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Fused Tricyclic Guanidine Alkaloids: Insights into Their Structure, Synthesis and Bioactivity. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090579. [PMID: 36135769 PMCID: PMC9503768 DOI: 10.3390/md20090579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A marine natural product possesses a diverse and unique scaffold that contributes to a vast array of bioactivities. Tricyclic guanidine alkaloids are a type of scaffold found only in marine natural products. These rare skeletons exhibit a wide range of biological applications, but their synthetic approaches are still limited. Various stereochemical assignments of the compounds remain unresolved. Batzelladine and ptilocaulins are an area of high interest in research on tricyclic guanidine alkaloids. In addition, mirabilins and netamines are among the other tricyclic guanidine alkaloids that contain the ptilocaulin skeleton. Due to the different structural configurations of batzelladine and ptilocaulin, these two main skeletons are afforded attention in many reports. These two main skeletons exhibit different kinds of compounds by varying their ester chain and sidechain. The synthetic approaches to tricyclic guanidine alkaloids, especially the batzelladine and ptilocaulin skeletons, are discussed. Moreover, this review compiles the first and latest research on the synthesis of these compounds and their bioactivities, dating from the 1980s to 2022.
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Abstract
This review deals with the synthesis of naturally occurring alkaloids containing partially or completely saturated pyrimidine nuclei. The interest in these compounds is associated with their structural diversity, high biological activity and toxicity. The review is divided into four parts, each of which describes a number of synthetic methodologies toward structurally different naturally occurring alkaloids containing saturated cyclic six-membered amidine, guanidine, aminal and urea (thiourea) moieties, respectively. The development of various synthetic strategies for the preparation of these compounds has remarkably increased during the past few decades. This is primarily due to the fact that some of these compounds are isolated only in limited quantities, which makes it practically impossible to study their full structural characteristics and biological activity.
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El‐Demerdash A, Ermolenko L, Gros E, Retailleau P, Thanh BN, Gauvin‐Bialecki A, Al‐Mourabit A. Short‐Cut Bio‐Inspired Synthesis of Tricyclic Guanidinic Motifs of Crambescidins and Batzelladines Marine Alkaloids. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amr El‐Demerdash
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS 91190 Gif‐Sur‐Yvette France
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Mansoura University 35516 Mansour Egypt
| | - Ludmila Ermolenko
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS 91190 Gif‐Sur‐Yvette France
| | - Emmanuelle Gros
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments Faculté des Sciences et Technologies Université de La Réunion 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003 97744 Saint‐Denis Cedex 9 La Réunion France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS 91190 Gif‐Sur‐Yvette France
| | - Binh Nguyen Thanh
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS 91190 Gif‐Sur‐Yvette France
| | - Anne Gauvin‐Bialecki
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments Faculté des Sciences et Technologies Université de La Réunion 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003 97744 Saint‐Denis Cedex 9 La Réunion France
| | - Ali Al‐Mourabit
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS 91190 Gif‐Sur‐Yvette France
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Nagasawa K, Shimokawa J. Identification of Target Protein for Batzelladines as CD4. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-s(f)49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Naturally occurring guanidine derivatives frequently display medicinally useful properties. Among them, the higher order pyrrole-imidazole alkaloids, the dragmacidins, the crambescidins/batzelladines, and the saxitoxins/tetradotoxins have stimulated the development of many new synthetic methods over the past decades. We provide here an overview of the syntheses of these cyclic guanidine-containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ma
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Saptarshi De
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Chuo Chen
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, U T Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
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6
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Cruz A, Padilla-Martínez II, García-Báez EV. A synthetic method to access symmetric and non-symmetric 2-(N,N'-disubstituted)guanidinebenzothiazoles. Molecules 2012; 17:10178-91. [PMID: 22922286 PMCID: PMC6268101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetric and non-symmetric 2-(N-H, N-methyl, N-ethylenyl and N-aryl)guanidinebenzothiazoles were synthesized from the reaction of ammonia, methylamine, pyrrolidine and aniline with dimethyl benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl-carbonodithioimidate as intermediate. The products were characterized by ¹H-, ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy and three of them by X-ray diffraction analysis. HN-phenyl protons formed intramolecular hydrogen bonds that assist the stereochemistry of the second substituent, whereas the HN-alkyl protons were involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cruz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del IPN, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, México, D.F. 07340, Mexico.
