1
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Bodnar AK, Szewczyk SM, Sun Y, Chen Y, Huang AX, Newhouse TR. Comprehensive Mechanistic Analysis of Palladium- and Nickel-Catalyzed α,β-Dehydrogenation of Carbonyls via Organozinc Intermediates. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3123-3132. [PMID: 38377547 PMCID: PMC11000628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Introducing degrees of unsaturation into small molecules is a central transformation in organic synthesis. A strategically useful category of this reaction type is the conversion of alkanes into alkenes for substrates with an adjacent electron-withdrawing group. An efficient strategy for this conversion has been deprotonation to form a stabilized organozinc intermediate that can be subjected to α,β-dehydrogenation through palladium or nickel catalysis. This general reactivity blueprint presents a window to uncover and understand the reactivity of Pd- and Ni-enolates. Within this context, it was determined that β-hydride elimination is slow and proceeds via concerted syn-elimination. One interesting finding is that β-hydride elimination can be preferred to a greater extent than C-C bond formation for Ni, more so than with Pd, which defies the generally assumed trends that β-hydride elimination is more facile with Pd than Ni. The discussion of these findings is informed by KIE experiments, DFT calculations, stoichiometric reactions, and rate studies. Additionally, this report details an in-depth analysis of a methodological manifold for practical dehydrogenation and should enable its application to challenges in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Bodnar
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Suzanne M Szewczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Yifeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Anson X Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Timothy R Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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2
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Lusi RF, Sennari G, Sarpong R. Strategy Evolution in a Skeletal Remodeling and C-H Functionalization-Based Synthesis of the Longiborneol Sesquiterpenoids. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17277-17294. [PMID: 36098550 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Detailed herein are our synthesis studies of longiborneol and related natural products. Our overarching goals of utilizing a "camphor first" strategy enabled by skeletal remodeling of carvone, and late-stage diversification using C-H functionalizations, led to divergent syntheses of the target natural products. Our initial approach proposed a lithiate addition to unite two fragments followed by a Conia-ene or Pd-mediated cycloalkylation reaction sequence to install the seven-membered ring emblematic of the longibornane core. This approach was unsuccessful and evolved into a revised plan that employed a Wittig coupling and a radical cyclization to establish the core. A reductive radical cyclization, which was explored first, led to a synthesis of copaborneol, a structural isomer of longiborneol. Alternatively, a metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer-initiated cyclization was effective for a synthesis of longiborneol. Late-stage C-H functionalization of the longibornane core led to a number of hydroxylated longiborneol congeners. The need for significant optimization of the strategies that were employed as well as the methods for C-H functionalization to implement these strategies highlights the ongoing challenges in applying these powerful reactions. Nevertheless, the reported approach enables functionalization of every natural product-relevant C-H bond in the longibornane skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Lusi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Koike K, Ueno S. Palladium-catalyzed Dehydrogenative [3+3] Aromatization of Propyl Ketones and Allyl Carbonates. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Koike
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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4
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Arisha AHI. A density functional theory study on the mechanism of the allylpalladium-catalyzed dehydrogenation of aldehydes and cyclic ketones. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/14686783211020600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The results of density functional theory calculations at the APFD/SDD level are detailed herein in order to study the main steps in the α,β-dehydrogenation of aldehydes and cyclic ketones in the presence of an allylpalladium complex catalyst. The mechanism is believed to proceed via an allylpalladium enolate complex (A) in equilibrium with the carbon-bonded complex (B), followed by β-hydride elimination to yield the allylpalladium hydride coordinated to the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl (complex C). The optimized structures and detailed energy profiles of these intermediates and their corresponding transition states are presented herein. The results indicate that the intermediates and their transition states are more stable in THF solution than in the gas phase. In detail, the energy barriers for the two steps are found to be 25.22 and 11.13 kcal/mol, respectively, in THF, and 29.93 and 9.77 kcal/mol, respectively, in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Haj Ichia Arisha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Education, Beit Berl College, Beit Berl, Israel
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5
