1
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Kuai CS, Xu JX, Chen B, Wu XF. Palladium-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Hydroaminocarbonylation of Unsymmetrical Internal Alkynes toward α,β-Unsaturated Amides. Org Lett 2022; 24:4464-4469. [PMID: 35694976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
α,β-Unsaturated amides play a vital role in natural products, pharmaceuticals, organic synthesis, and functional materials. Herein, we disclosed a regio- and stereoselective hydroaminocarbonylation of unsymmetrical internal alkynes via palladium catalysis to synthesize α,β-unsaturated amides. This protocol features excellent regio- and exclusive (E)-stereoselectivity, high atom and step-economy, broad substrate scope, and functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sheng Kuai
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian-Xing Xu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straβe 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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2
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Gao B, Huang H. Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroaminocarbonylation of Alkynes with Tertiary Amines via C-N Bond Cleavage. Org Lett 2017; 19:6260-6263. [PMID: 29111748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient strategy for the cleavage of the C-N bond of tertiary amines was developed with DTBP as an oxidant, in which the cleaved H atom and amine moiety were successfully transferred to the desired products. This strategy has enabled an efficient palladium-catalyzed hydroaminocarbonylation of alkynes with tertiary amines. Notably, the catalyst loading could be lowered from 5 to 0.1 mol %, which represents the lowest catalyst loading among the reported work on carbonylation via C-N bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Oxo synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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3
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Narendar Reddy T, Raktani B, Perla R, Ravinder M, Vaidya JR, Babu NJ. An efficient catalyst-free one-pot synthesis of primary amides from the aldehydes of the Baylis–Hillman reaction. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01965c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a facile and efficient method for the preparation of allyl amides from the aldehydes of Baylis–Hillman adducts has been developed using a hydroxylamine/methanol system under a catalyst-free condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatikonda Narendar Reddy
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
- AcSIR
| | - Bikshapathi Raktani
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
- AcSIR
| | - Ramesh Perla
- Natural Products Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Mettu Ravinder
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
- AcSIR
| | - Jayathirtha Rao Vaidya
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad 500007
- India
- AcSIR
| | - N. Jagadeesh Babu
- Centre for X-ray Crystallography
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
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4
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Pan F, Shu C, Ping YF, Pan YF, Ruan PP, Fei QR, Ye LW. Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated N-Sulfonyl Imides through Zinc-Catalyzed Intermolecular Oxidation of N-Sulfonyl Ynamides. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10009-15. [PMID: 26422641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel zinc-catalyzed intermolecular oxidation of N-sulfonyl ynamides has been developed. A variety of functionalized α,β-unsaturated N-sulfonyl imides are readily accessed by utilizing this approach, thus providing a viable alternative to synthetically useful α,β-unsaturated imides. Importantly, the reaction is proposed to proceed by a vinyligous E2-type elimination pathway, but not metal carbene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Fan Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Fei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Peng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Ran Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Long-Wu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces & The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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5
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Shi R, Zhang H, Lu L, Gan P, Sha Y, Zhang H, Liu Q, Beller M, Lei A. (E)-α,β-unsaturated amides from tertiary amines, olefins and CO via Pd/Cu-catalyzed aerobic oxidative N-dealkylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3247-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08925a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel Pd/Cu-catalyzed chemoselective aerobic oxidative N-dealkylation/carbonylation reaction has been developed for the efficient and straightforward construction of synthetically useful and bioactive (E)-α,β-unsaturated amide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Hubei 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Hubei 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Lijun Lu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Hubei 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Pei Gan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Hubei 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Sha
