fallert Junecko BA, Reinhart TA, Kolls J, Báez-Saldaña R, Cruz-Lagunas A, Rodríguez-Reyna TS, Kumar NP, Tessier P, Roth J, Selman M, Becerril-Villanueva E, Baquera-Heredia J, Cumming B, Kasprowicz VO, Steyn AJC, Babu S, Kaushal D, Zúñiga J, Vogl T, Rangel-Moreno J, Khader SA. S100A8/A9 proteins mediate neutrophilic inflammation and lung pathology during tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:1137-46. [PMID: 24047412 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201304-0803oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A hallmark of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the formation of granulomas. However, the immune factors that drive the formation of a protective granuloma during latent TB, and the factors that drive the formation of inflammatory granulomas during active TB, are not well defined. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to identify the underlying immune mechanisms involved in formation of inflammatory granulomas seen during active TB. METHODS The immune mediators involved in inflammatory granuloma formation during TB were assessed using human samples and experimental models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, using molecular and immunologic techniques. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We demonstrate that in human patients with active TB and in nonhuman primate models of M. tuberculosis infection, neutrophils producing S100 proteins are dominant within the inflammatory lung granulomas seen during active TB. Using the mouse model of TB, we demonstrate that the exacerbated lung inflammation seen as a result of neutrophilic accumulation is dependent on S100A8/A9 proteins. S100A8/A9 proteins promote neutrophil accumulation by inducing production of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, and influencing leukocyte trafficking. Importantly, serum levels of S100A8/A9 proteins along with neutrophil-associated chemokines, such as keratinocyte chemoattractant, can be used as potential surrogate biomarkers to assess lung inflammation and disease severity in human TB. CONCLUSIONS Our results thus show a major pathologic role for S100A8/A9 proteins in mediating neutrophil accumulation and inflammation associated with TB. Thus, targeting specific molecules, such as S100A8/A9 proteins, has the potential to decrease lung tissue damage without impacting protective immunity against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Gopal
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, and
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45
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Chawla M, Parikh P, Saxena A, Munshi M, Mehta M, Mai D, Srivastava AK, Narasimhulu KV, Redding KE, Vashi N, Kumar D, Steyn AJC, Singh A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis WhiB4 regulates oxidative stress response to modulate survival and dissemination in vivo. Mol Microbiol 2012; 85:1148-65. [PMID: 22780904 PMCID: PMC3438311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Host-generated oxidative stress is considered one of the main mechanisms constraining Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth. The redox-sensing mechanisms in Mtb are not completely understood. Here we show that WhiB4 responds to oxygen (O2) and nitric oxide (NO) via its 4Fe-4S cluster and controls the oxidative stress response in Mtb. The WhiB4 mutant (MtbΔwhiB4) displayed an altered redox balance and a reduced membrane potential. Microarray analysis demonstrated that MtbΔwhiB4 overexpresses the antioxidant systems including alkyl hydroperoxidase (ahpC-ahpD) and rubredoxins (rubA-rubB). DNA binding assays showed that WhiB4 [4Fe-4S] cluster is dispensable for DNA binding. However, oxidation of the apo-WhiB4 Cys thiols induced disulphide-linked oligomerization, DNA binding and transcriptional repression, whereas reduction reversed the effect. Furthermore, WhiB4 binds DNA with a preference for GC-rich sequences. Expression analysis showed that oxidative stress repressed whiB4 and induced antioxidants in Mtb, while their hyper-induction was observed in MtbΔwhiB4. MtbΔwhiB4 showed increased resistance to oxidative stress in vitro and enhanced survival inside the macrophages. Lastly, MtbΔwhiB4 displayed hypervirulence in the lungs of guinea pigs, but showed a defect in dissemination to their spleen. These findings suggest that WhiB4 systematically calibrates the activation of oxidative stress response in Mtb to maintain redox balance, and to modulate virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manbeena Chawla
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