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Chen M, Dong G. Platinum-Catalyzed α,β-Desaturation of Cyclic Ketones through Direct Metal-Enolate Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7956-7961. [PMID: 33460511 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of a platinum-catalyzed desaturation of cyclic ketones to their conjugated α,β-unsaturated counterparts is reported in this full article. A unique diene-platinum complex was identified to be an efficient catalyst, which enables direct metal-enolate formation. The reaction operates under mild conditions without using strong bases or acids. Good to excellent yields can be achieved for diverse and complex scaffolds. A wide range of functional groups, including those sensitive to acids, bases/nucleophiles, or palladium species, are tolerated, which represents a distinct feature from other known desaturation methods. Mechanistically, this platinum catalysis exhibits a fast and reversible α-deprotonation followed by a rate-determining β-hydrogen elimination process, which is different from the prior Pd-catalyzed desaturation method. Promising preliminary enantioselective desaturation using a chiral-diene-platinum complex has also been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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6
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Chen M, Dong G. Platinum‐Catalyzed α,β‐Desaturation of Cyclic Ketones through Direct Metal–Enolate Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
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7
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Abstract
The development of novel synthetic methods remains a cornerstone in simplifying complex molecule synthesis. Progress in the field of transition metal catalysis has enabled new mechanistic strategies to achieve difficult chemical transformations, increased the value of abundant chemical building blocks, and pushed the boundaries of creative and strategic route design to improve step economy in multistep synthesis. Methodologies to introduce an olefin into saturated molecules continue to be essential transformations because of the plethora of reactions available for alkene functionalization. Of particular importance are dehydrogenation reactions adjacent to electron-withdrawing groups such as carbonyls, which advantageously provide activated olefins that can be regioselectively manipulated. Palladium catalysis occupies a central role in the most widely adopted carbonyl dehydrogenation reactions, but limits to the scope of these protocols persist.In this Account, we describe our group's contributions to the area of transition-metal-catalyzed dehydrogenation using palladium catalysis and more sustainable and economical nickel catalysis. These metals are used in conjunction with allyl and aryl halides or pseudohalides that serve as oxidants to access a unique mechanistic approach for one-step α,β-dehydrogenation of various electron-withdrawing groups, including ketones, esters, nitriles, amides, carboxylic acids, and electron-deficient heteroarenes. The pivotal reaction parameters that can be modified to influence reaction efficiency are highlighted, including base and oxidant structure as well as ligand and salt additive effects. This discussion is expected to serve as a guide for troubleshooting challenging dehydrogenation reactions and provide insight for future reaction development in this area.In addition to enabling dehydrogenation reactions, our group's allyl-Pd and -Ni chemistry can be used for C-C and C-X bond-forming reactions, providing novel disconnections with practical applications for expediting multistep synthesis. These transformations include a telescoped process for ketone α,β-vicinal difunctionalization; an oxidative enone β-functionalization, including β-stannylation, β-silylation, and β-alkylation; and an oxidative cycloalkenylation between unstabilized ketone enolates and unactivated alkenes. These bond-forming methodologies broaden the range of transformations accessible from abundant ketone, enone, and alkene moieties. Both the dehydrogenation and C-C and C-X bond-forming methodologies have been implemented in our group's total synthesis campaigns to provide step-efficient synthetic routes toward diverse natural products.Through the lens of multistep synthesis, the utility and robustness of our dehydrogenation and dehydrogenative functionalization methodologies can be better appreciated, and we hope that this Account will inspire practitioners to apply our methodologies to their own synthetic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Timothy R Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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8
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Wang C, Dong G. Catalytic β-Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds Enabled by α,β-Desaturation. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengpeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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9
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Chen M, Dong G. Copper-Catalyzed Desaturation of Lactones, Lactams, and Ketones under pH-Neutral Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14889-14897. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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10