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Hubei 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Hubei 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Hubei 430072
- P. R. China
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
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6
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Ghosh B, Amado-Sierra MDRI, Holmes D, Maleczka RE. A one-pot allylation-hydrostannation sequence with recycling of the intermediate tin waste. Org Lett 2014; 16:2318-21. [PMID: 24725171 DOI: 10.1021/ol500460u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot allylation and hydrostannation of alkynals where the tin byproduct formed in the first step of the reaction is recycled and used in the second step of the sequence is presented. Specifically, a BF3·OEt2-promoted allylstannation of the aldehyde moiety in the alkynal is followed by the introduction of polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) and catalytic B(C6F5)3, which convert the tin byproduct of the allylation into Bu3SnH, which then hydrostannates the alkyne in the molecule. (119)Sn and (11)B NMR data suggest an organotin fluoride species is formed during the allylation step and involved in the tin recycling step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banibrata Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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7
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Abstract
A highly convergent, enantioselective total synthesis of the potent antitumor agent apoptolidin A has been completed. The key transformations include highly selective glycosylations to attach the C27 disaccharide and the C9 6'-deoxy-l-glucose, a cross-metathesis to incorporate the C1-C10 trienoate unit, and a Yamaguchi macrolactonization to complete the macrocycle. Twelve stereocenters in the polypropionate segments and sugar units were established through diastereoselective chlorotitanium enolate aldol reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Crimmins
- Venable and Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
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9
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Ghidu VP, Wang J, Wu B, Liu Q, Jacobs A, Marnett LJ, Sulikowski GA. Synthesis and evaluation of the cytotoxicity of apoptolidinones A and D. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4949-55. [PMID: 18543990 PMCID: PMC2572754 DOI: 10.1021/jo800545r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apoptolidins A-D are microbial secondary metabolites shown to be selectively cytotoxic against several cancer cell lines and noncytotoxic against normal cells. Total syntheses of apoptolidinones A and D are reported. The efficient synthetic strategy leading to the apoptolidinones features construction of the common 20-membered macrolactone by an intramolecular Suzuki reaction and stereocontrolled aldol reactions establishing the C19/C20 and C22/C23 stereocenters. In contrast to apoptolidin A, the aglycones apoptolidinone A and D were shown to be noncytotoxic when evaluated against human lung cancer cells (H292).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P Ghidu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, USA
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10
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Beignet J, Jervis PJ, Cox LR. Temporary silicon connection strategies in intramolecular allylation of aldehydes with allylsilanes. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5462-75. [PMID: 18557649 DOI: 10.1021/jo800824x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three gamma-(amino)silyl-substituted allylsilanes 14a-c have been prepared in three steps from the corresponding dialkyldichlorosilane. The aminosilyl group has been used to link this allylsilane nucleophile to a series of beta-hydroxy aldehydes through a silyl ether temporary connection. The size of the alkyl substituents at the silyl ether tether governs the outcome of the reaction on exposure to acid. Thus, treatment of aldehyde (E)-9aa, which contains a dimethylsilyl ether connection between the aldehyde and allylsilane, with a range of Lewis and Brønsted acid activators provides an (E)-diene product. The mechanism of formation of this undesired product is discussed. Systems containing a sterically more bulky diethylsilyl ether connection react differently: thus in the presence of TMSOTf and a Brønsted acid scavenger, intramolecular allylation proceeds smoothly to provide two out of the possible four diastereoisomeric oxasilacycles, 23 (major) and 21 (minor). A diene product again accounts for the remaining mass balance in the reaction. This side product can be completely suppressed by using a sterically even more bulky diisopropylsilyl ether connection in the cyclization precursor, although this is now at the expense of a slight erosion in the 1,3-stereoinduction in the allylation products. The sense of 1,3-stereoinduction observed in these intramolecular allylations has been rationalized by using an electrostatic argument, which can also explain the stereochemical outcome of a number of related reactions. Levels of 1,4-stereoinduction in the intramolecular allylation are more modest but can be significantly improved in some cases by using a tethered (Z)-allylsilane in place of its (E)-stereoisomer. Oxidation of the major diastereoisomeric allylation product 23 under Tamao-Kumada conditions provides an entry into stereodefined 1,2-anti-2,4-syn triols 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Beignet
