Synthesis of 5-(mercaptomethyl)-3(E)-undecene-1,11-dioic acid, a non-peptide glutathione analog

Proline-glutamate chimeras in isopeptides. Synthesis and biological evaluation of conformationally restricted glutathione analogues

The two novel diastereoisomeric glutathione analogues 1 and 2 have been designed and synthesized by replacing the native gamma-glutamylic moiety with the conformational rigid skeleton of cis- or trans-4-carboxy-L-proline residue. Both analogues have been obtained by following the solution phase peptide chemistry methodologies and final reduction of the corresponding disulfide forms 13 and 14. The two analogues 1 and 2 have been tested towards gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) and human glutathione S-transferase (hGST P1-1). Both analogues 1 and 2 are completely resistant to enzymatic degradation by gamma-GT. The S-transferase utilizes the analogue 2 as a good substrate while is unable to bind the analogue 1.

Glutathione conjugates and their synthetic derivatives as inhibitors of glutathione-dependent enzymes involved in cancer and drug resistance

Alterations in levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-dependent enzymes have been implicated in cancer and multidrug resistance of tumor cells. The activity of a number of these, the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, glutathione S-transferase, DNA-dependent protein kinase, glyoxalase I, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, can be inhibited by GSH-conjugates and synthetic analogs thereof. In this review we focus on the function of these enzymes and carriers in cancer and anti-cancer drug resistance, in relation to their inhibition by GSH-conjugate analogs.