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Fulton TJ, Wu B, Alexy EJ, Zhang H, Stoltz BM. Palladium-catalyzed α,β-dehydrogenation of acyclic ester equivalents promoted by a novel electron deficient phosphinooxazoline ligand. Tetrahedron 2019; 75:4104-4109. [PMID: 32255844 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A unique example of Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative dehydrogenation of fully substituted N-acyl allyl enol carbonates is enabled by a new electron deficient phosphinooxazoline (PHOX) ligand. The reaction proceeds from the Z-enol carbonate to provide dehydrogenation products exclusively in high E/Z selectivity, while the E-enol carbonate provides the α-allylation product with only minor dehydrogenation. The reaction proceeds with a broad scope of (Z)-enol carbonates derived from N-acyl indoles to furnish acyclic formal α,β-unsaturated ester equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Fulton
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, United States of America
| | - Brenda Wu
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, United States of America
| | - Eric J Alexy
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, United States of America
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States of America
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, United States of America
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11
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Hirao T. Synthetic Strategy: Palladium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1687-1692. [PMID: 30668104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed oxidative α,β-dehydrogenation (oxidative desilylation, decarboxylative dehydrogenation, direct dehydrogenation, and oxidative dehydroboration) of carbonyl compounds and their derivatives to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via palladium enolate intermediates is reviewed as a versatile synthetic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Hirao
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research , Osaka University , Mihoga-oka, Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
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12
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Aparece MD, Gao C, Lovinger GJ, Morken JP. Vinylidenation of Organoboronic Esters Enabled by a Pd-Catalyzed Metallate Shift. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:592-595. [PMID: 30444946 PMCID: PMC6414219 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organoboron "ate" complexes undergo a net vinyl insertion reaction to give 1,1-disubstituted alkenyl boronic esters when treated with stoichiometric allyl acetate and a palladium catalyst. Reactions that employ vinyllithium afforded good to excellent yields after one hour, while reactions that employ vinylmagnesium chloride furnished modest to good yields after 18 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James P. Morken
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA,
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13
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Aparece MD, Gao C, Lovinger GJ, Morken JP. Vinylidenation of Organoboronic Esters Enabled by a Pd‐Catalyzed Metallate Shift. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Aparece
- Department of ChemistryBoston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Chenpeng Gao
- Department of ChemistryBoston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Gabriel J. Lovinger
- Department of ChemistryBoston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - James P. Morken
- Department of ChemistryBoston College 2609 Beacon Street Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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14
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Li TR, Maliszewski ML, Xiao WJ, Tunge JA. Stereospecific Decarboxylative Benzylation of Enolates: Development and Mechanistic Insight. Org Lett 2018. [PMID: 29533071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of enol carbonates with diarylmethyl electrophiles that are derived from secondary benzylic alcohols has been developed. This method allows the generation of a variety of β-diaryl ketones through an efficient and highly stereospecific coupling. In addition, detailed mechanistic insight into the coupling suggests that the reaction is a rare example of an intramolecular decarboxylative coupling that proceeds without crossover between reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ren Li
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , 2010 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States.,The KU Chemical Methodologies and Library Development Center of Excellence , 2034 Becker Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States.,Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , 152 Luoyu Road , Wuhan , Hubei 430079 , China
| | - Mary L Maliszewski
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , 2010 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States.,The KU Chemical Methodologies and Library Development Center of Excellence , 2034 Becker Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , 152 Luoyu Road , Wuhan , Hubei 430079 , China
| | - Jon A Tunge
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , 2010 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States.,The KU Chemical Methodologies and Library Development Center of Excellence , 2034 Becker Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
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15
