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Cristófalo AE, Cano ME, Uhrig ML. Synthesis of Thiodisaccharides Bearing N-Acetylhexosamine Residues: Challenges, Achievements and Perspectives. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2808-2836. [PMID: 34170606 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions are involved in a myriad of biological processes. Thus, glycomimetics have arisen as one of the most promising synthetic targets to that end. Within the broad variety of glycomimetics, thiodisaccharides have proven to be excellent tools to study these processes, and even more, some of them unveiled interesting biological activities. This review brings together research made on the introduction of N-acetylhexosamine residues into thiodisaccharides to date, passing through classic substitution (as SN 2, thioglycosylation and ring-opening reactions) and addition (as thiol-ene coupling and Michael-type additions) reactions. Recent and interesting developments regarding addition reactions to vinyl azides, cross-coupling reactions and novel chemoenzymatic methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro E Cristófalo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Departamento de Química Orgánica, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Emilia Cano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Departamento de Química Orgánica, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Uhrig
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Departamento de Química Orgánica, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Romanò C, Jiang H, Boos I, Clausen MH. S-Glycosides: synthesis of S-linked arabinoxylan oligosaccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2696-2701. [PMID: 32206767 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00470g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
S-Glycosides are important tools for the elucidation of specific protein-carbohydrate interactions and can significantly aid structural and functional studies of carbohydrate-active enzymes, as they are often inert or act as enzyme inhibitors. In this context, this work focuses on the introduction of an S-linkage into arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXs) in order to obtain a small collection of synthetic tools for the study of AXs degrading enzymes. The key step for the introduction of the S-glycosidic linkage involved anomeric thiol S-alkylation of an orthogonally protected l-arabinopyranoside triflate. The resulting S-linked disaccharide was subsequently employed in a series of glycosylation reactions to obtain a selectively protected tetrasaccharide. This could be further elaborated through chemoselective deprotection and glycosylation reactions to introduce branching l-arabinofuranosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romanò
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Hao Jiang
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Irene Boos
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine & Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Pavlov IY, Eneyskaya EV, Bobrov KS, Polev DE, Ivanen DR, Kopylov AT, Naryzhny SN, Kulminskaya AA. Comprehensive Analysis of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes from the Filamentous Fungus Scytalidium candidum 3C. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1399-1410. [PMID: 30482151 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791811010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Complete enzymatic degradation of plant polysaccharides is a result of combined action of various carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of the filamentous fungus Scytalidium candidum 3C for processing of plant biomass. Structural annotation of the improved assembly of S. candidum 3C genome and functional annotation of CAZymes revealed putative gene sequences encoding such proteins. A total of 190 CAZyme-encoding genes were identified, including 104 glycoside hydrolases, 52 glycosyltransferases, 28 oxidative enzymes, and 6 carbohydrate esterases. In addition, 14 carbohydrate-binding modules were found. Glycoside hydrolases secreted during the growth of S. candidum 3C in three media were analyzed with a variety of substrates. Mass spectrometry analysis of the fungal culture liquid revealed the presence of peptides identical to 36 glycoside hydrolases, three proteins without known enzymatic function belonging to the same group of families, and 11 oxidative enzymes. The activity of endo-hemicellulases was determined using specially synthesized substrates in which the glycosidic bond between monosaccharide residues was replaced by a thio-linkage. During analysis of the CAZyme profile of S. candidum 3C, four β-xylanases from the GH10 family and two β-glucanases from the GH7 and GH55 families were detected, partially purified, and identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yu Pavlov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Leningrad Region, 188300, Russia
| | - E V Eneyskaya
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Leningrad Region, 188300, Russia
| | - K S Bobrov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Leningrad Region, 188300, Russia
| | - D E Polev
- Resource Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies and "Centre Biobank", St. Petersburg State University, Stary Peterhof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - D R Ivanen
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Leningrad Region, 188300, Russia
| | - A T Kopylov
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - S N Naryzhny
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Leningrad Region, 188300, Russia. .,Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - A A Kulminskaya