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Saini V, Farhana A, Steyn AJC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis WhiB3: a novel iron-sulfur cluster protein that regulates redox homeostasis and virulence. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:687-97. [PMID: 22010944 PMCID: PMC3277930 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), can persist in a latent state for decades without causing overt disease. Since latent Mtb is refractory to current antimycobacterial drugs, the discovery and characterization of the biological mechanisms controlling the entry, maintenance, and emergence from latent infection is critical to the development of novel clinical therapies. RECENT ADVANCES Recently, Mtb WhiB3, a member of the family of intracellular iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster proteins has emerged as a redox sensor and effector molecule controlling several aspects of Mtb virulence. WhiB3 was shown to contain a 4Fe-4S cluster that specifically reacts with important host gases (O(2) and NO), and exogenous and endogenous metabolic signals to maintain redox balance. Notably, the concept of reductive stress emerged from studies on WhiB3. CRITICAL ISSUES The detailed mechanism of how WhiB3 functions as an intracellular redox sensor is unknown. Sustaining Mtb redox balance is particularly important since the bacilli encounter a large number of redox stressors during infection, and because several antimycobacterial prodrugs are effective only upon bioreductive activation in the mycobacterial cytoplasm. FUTURE DIRECTIONS How Mtb WhiB3 monitors its internal and external surroundings and modulates endogenous oxido-reductive pathways which in turn alter Mtb signal transduction, nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and enzymatic activation, is mostly unexplored. Modern expression, metabolomic and proteomic technologies should provide fresh insights into these yet unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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47
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Farhana A, Guidry L, Srivastava A, Singh A, Hondalus MK, Steyn AJC. Reductive stress in microbes: implications for understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease and persistence. Adv Microb Physiol 2011; 57:43-117. [PMID: 21078441 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381045-8.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a remarkably successful pathogen that is capable of persisting in host tissues for decades without causing disease. Years after initial infection, the bacilli may resume growth, the outcome of which is active tuberculosis (TB). In order to establish infection, resist host defences and re-emerge, Mtb must coordinate its metabolism with the in vivo environmental conditions and nutrient availability within the primary site of infection, the lung. Maintaining metabolic homeostasis for an intracellular pathogen such as Mtb requires a carefully orchestrated series of oxidation-reduction reactions, which, if unbalanced, generate oxidative or reductive stress. The importance of oxidative stress in microbial pathogenesis has been appreciated and well studied over the past several decades. However, the role of its counterpart, reductive stress, has been largely ignored. Reductive stress is defined as an aberrant increase in reducing equivalents, the magnitude and identity of which is determined by host carbon source utilisation and influenced by the presence of host-generated gases (e.g. NO, CO, O(2) and CO(2)). This increased reductive power must be dissipated for bacterial survival. To recycle reducing equivalents, microbes have evolved unique electron 'sinks' that are distinct for their particular environmental niche. In this review, we describe the specific mechanisms that some microbes have evolved to dispel reductive stress. The intention of this review is to introduce the concept of reductive stress, in tuberculosis research in particular, in the hope of stimulating new avenues of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Farhana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Mai D, Jones J, Rodgers JW, Hartman JL, Kutsch O, Steyn AJC. A screen to identify small molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions in mycobacteria. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 9:299-310. [PMID: 21281130 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2010.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts in tuberculosis (TB) drug research, very few novel inhibitors have been discovered. This issue emphasizes the need for innovative methods to discover new anti-TB drugs. In this study, we established a new high-throughput screen (HTS) platform technology that differs from traditional TB drug screens because it utilizes Mycobacterial-Protein Fragment Complementation (M-PFC) to identify small molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions in mycobacteria. Several examples of protein-protein interactions were tested with M-PFC to highlight the diversity of selectable drug targets that could be used for screening. These included interactions of essential regulators (IdeR dimerization), enzymatic complexes (LeuCD), secretory antigens (Cfp10-Esat6), and signaling pathways (DevR dimerization). The feasibility of M-PFC in a HTS platform setting was tested by performing a proof-of-concept quantitative HTS of 3,600 small molecule compounds on DevR-DevR interaction, which was chosen because of its strong implications in Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence and the need for effective drugs against latent TB. The calculated Z'-factor was consistently ≥0.8, indicating a robust and reproducible assay. Completion of the proof-of-concept screen allowed for the identification of advantages and disadvantages in the current assay design, where improvements made will further pioneer M-PFC-based applications in a large-scale HTS format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Mai