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Huang D, Zhao Y, Newhouse TR. Synthesis of Cyclic Enones by Allyl-Palladium-Catalyzed α,β-Dehydrogenation. Org Lett 2018; 20:684-687. [PMID: 29327930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The use of allyl-palladium catalysis for the one-step α,β-dehydrogenation of ketones via their zinc enolates is reported. The optimized protocol utilizes commercially available Zn(TMP)2 as base and diethyl allyl phosphate as oxidant. Notably, this transformation operates under salt-free conditions and tolerates a diverse scope of cycloalkanones.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Yizhou Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Timothy R Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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16
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Liu X, Chen J, Ma T. Catalytic dehydrogenative aromatization of cyclohexanones and cyclohexenones. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8662-8676. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02351d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prompted by the scant attention paid by published literature reviews to the comprehensive catalytic dehydrogenative aromatization of cyclohexa(e)nones, this review describes recent methods developed to-date involving transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative aromatization and metal-free strategies for the transformation of cyclohexa(e)nones to substituted phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Liu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Chuzhou University
- Chuzhou
- China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- China
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Tianlin Ma
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Chuzhou University
- Chuzhou
- China
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17
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Pignataro L, Fiorito D, Vece V, Ferraccioli R, Gennari C. Synthesis of a 4-Vinyltetrahydrocarbazole by Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Indole-Containing Allylic Carbonates. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Khatri HR, Nguyen H, Dunaway JK, Zhu J. Total Synthesis of Antitumor Antibiotic Derhodinosylurdamycin A. Chemistry 2015; 21:13553-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Chen Y, Romaire JP, Newhouse TR. Palladium-Catalyzed α,β-Dehydrogenation of Esters and Nitriles. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5875-8. [PMID: 25918857 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A highly practical and general palladium-catalyzed methodology for the α,β-dehydrogenation of esters and nitriles is reported. Generation of a zinc enolate or (cyanoalkyl)zinc species followed by the addition of an allyl oxidant and a palladium catalyst results in synthetically useful yields of α,β-unsaturated esters, lactones, and nitriles. Preliminary mechanistic investigations are consistent with reversible β-hydride elimination and turnover-limiting, propene-forming reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Justin P Romaire
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Timothy R Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 275 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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20
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Hong AY, Stoltz BM. The Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Use of Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation Reactions in Total Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2013; 2013:2745-2759. [PMID: 24944521 PMCID: PMC4059687 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
All-carbon quaternary stereocenters have posed significant challenges in the synthesis of complex natural products. These important structural motifs have inspired the development of broadly applicable palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions of unstabilized non-biased enolates for the synthesis of enantioenriched α-quaternary products. This microreview outlines key considerations in the application of palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions and presents recent total syntheses of complex natural products that have employed these powerful transformations for the direct, catalytic, enantioselective construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Y. Hong
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, Homepage: http://stoltz.caltech.edu
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, Homepage: http://stoltz.caltech.edu
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21
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Palladium-Catalyzed Saegusa–Ito Oxidation: Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds from Trimethylsilyl Enol Ethers. J Org Chem 2013; 78:776-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302465v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Ueno S, Maeda R, Yasuoka S, Kuwano R. β-Amination of Saturated Nitriles through Palladium-catalyzed Dehydrogenation, 1,4-Addition, and Re-dehydrogenation. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Ryohei Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Shohei Yasuoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Ryoichi Kuwano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University
- International Research Center for Molecular Systems (IRCMS), Kyushu University
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23
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Abstract
