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Watkins OC, Yong HEJ, Sharma N, Chan SY. A review of the role of inositols in conditions of insulin dysregulation and in uncomplicated and pathological pregnancy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1626-1673. [PMID: 33280430 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1845604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inositols, a group of 6-carbon polyols, are highly bioactive molecules derived from diet and endogenous synthesis. Inositols and their derivatives are involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and participate in insulin-signaling, with perturbations in inositol processing being associated with conditions involving insulin resistance, dysglycemia and dyslipidemia such as polycystic ovary syndrome and diabetes. Pregnancy is similarly characterized by substantial and complex changes in glycemic and lipidomic regulation as part of maternal adaptation and is also associated with physiological alterations in inositol processing. Disruptions in maternal adaptation are postulated to have a critical pathophysiological role in pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia. Inositol supplementation has shown promise as an intervention for the alleviation of symptoms in conditions of insulin resistance and for gestational diabetes prevention. However, the mechanisms behind these affects are not fully understood. In this review, we explore the role of inositols in conditions of insulin dysregulation and in pregnancy, and identify priority areas for research. We particularly examine the role and function of inositols within the maternal-placental-fetal axis in both uncomplicated and pathological pregnancies. We also discuss how inositols may mediate maternal-placental-fetal cross-talk, and regulate fetal growth and development, and suggest that inositols play a vital role in promoting healthy pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Watkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hannah E J Yong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity evaluation of novel bioreversible phosphate inositol derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:172-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Riggs BM, Lansley TA, Ryals PE. Phosphatidylinositol synthase of Tetrahymena: inositol isomers as substrates in phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis and headgroup exchange reactions. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2007; 54:119-24. [PMID: 17403152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) synthase in microsomal fractions derived from Tetrahymena vorax was studied to determine its activity requirements. The suitability of inositol isomers as substrates for the synthase and in headgroup exchange reactions also was investigated. Tetrahymena PtdIn synthase activity was optimum in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2 plus 2 mM MnCl2, a pH of 7.8, and a temperature of 30 degrees C. The enzyme retained approximately 80% of its activity after incubation at 70 degrees C for 10 min. PtdIns headgroup exchange activity was maximal in the presence of cytidine monophosphate. By following either the accumulation of radiolabeled reaction products or the loss of radiolabel from precursors, each of the inositol isomers tested appeared to serve as substrates for both the PtdIns synthase and PtdIns:inositol phosphatidyl transferase activities. In each case, myo-inositol and scyllo-inositol were the preferred substrates. The data suggest two routes for the formation of phosphatidyl-non-myo-inositols in Tetrahymena and the potential for the production of novel, non-myo-inositol-containing second messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M Riggs
- Department of Biology, The University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514, USA
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4
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Horne G, Mills SJ, Potter BVL. First derivatives of myo-inositol 1,4,6-trisphosphate modified at positions 2 and 3: structural analogues of d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:51-65. [PMID: 14659671 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel, structurally modified potential mimics of the second messenger D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, based on the biologically active regioisomer D-myo-inositol 1,4,6-trisphosphate, were synthesised. DL-5-O-Benzyl-1,4,6-tri-O-p-methoxybenzyl-myo-inositol was the key intermediate for the preparation of the following compounds: DL-3-deoxy-, DL-3-deoxy-2-O-methyl-, DL-3-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, DL-3-O-(3-hydroxypropyl)- and DL-3-O-(4-hydroxybutyl)-myo-inositol 1,4,6-trisphosphate. DL-1,4,6-Tri-O -allyl-5-O-benzyl-myo-inositol was used to prepare DL-2-O-methyl-myo-inositol 1,4,6-trisphosphate. Deoxy-compounds were prepared by reduction of the corresponding tosylated intermediate using Super Hydride. The hydroxyalkyl groups were introduced at the C-3 of myo-inositol using the corresponding benzyl protected hydroxy alkyl bromide via the cis-2,3-O-dibutylstannylene acetal. Methylation and benzylation at C-2 was accomplished using methyl iodide and benzyl bromide, respectively, in the presence of sodium hydride. Deblocking of p-methoxybenzyl groups was accomplished with TFA in dichloromethane and the allyl groups were removed by isomerisation to the cis-prop-1-enyl derivative, which was hydrolysed under acidic conditions to give the corresponding 1,4,6-triol. The 1,4,6-triols were phosphitylated with the P(III) reagent bis(benzyloxy)(diisopropylamino)phosphine in the presence of 1H-tetrazole then oxidised with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid followed by deblocking by hydrogenolysis to give DL-2-O-methyl-, DL-3-O-deoxy-, DL-3-O-deoxy-2-O-methyl-, DL-3-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, DL-3-O-(3-hydroxypropyl)- and DL-3-O-(4-hydroxybutyl)-myo-inositol 1,4,6-trisphosphate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Horne
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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5
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Kersting MC, Boyette M, Massey JH, Ryals PE. Identification of the inositol isomers present in Tetrahymena. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2003; 50:164-8. [PMID: 12836872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The inositol isomer composition of phosphoinositides, polyphosphoinositols, phosphatidylinositol-linked glycans, and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins of logarithmic phase Tetrahymena vorax was determined by GC-MS analysis of trimethylsilylimadazole derivatives. The most abundant inositol found was the myo-isomer; however, appreciable percentages of scylloinositol were present in the free inositol pool, phosphatidylinositol-linked glycan fraction, and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein fraction. Trace quantities of chiro- and neo-inositols also were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Kersting
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
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6
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Chung SK, Kwon YU, Chang YT, Sohn KH, Shin JH, Park KH, Hong BJ, Chung IH. Synthesis of all possible regioisomers of scyllo-inositol phosphate. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2577-89. [PMID: 10632068 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
scyllo-Inositol is the all equatorial stereoisomer of myo-inositol. All possible 12 regioisomers of scyllo-inositol phosphate were synthesized for the first time via a scyllo-inositol benzoate intermediate, which was derived from a myo-inositol derivative. The stereoinversion of myo-inositol into scyllo-inositol was accomplished by Mitsunobu reaction of the vicinal cis-diol. The requisite intermediates, scyllo-inositol benzoates were obtained by benzoyl migration or random benzoylation, and phosphorylated to give scyllo-IPn.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea.