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Shinohara R, Akimoto T, Iwamoto O, Hirokawa T, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Yamaoka K, Nagasawa K. Synthesis of skeletal analogues of saxitoxin derivatives and evaluation of their inhibitory activity on sodium ion channels Na(V)1.4 and Na(V)1.5. Chemistry 2011; 17:12144-52. [PMID: 21922571 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal analogues of saxitoxin (STX) that possess a fused-type tricyclic ring system, designated FD-STX, were synthesized as candidate sodium ion channel modulators. Three kinds of FD-STX derivatives 4a-c with different substitution at C13 were synthesized, and their inhibitory activity on sodium ion channels was examined by means of cell-based assay. (-)-FD-STX (4a) and (-)-FD-dcSTX (4b), which showed moderate inhibitory activity, were further evaluated by the use of the patch-clamp method in cells that expressed Na(V)1.4 (a tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channel subtype) and Na(V)1.5 (a tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel subtype). These compounds showed moderate inhibitory activity towards Na(V)1.4, and weaker inhibitory activity towards Na(V)1.5. Uniquely, however, the inhibition of Na(V)1.5 by (-)-FD-dcSTX (4b) was "irreversible".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Shinohara
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Takishima S, Ishiyama A, Iwatsuki M, Otoguro K, Yamada H, Omura S, Kobayashi H, van Soest RWM, Matsunaga S. Merobatzelladines A and B, anti-infective tricyclic guanidines from a marine sponge Monanchora sp. Org Lett 2009; 11:2655-8. [PMID: 19469518 DOI: 10.1021/ol9006794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Merobatzelladines A (1) and B (2) have been isolated from a marine sponge Monanchora sp. as antibacterial constituents. Their structures including relative stereochemistry were determined by interpretation of spectral data. The absolute stereochemistry of merobatzelladine B (2) was elucidated after introduction of the fourth ring system preinstalled with a secondary hydroxyl group to which the modified Mosher method was applied. Merobatzelladines exhibit moderate anti-infective activity against a bacterium and protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takishima
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Butters M, Davies CD, Elliott MC, Hill-Cousins J, Kariuki BM, Ooi LL, Wood JL, Wordingham SV. Synthesis and stereochemical determination of batzelladine C methyl ester. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:5001-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b914744f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nicolaou KC, Snyder SA. Chasing molecules that were never there: misassigned natural products and the role of chemical synthesis in modern structure elucidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 44:1012-1044. [PMID: 15688428 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the past half century, the structural elucidation of unknown natural products has undergone a tremendous revolution. Before World War II, a chemist would have relied almost exclusively on the art of chemical synthesis, primarily in the form of degradation and derivatization reactions, to develop and test structural hypotheses in a process that often took years to complete when grams of material were available. Today, a battery of advanced spectroscopic methods, such as multidimensional NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry, not to mention X-ray crystallography, exist for the expeditious assignment of structures to highly complex molecules isolated from nature in milligram or sub-milligram quantities. In fact, it could be argued that the characterization of natural products has become a routine task, one which no longer even requires a reaction flask! This Review makes the case that imaginative detective work and chemical synthesis still have important roles to play in the process of solving nature's most intriguing molecular puzzles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858-784-2469
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Scott A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858-784-2469
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Shimokawa J, Ishiwata T, Shirai K, Koshino H, Tanatani A, Nakata T, Hashimoto Y, Nagasawa K. Total synthesis of (+)-batzelladine A and (-)-batzelladine D, and identification of their target protein. Chemistry 2006; 11:6878-88. [PMID: 16161173 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric total synthesis of batzelladine A (1) and batzelladine D (2) has been achieved. Our synthesis of batzelladines features 1) stereoselective construction of the cyclic guanidine system by means of successive 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and subsequent cyclization, 2) direct esterification of the bicyclic carboxylic acid 35 with the guanidine alcohol 8 or 59 to construct the whole carbon skeleton of batzelladines, and 3) one-step formation of the alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde 53 from the primary alcohol 47 with tetra-n-propylammoniumperruthenate (TPAP), providing an efficient route to the left-hand bicyclic guanidine alcohol of batzelladine A (1). With the synthetic compounds 1 and 2 in hand, their target protein was examined by using immobilized CD4 and gp120 affinity gels. The results indicated that batzelladines A (1) and D (2) bind specifically to CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shimokawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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13
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Arnold MA, Durón SG, Gin DY. Diastereoselective [4+2] annulation of vinyl carbodiimides with N-alkyl imines. Asymmetric synthetic access to the batzelladine alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:6924-5. [PMID: 15884915 DOI: 10.1021/ja0519029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A diastereoselective [4+2] annulation of vinyl carbodiimides with chiral N-alkyl imines has been developed to access the stereochemically rich tricyclic core of the batzelladine alkaloids. Its application to the asymmetric synthesis of batzelladine D permitted the use of long-range, directed hydrogenation and stereoselective intramolecular iodoamination as additional key steps to establish the remaining stereocenters within the natural product with excellent stereocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Nicolaou KC, Snyder SA. Die Jagd auf Moleküle, die nie existiert haben: Falsch zugeordnete Naturstoffstrukturen und die Rolle der chemischen Synthese in der modernen Strukturaufklärung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200460864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry und The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐2469
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Scott A. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry und The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐2469
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Nagasawa K. [Total synthesis of marine cyclic guanidine compounds and development of novel guanidine type asymmetric organocatalysts]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2003; 123:387-98. [PMID: 12822483 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.123.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Crambescidins and batzelladines, novel marine guanidine alkaloids, have unique pentacyclic and tricyclic guanidine core structures, respectively. They display a considerable array of biological activity and not surprisingly have attracted considerable synthetic interest. The first total synthesis of crambescidin 359 (7) and stereoselective total synthesis of batzelladine D (11) were accomplished based on a successive 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction strategy. During synthetic studies of 7, the absolute stereochemistry was revealed. Based on the structure of 7, the novel C2-symmetric pentacyclic guanidine compounds 69a-d were designed and synthesized as guanidine organocatalysts. The catalyst 69b works efficiently as an asymmetric catalyst of the alkylation reaction of the glycynate-benzophenone Schiff base 73, which gives 74 with 80-90% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nagasawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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16
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Studies towards the total synthesis of Batzelladine A: synthesis of a model pyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidine. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Stereoselective synthesis of tricyclic guanidine, the key component of the batzelladine alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Ishiwata T, Hino T, Koshino H, Hashimoto Y, Nakata T, Nagasawa K. Total synthesis of batzelladine D. Org Lett 2002; 4:2921-4. [PMID: 12182589 DOI: 10.1021/ol026303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Stereoselective total synthesis of batzelladine D was accomplished in 15 steps. This synthesis features (i) successive 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to form the 2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidine ring system, (ii) esterification of the side chain to the bicyclic guanidine carboxylate, a common synthetic intermediate of batzelladine alkaloids, and (iii) tricyclic guanidine formation under the Mitsunobu reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ishiwata
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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19
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Stereoselective construction of the azabicyclic core applicable to the biologically important polyguanidinium alkaloids batzelladine A and D using a free radical cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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