A concise and versatile approach toward the preparation of the cyanthiwigin family of cyathane natural products is described. By leveraging a unique double asymmetric catalytic alkylation procedure it is possible to quickly establish two of the most critical stereocenters of the cyanthiwigin framework with high levels of selectivity and expediency. The synthetic route additionally employs both a tandem ring-closing cross-metathesis reaction, and an aldehyde-olefin radical cyclization process, in order to rapidly arrive at the tricyclic cyathane core of the cyanthiwigin molecules. From this unifying intermediate, the preparations of cyanthiwigins B, F, and G are attained swiftly and without the need for protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Arnold and Mable Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., MC 101-20. Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
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24
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Muzart J. One‐Pot Syntheses of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds through Palladium‐Mediated Dehydrogenation of Ketones, Aldehydes, Esters, Lactones and Amides. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Muzart
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 6229, CNRS – Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne, B. P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France, Fax: +33‐3‐26913166
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Trost BM, Xu J, Schmidt T. Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation of enol carbonates. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:18343-57. [PMID: 19928805 PMCID: PMC2804400 DOI: 10.1021/ja9053948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation (DAAA) of allyl enol carbonates as a highly chemo-, regio-, and enantioselective process for the synthesis of ketones bearing either a quaternary or a tertiary alpha-stereogenic center has been investigated in detail. Chiral ligand L4 was found to be optimal in the DAAA of a broad scope of cyclic and acyclic ketones including simple aliphatic ketones with more than one enolizable proton. The allyl moiety of the carbonates has been extended to a variety of cyclic or acyclic disubstituted allyl groups. Our mechanistic studies reveal that, similar to the direct allylation of lithium enolates, the DAAA reaction proceeds through an "outer sphere" S(N)2 type of attack on the pi-allylpalladium complex by the enolate. An important difference between the DAAA reaction and the direct allylation of lithium enolates is that in the DAAA reaction, the nucleophile and the electrophile were generated simultaneously. Since the pi-allylpalladium cation must serve as the counterion for the enolate, the enolate probably exists as a tight-ion-pair. This largely prevents the common side reactions of enolates associated with the equilibrium between different enolates. The much milder reaction conditions as well as the much broader substrate scope also represent the advantages of the DAAA reaction over the direct allylation of preformed metal enolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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Imao D, Itoi A, Yamazaki A, Shirakura M, Ohtoshi R, Ogata K, Ohmori Y, Ohta T, Ito Y. Easy Access to Esters with a Benzylic Quaternary Carbon Center from Diallyl Malonates by Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1652-8. [PMID: 17261068 DOI: 10.1021/jo0621569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diallyl 2-alkyl-2-arylmalonates underwent palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative allylation quickly under mild conditions. In contrast, no reaction took place with diallyl 2,2-dialkylmalonates under the same conditions. Electron-donating phosphine ligands were found to be vital for this reaction. Most of the solvents used did not affect the catalytic cycle. Catalysis in [bmim][BF4], a well-known ionic liquid, was inhibited as a result of formation of a hydrogen bond between a carboxylate anion and a [bmim]+ cation; however, the reaction in [bdmim][BF4], in which the acidic proton of [bmim][BF4] was replaced with a methyl group, proceeded smoothly. The catalytic mechanism was investigated using a tetradeuterated substrate and an enzymatically synthesized enantio-enriched allyl methyl 2-methyl-2-phenylmalonate. Even the electron-deficient phosphite ligand was found to be active for catalysis of diallyl 2-methyl-2-(2- or 4-nitrophenyl)malonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Imao
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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27
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StePHOX, a new family of optically active, tunable phosphine–oxazoline ligands: syntheses and applications. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Trost BM, Xu J. Regio- and enantioselective Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation of ketones through allyl enol carbonates. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2846-7. [PMID: 15740108 DOI: 10.1021/ja043472c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed reorganization of enol allyl carbonates to allylated ketones occurs asymmetrically in the presence of chiral ligands previously developed in this group. With 2-methylcyclohexanone, asymmetric regioselective alkylation occurs at the more substituted carbon without complications of polyalkylation. Alkylation to create quaternary centers in indanones and benzonabenone occurs in much higher ee than using tin or lithium enolates. The sense of enantioinduction in tetralones is opposite from the tin and lithium enolate examples. For the first time, asymmetric creation of tertiary centers occurs with high ee (78-99%). The different results between this reaction and the use of lithium or tin enolates suggest different mechanisms may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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29