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Riley AM, Guédat P, Schlewer G, Spiess B, Potter BVL. A Conformationally Restricted Cyclic Phosphate Analogue of Inositol Trisphosphate: Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9714425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Riley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K., and Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Guédat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K., and Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilbert Schlewer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K., and Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Spiess
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K., and Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K., and Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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8
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Synthesis of casuarines [pentahydroxylated pyrrolizidines] by sodium hydrogen telluride-induced cyclisations of azidodimesylates. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Nguyen BV, York C, Hudlicky T. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of deoxyfluoroinositols: 5-deoxy-5-fluoro-myo-inositol and 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-L-chiro-inositol. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)90392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Riley AM, Murphy CT, Lindley CJ, Westwick J, Potter BV. 6-Deoxy-6-hydroxymethyl scyllo-inositol 1,2,4-trisphosphate: A potent agonist at the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Schultz C, Burmester A, Stadler C. Synthesis, separation, and identification of different inositol phosphates. Subcell Biochem 1996; 26:371-413. [PMID: 8744272 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0343-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Schultz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Germany
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12
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Synthesis and biological activities of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate mimics related to xylopyranosides. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01677-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Ballereau S, Guédat P, Spiess B, Rehnberg N, Schlewer G. Synthesis of (±)-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-myo-inositol. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Potter BVL, Lampe D. Die Chemie der Inositlipid-vermittelten zellulären Signalübertragung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951071804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Ward SG, Mills SJ, Liu C, Westwick J, Potter BV. D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate analogues modified at the 3-position inhibit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:12075-84. [PMID: 7744856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.20.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several natural and unnatural inositol phosphates and analogues were analyzed for their ability to inhibit the in vitro phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity immunoprecipitated from a leukemic T cell line by a p85 monoclonal antibody. A 3-position ring-modified analogue of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3), L-chiro-inositol 2,3,5-trisphosphate (L-chiro-Ins(2,3,5)P3) and its phosphorothioate analogue, L-chiro-inositol 2,3,5-trisphosphorothioate, as well as the analogue benzene 1,2,4-trisphosphate induced reversible inhibition of PI 3-kinase activity, which correlated with decreased Vmax but unchanged Km values for PI 3-kinase. Other inositol phosphates, including D- and L-Ins(1,4,5)P3, D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, the enantiomers of myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate, DL-myo-inositol 1,4,6-trisphosphate (DL-Ins(1,4,6)P3), and DL-scyllo-inositol 1,2,4-trisphosphate (DL-scyllo-Ins(1,2,4)P3), did not inhibit PI 3-kinase activity under identical conditions. L-chiro-Ins(2,3,5)P3 closely resembles Ins(1,4,5)P3 and D-Ins(1,4,6)P3 except for a difference in the orientation of a single hydroxyl group at either the equivalent 3-OH or 2-OH position of Ins(1,4,5)P3, respectively. Similarly, L-chiro-Ins(2,3,5)P3 resembles D-scyllo-Ins(1,2,4)P3, but has a different orientation of both the equivalent 3-OH and 2-OH positions. Since Ins(1,4,5)P3, DL-Ins(1,4,6)P3, and DL-scyllo-Ins(1,2,4)P3 did not inhibit PI 3-kinase activity, this suggests that the orientation of the two hydroxyl groups at the 2- and 3-positions plays a pivotal role in the inhibitory action of inositol phosphate analogues on PI 3-kinase activity. Thus, inositol phosphate analogues inter alia are shown for the first time to inhibit PI 3-kinase and may be useful tools for determining the function of PI 3-kinase and its substrate binding specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Ward
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Avon, United Kingdom