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Leningrad Region, 188300, Russia. .,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Department of Medical Physics, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia
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4
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Bonora B, Boos I, Clausen MH. Convergent strategy for the synthesis of S- linked oligoxylans. Carbohydr Res 2017; 443-444:53-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Borisova AS, Eneyskaya EV, Bobrov KS, Jana S, Logachev A, Polev DE, Lapidus AL, Ibatullin FM, Saleem U, Sandgren M, Payne CM, Kulminskaya AA, Ståhlberg J. Sequencing, biochemical characterization, crystal structure and molecular dynamics of cellobiohydrolase Cel7A from
Geotrichum candidum
3C. FEBS J 2015; 282:4515-37. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Borisova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute» B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Orlova roscha Russia
| | - Elena V. Eneyskaya
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute» B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Orlova roscha Russia
| | - Kirill S. Bobrov
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute» B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Orlova roscha Russia
| | - Suvamay Jana
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Anton Logachev
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics St. Petersburg State University Russia
| | - Dmitrii E. Polev
- Research Resource Centre «Molecular and Cell Technologies» St. Petersburg State University Russia
| | - Alla L. Lapidus
- Centre for Algorithmic Biotechnology St. Petersburg Academic University Russia
| | - Farid M. Ibatullin
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute» B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Orlova roscha Russia
| | - Umair Saleem
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Christina M. Payne
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Anna A. Kulminskaya
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute» B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Orlova roscha Russia
- Department of Medical Physics Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Russia
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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Wang H, Zhu X. Expedient synthesis of an α-S-(1→6)-linked pentaglucosyl thiol. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7119-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An α-S-(1→6)-linked pentaglucosyl thiol (1) is synthesized via the longest linear sequence of eleven steps from an α-glucosyl thiol (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xiangming Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004, China
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
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7
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Repetto E, Marino C, Varela O. Synthesis of the (1→6)-linked thiodisaccharide of galactofuranose: Inhibitory activity against a β-galactofuranosidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3327-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Ghosh T, Santra A, Misra AK. Appel-reagent-mediated transformation of glycosyl hemiacetal derivatives into thioglycosides and glycosyl thiols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:974-982. [PMID: 23766814 PMCID: PMC3678522 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of glycosyl hemiacetal derivatives have been transformed into thioglycosides and glycosyl thiols in a one-pot two-step reaction sequence mediated by Appel reagent (carbon tetrabromide and triphenylphosphine). 1,2-trans-Thioglycosides and β-glycosyl thiol derivatives were stereoselectively formed by the reaction of the in situ generated glycosyl bromides with thiols and sodium carbonotrithioate. The reaction conditions are reasonably simple and yields were very good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamashree Ghosh
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India, Fax: 91-33-2355 3886
| | - Abhishek Santra
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India, Fax: 91-33-2355 3886
| | - Anup Kumar Misra
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India, Fax: 91-33-2355 3886
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Tsuzuki Y, Nguyen TKN, Garud DR, Kuberan B, Koketsu M. 4-Deoxy-4-fluoro-xyloside derivatives as inhibitors of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7269-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Martinez A, Hénon E, Coiffier C, Banchet A, Harakat D, Nuzillard JM, Haudrechy A. An unexpected rearrangement giving a new thiosubstituted carbohydrate. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1088-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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12
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Tiwari P, Agnihotri G, Misra AK. Modified One‐Pot Protocol for the Preparation of Thioglycosides from Unprotected Aldoses via S‐Glycosyl Isothiouronium Salts. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300500256775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Tiwari
- a Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Geetanjali Agnihotri
- a Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Anup Kumar Misra
- a Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, UP, India
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13
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Uhrig ML, Manzano VE, Varela O. Stereoselective Synthesis of 3-Deoxy-4-S-(1→4)-Thiodisaccharides and Their Inhibitory Activities Towards β-Glycoside Hydrolases. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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15