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Mori M, Nakanishi M, Kajishima D, Sato Y. A novel and general synthetic pathway to strychnos indole alkaloids: total syntheses of (-)-tubifoline, (-)-dehydrotubifoline, and (-)-strychnine using palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:9801-7. [PMID: 12904045 DOI: 10.1021/ja029382u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method of palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution for synthesizing 2-substituted cyclohexenylamine derivatives was established. Treatment of a 2-silyloxymethylcyclohexenol derivative with ortho-bromo-N-tosylaniline in the presence of Pd(2)dba(3).CHCl(3) and (S)-BINAPO in THF afforded a cyclohexenylamine derivative with 84% ee in 80% yield. The Heck reaction was carried out to produce an indolenine derivative in good yield. Using this method, we synthesized indolenine derivative 7, which was recrystallized from EtOH to give an optically pure compound. From this compound, tetracyclic ketone 13, which should be a useful intermediate for the synthesis of indole alkaloids, could be synthesized. The total syntheses of (-)-dehydrotubifoline, (-)-tubifoline, and (-)-strychnine were achieved from 13. All ring constructions for the syntheses of these natural products were achieved using a palladium catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Shaver A, El-Khateeb M, Lebuis AM. C−S Bond Cleavage in CpRu(PPh3)2SCH2CHCH2 To Give the Trimer (CpRu)3(μ3-S)2(μ-SCH2CHCH2). Inorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ic981433u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Shaver
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Mohammad El-Khateeb
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Anne-Marie Lebuis
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
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31
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Valderrama JA, González M, Valderrama C. Studies on quinones. Part 32. Regioselective synthesis of benz[b]phenantridines related to phenantroviridone. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Shvo Y, Arisha AHI. Regioselective Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo980112x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youval Shvo
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Anan Haj Ichia Arisha
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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33
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Malkov AV, Baxendale I, Mansfield DJ, Kočovsky P. Molybdenum(II)-catalyzed allylic substitution. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Valderrama JA, Spate M, González MF. THE DIELS-ALDER REACTION OF 1-CYCLOHEXENECARBALDEHYDE N,N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZONE WITH JUGLONE. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 1997. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.1997.3.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Minami I, Yuhara M, Watanabe H, Tsuji J. A new furan annelation reaction by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of 2-alkynyl carbonates or 2-(1-alkynyl)oxiranes with β-keto esters. J Organomet Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(87)80052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Minami I, Tsuji J. Dehydrogenation of alcohols with allyl carbonates catalyzed by palladium or ruthenium complexes. Tetrahedron 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)81672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Paquette LA, Schaefer AG, Springer JP. Synthesis of (±)-14-epiupial by manganese(III) -γ-lactone annulation. Tetrahedron 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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New general synthetic methods involving π-allylpalladium complexes as intermediates and neutral reaction conditions. Tetrahedron 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tsuji J, Minami I, Shimizu I. SYNTHESIS OF γ,δ-UNSATURATED KETONES BY THE INTRAMOLECULAR DECARBOXYLATIVE ALLYLATION OF ALLYL β-KETO CARBOXYLATES AND ALKENYL ALLYL CARBONATES CATALYZED BY MOLYBDENUM, NICKEL,AND RHODIUM COMPLEXES. CHEM LETT 1984. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1984.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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43
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Tsuji J, Minami I, Shimizu I, Kataoka H. ENONE FORMATION FROM ALLYL β-KETO ESTERS, ALKENYL ALLYL CARBONATES, SILYL ENOL ETHERS, AND ENOL ACETATES BY THE PHOSPHINE-FREE PALLADIUM CATALYST. CHEM LETT 1984. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1984.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Hayashi Y, Komiya S, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto A. REGIOSELECTIVE C–O BOND CLEAVAGE OF ALLYLIC PHENYL CARBONATES PROMOTED BY GROUP 8 TRANSITION METAL HYDRIDO COMPLEXES. CHEM LETT 1984. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1984.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Tsuji J, Minami I, Shimizu I. One-step synthesis of α,β-unsaturated ketones by the reaction of enol acetates with allyl methyl carbonate catalyzed by palladium and tin compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)94161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Tsuji J, Minami I, Shimizu I. A novel palladium-catalyzed preparative method of α,β-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes from saturated ketones and aldehydes via their silyl enol ethers. Tetrahedron Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)94160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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