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Wilcox RA, Safrany ST, Lampe D, Mills SJ, Nahorski SR, Potter BV. Modification at C2 of myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate produces inositol trisphosphates and tetrakisphosphates with potent biological activities. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:115-24. [PMID: 8033885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel 2-position-modified D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] analogues, DL-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [DL-2F-Ins(1,4,5)P3], DL-myo-inositol 1,2,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [DL-Ins(1,2,4,5)P4], DL-scyllo-inositol 1,2,4-trisphosphate [DL-sc-Ins(1,2,4)P3], scyllo-inositol 1,2,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [sc-Ins(1,2,4,5)P4] and scyllo-inositol 1,2,4,5-tetrakisphosphorothioate [sc-Ins(1,2,4,5)PS4] were investigated for their ability to bind to the Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor, mobilise intracellular Ca2+ stores and interact with metabolic enzymes. With the exception of sc-Ins(1,2,4,5)PS4, all the Ins(1,4,5)P3 analogues potently displaced [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 from its receptor in bovine adrenal cortex and were apparently potent full agonists at the Ca2+ mobilising Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor of SH-SY5Y cells, giving respective IC50 and EC50 values of: sc-Ins(1,2,4,5)P4 (IC50 14 nM, EC50 77 nM), DL-2F-Ins(1,4,5)P3 (IC50 25 nM, EC50 105 nM), DL-Ins(1,2,4,5)P4 (IC50 26 nM, EC50 163 nM), DL-sc-Ins(1,2,4)P3 (IC50 52 nM, EC50 171 nM), compared to Ins(1,4,5)P3 (IC50 4 nM, EC50 52 nM). sc-Ins(1,2,4,5)P4 was equipotent to Ins(1,4,5)P3 for Ca2+ release making it the most potent inositol tetrakisphosphate and indeed Ins(1,4,5)P3 analogue yet characterised. In contrast, although sc-Ins(1,2,4,5)P4 (IC50 425 nM, EC50 1603 nM) was a significantly weaker ligand and agonist than Ins(1,4,5)P3, it was a partial agonist of high intrinsic activity with maximally effective concentrations releasing only about 80% of Ins(1,4,5)P3-sensitive Ca2+ stores of SH-SY5Y cells. Ins(1,4,5)P3 and sc-Ins(1,2,4,5)P4 were readily metabolised by Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase and 5-phosphatase activities, DL-2F-Ins(1,4,5)P3 and DL-sc-Ins(1,2,4)P3 were resistant to 5-phosphatase, while sc-Ins(1,2,4,5)PS4 and DL-Ins(1,2,4,5)P4 were resistant to both 3-kinase and 5-phosphatase activity and were potent inhibitors of the 5-phosphatase enzyme (Ki = 300 nM and 2.9 microM, respectively). These results demonstrate that modification of the 2-position of Ins(1,4,5)P3, even with an anionic group, does not critically affect Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding interaction or Ca2+ release, suggesting that the 2-OH of Ins(1,4,5)P3 fails to interact significantly with the binding site of its receptor. However, modification remote from the crucial vicinal 4,5-bisphosphate can affect analogue efficacy in Ca2+ release.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wilcox
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, England
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Wilcox RA, Whitham EM, Liu C, Potter BV, Nahorski SR. Myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate can independently mobilise intracellular calcium, via the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor: studies with myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-3-phosphorothioate and myo-inositol hexakisphosphate. FEBS Lett 1993; 336:267-71. [PMID: 8262243 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80817-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [Ins(1,3,4,5)P4] acts as a full agonist for Ca2+ release in saponin-permeabilised SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Studies were conducted in the presence of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6, 10 microM), to inhibit the Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)-3-phosphatase catalysed back conversion of Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 to Ins(1,4,5)P3. HPLC analysis confirmed that Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 releases the entire content of Ins(1,4,5)P3-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores, independent of 3-phosphatase activity. Further we utilised racemic myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-3-phosphorothioate [DL-Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)-3S], a novel intrinsically Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)-3-phosphatase resistant Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 analogue. DL-Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)-3S specifically displaced [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 from bovine adrenal cortex Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding sites (IC50 = 889 nM, compared to Ins(1,4,5)P3, IC50 = 4.4 nM and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, IC50 = 152 nM). DL-Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)-3S was a full agonist for Ca2+ release (EC50 = 4.7 microM), being 90- and 2-fold less potent than Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 (with InsP6), respectively. DL-Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)-3S will be an important tool for identification of potentially exclusive Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 second messenger functions, since its resistance to 3-phosphatase action precludes the inconvenient artefact of steady state Ins(1,4,5)P3 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wilcox
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, UK
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18
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Beaucage SL, Iyer RP. The synthesis of specific ribonucleotides and unrelated phosphorylated biomolecules by the phosphoramidite method. Tetrahedron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)81543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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