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Witczak ZJ, Culhane JM. Thiosugars: new perspectives regarding availability and potential biochemical and medicinal applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:237-44. [PMID: 16240117 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thiosugars, containing a sulfur atom as heteroatom or a disaccharide linked via a sulfur bridge, possess unique physicochemical properties such as water solubility, which differs from conventional functionalized monosaccharides. The differences in biological activities between thiosugars and their oxygen analogs depend on geometric, conformational, and flexibility differences. They depend also on their electronic differences, the sulfide function being less electronegative and more polarizable than the ethereal moiety. Many functionalized thiosugars occur naturally and are potential targets for the development of carbohydrate-based therapeutics. Among the few new examples of the potential new targets are salacinol and kotalanol, tagetitoxin, thiolactomycin and analogues, mycothiol and analogues, and S-nitrosothiols. These new developments and representative examples of functionalized thiosugar prototypes as potential new targets are presented in this mini review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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Jänis J, Hakanpää J, Hakulinen N, Ibatullin FM, Hoxha A, Derrick PJ, Rouvinen J, Vainiotalo P. Determination of thioxylo-oligosaccharide binding to family 11 xylanases using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. FEBS J 2005; 272:2317-33. [PMID: 15853815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent binding of thioxylo-oligosaccharide inhibitors, methyl 4-thio-alpha-xylobioside (S-Xyl2-Me), methyl 4,4II-dithio-alpha-xylotrioside (S-Xyl3-Me), methyl 4,4II,4III-trithio-alpha-xylotetroside (S-Xyl4-Me), and methyl 4,4II,4III,4IV-tetrathio-alpha-xylopentoside (S-Xyl5-Me), to three family 11 endo-1,4-beta-xylanases from Trichoderma reesei (TRX I and TRX II) and Chaetomium thermophilum (CTX) was characterized using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS and X-ray crystallography. Ultra-high mass-resolving power and mass accuracy inherent to FT-ICR allowed mass measurements for noncovalent complexes to within |DeltaM|average of 2 p.p.m. The binding constants determined by MS titration experiments were in the range 10(4)-10(3) M-1, decreasing in the series of S-Xyl5-Me>or=S-Xyl4-Me>S-Xyl3-Me. In contrast, S-Xyl2-Me did not bind to any xylanase at the initial concentration of 5-200 microM, indicating increasing affinity with increasing number of xylopyranosyl units, with a minimum requirement of three. The crystal structures of CTX-inhibitor complexes gave interesting insights into the binding. Surprisingly, none of the inhibitors occupied any of the aglycone subsites of the active site. The binding to only the glycone subsites is nonproductive for catalysis, and yet this has also been observed for other family 11 xylanases in complex with beta-d-xylotetraose [Wakarchuk WW, Campbell RL, Sung WL, Davoodi J & Makoto Y (1994) Protein Sci3, 465-475, and Sabini E, Wilson KS, Danielsen S, Schulein M & Davies GJ (2001) Acta CrystallogrD57, 1344-1347]. Therefore, the role of the aglycone subsites remains controversial despite their obvious contribution to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Jänis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, Finland
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Synthesis of thiosaccharides employing the Pummerer rearrangement of tetrahydrothiopyran oxides. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Ibatullin FM, Shabalin KA, Jänis JV, Shavva AG. Reaction of 1,2-trans-glycosyl acetates with thiourea: a new entry to 1-thiosugars. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fragoso-Serrano M, Guillén-Jaramillo G, Pereda-Miranda R, Cerda-García-Rojas CM. Conformational analysis of sulfur-containing 6-deoxy-l-hexose derivatives by molecular modeling and NMR spectroscopy. A theoretical study and experimental evidence of intramolecular nonbonded interactions between sulfur and oxygen. J Org Chem 2003; 68:7167-75. [PMID: 12968866 DOI: 10.1021/jo034492k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
6-Deoxy-l-mannose diphenyldithioacetal (1) unexpectedly gave the rearranged products phenyl 3,4-di-O-acetyl-2-S-phenyl-1,2-dithio-6-deoxy-beta-l-glucopyranoside (9) and 3,4-di-O-acetyl-2,5-anhydro-6-deoxy-l-glucose diphenyldithioacetal (10) upon treatment with acetyl chloride, while 6-deoxy-l-mannose ethylenedithioacetal (3) yielded (4aR,6S,7S,8R,8aS)-7,8-diacetyloxy-6-methylhexahydro-4aH-[1,4]dithiino[2,3b]pyran (11), whose structure was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction, and 3,4-di-O-acetyl-2,5-anhydro-l-rhamnose ethylenedithioacetal (12). The geometry of the four rearranged products as well as that of 1-thio-6-deoxy-l-mannopyranosides 5 and 7 and their acetyl derivatives 6 and 8 was studied by density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G) molecular models, in combination with a Karplus-type analysis of the NMR vicinal coupling constants, revealing that the six-membered ring of pyranosides 5-9 and 11 exists in a slightly distorted chair conformation (6-13% distortion) and that the conformational behavior of the 2,5-anhydro-6-deoxy-l-glucose dithioacetals 10 and 12 is strongly influenced by the presence of stabilizing intramolecular nonbonded sulfur-oxygen 1,4- and 1,5-interactions. Compounds 9-12 were formed by a molecular rearrangement via sulfonium ion intermediates followed by stereoselective intramolecular cyclizations as formulated by the quantum chemical calculations performed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Fragoso-Serrano
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado 14-740, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
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