- The Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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49
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Kumar A, Deshane JS, Crossman DK, Bolisetty S, Yan BS, Kramnik I, Agarwal A, Steyn AJC. Heme oxygenase-1-derived carbon monoxide induces the Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy regulon. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:18032-9. [PMID: 18400743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802274200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that allow Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist in human tissue for decades and to then abruptly cause disease are not clearly understood. Regulatory elements thought to assist Mtb to enter such a state include the heme two-component sensor kinases DosS and DosT and the cognate response regulator DosR. We have demonstrated previously that O(2), nitric oxide (NO), and carbon monoxide (CO) are regulatory ligands of DosS and DosT. Here, we show that in addition to O(2) and NO, CO induces the complete Mtb dormancy (Dos) regulon. Notably, we demonstrate that CO is primarily sensed through DosS to induce the Dos regulon, whereas DosT plays a less prominent role. We also show that Mtb infection of macrophage cells significantly increases the expression, protein levels, and enzymatic activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, the enzyme that produces CO), in an NO-independent manner. Furthermore, exploiting HO-1(+/+) and HO-1(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages, we demonstrate that physiologically relevant levels of CO induce the Dos regulon. Finally, we demonstrate that increased HO-1 mRNA and protein levels are produced in the lungs of Mtb-infected mice. Our data suggest that during infection, O(2), NO, and CO are being sensed concurrently rather than independently via DosS and DosT. We conclude that CO, a previously unrecognized host factor, is a physiologically relevant Mtb signal capable of inducing the Dos regulon, which introduces a new paradigm for understanding the molecular basis of Mtb persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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50
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Singh A, Guidry L, Narasimhulu KV, Mai D, Trombley J, Redding KE, Giles GI, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis WhiB3 responds to O2 and nitric oxide via its [4Fe-4S] cluster and is essential for nutrient starvation survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11562-7. [PMID: 17609386 PMCID: PMC1906726 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700490104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in the redox biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is to understand the mechanisms involved in sensing redox signals such as oxygen (O2), nitric oxide (NO), and nutrient depletion, which are thought to play a crucial role in persistence. Here we show that Mtb WhiB3 responds to the dormancy signals NO and O2 through its iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster. To functionally assemble the WhiB3 Fe-S cluster, we identified and characterized the Mtb cysteine desulfurase (IscS; Rv3025c) and developed a native enzymatic reconstitution system for assembling Fe-S clusters in Mtb. EPR and UV-visible spectroscopy analysis of reduced WhiB3 is consistent with a one-electron reduction of EPR silent [4Fe-4S]2+ to EPR visible [4Fe-4S]+. Atmospheric O2 gradually degrades the WhiB3 [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster to generate a [3Fe-4S]+ intermediate. Furthermore, EPR analysis demonstrates that NO forms a protein-bound dinitrosyl-iron-dithiol complex with the Fe-S cluster, indicating that NO specifically targets the WhiB3 Fe-S cluster. Our data suggest that the mechanism of WhiB3 4Fe-4S cluster degradation is similar to that of fumarate nitrate regulator. Importantly, Mtb DeltawhiB3 shows enhanced growth on acetate medium, but a growth defect on media containing glucose, pyruvate, succinate, or fumarate as the sole carbon source. Our results implicate WhiB3 in metabolic switching and in sensing the physiologically relevant host signaling molecules NO and O2 through its [4Fe-4S] cluster. Taken together, our results suggest that WhiB3 is an intracellular redox sensor that integrates environmental redox signals with core intermediary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Loni Guidry
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - K. V. Narasimhulu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487; and
| | - Deborah Mai
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John Trombley
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Kevin E. Redding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487; and
| | - Gregory I. Giles
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology, Biophysics, and Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jack R. Lancaster
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology, Biophysics, and Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, 308 BBRB, Birmingham, AL 35294. E-mail:
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