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
At low temperature and in the presence of an acid catalyst, SO2 adds to 1,3-dienes equilibrating with the corresponding 3,6-dihydro-1,2-oxathiin-2-oxides (sultines). These compounds are unstable above -60 °C and equilibrate with the more stable 2,5-dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxides (sulfolenes). The hetero-Diels-Alder additions of SO2 are suprafacial and follow the Alder endo rule. The sultines derived from 1-oxy-substituted and 1,3-dioxy-disubstituted 1,3-dienes cannot be observed at -100 °C but are believed to be formed faster than the corresponding sulfolenes. In the presence of acid catalysts, the 6-oxy-substituted sultines equilibrate with zwitterionic species that react with electron-rich alkenes such as enoxysilanes and allylsilanes, generating β,γ-unsaturated silyl sulfinates that can be desilylated and desulfinylated to generate polypropionate fragments containing up to three contiguous stereogenic centers and an (E)-alkene unit. Alternatively, the silyl sulfinates can be reacted with electrophiles to generate polyfunctional sulfones (one-pot, four-component synthesis of sulfones), or oxidized into sulfonyl chlorides and reacted with amines, then realizing a one-pot, four-component synthesis of polyfunctional sulfonamides. Using enantiomerically enriched dienes such as 1-[(R)- or 1-(S)-phenylethyloxy]-2-methyl-(E,E)-penta-1,3-dien-3-yl isobutyrate, derived from inexpensive (R)- or (S)-1-phenylethanol, enantiomerically enriched stereotriads are obtained in one-pot operations. The latter are ready for further chain elongation. This has permitted the development of expeditious total asymmetric syntheses of important natural products of biological interest such as the baconipyrones, rifamycin S, and apoptolidin A.
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12
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Handa M, Smith WJ, Roush WR. Studies on the synthesis of apoptolidin A. 2. Synthesis of the disaccharide unit. J Org Chem 2007; 73:1036-9. [PMID: 18163646 DOI: 10.1021/jo7022526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disaccharide 3 correspoinding to the disaccharide unit of apoptolidin A has been synthesized via the regio- and stereoselective TBS-OTf-promoted beta-glycosidation reaction of 2,6-dideoxy-2-iodo-beta-glucopyranosyl acetate (5) and p-methoxybenzyl 2,6-dideoxy-2-iodo-3-C-methyl-alpha-mannopyranoside (11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Handa
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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13
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Handa M, Scheidt KA, Bossart M, Zheng N, Roush WR. Studies on the Synthesis of Apoptolidin A. 1. Synthesis of the C(1)−C(11) Fragment. J Org Chem 2007; 73:1031-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702250z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Handa
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Martin Bossart
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William R. Roush
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps-Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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14
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Craita C, Didier C, Vogel P. Short synthesis of the C16-C28 polyketide fragment of apoptolidin A aglycone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:2411-3. [PMID: 17844763 DOI: 10.1039/b701293d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Starting from (E,E)-1-[(1R)-(phenylethyl)oxy]-2-methylpenta-1,3-diene and triethylsilyl enol ether of butanone rapid access to Koert's advanced C10-C28 polyketide fragment of apoptolidin A is now possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cotinica Craita
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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16
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Guillarme S, Plé K, Banchet A, Liard A, Haudrechy A. Alkynylation of chiral aldehydes: alkoxy-, amino-, and thio-substituted aldehydes. Chem Rev 2007; 106:2355-403. [PMID: 16771453 DOI: 10.1021/cr0509915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Guillarme
- Laboratoire de Glycosynthèse, UMR 6519, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Bât. 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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17
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Wehlan H, Dauber M, Fernaud MTM, Schuppan J, Keiper S, Mahrwald R, Garcia MEJ, Koert U. Apoptolidin A: total synthesis and partially glycosylated analogues. Chemistry 2007; 12:7378-97. [PMID: 16865757 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of apoptolidin A is described employing an early glycosylation strategy. Strategic disconnections were chosen between C11-C12 (cross-coupling) and C19O-C1 (macrocyclization). The cis-selective glycosylation at C9-OH was achieved with the new SIBA protective group at O2/O3 of the L-glucose residue. Auxiliary substitutents at the 2-position of the 2-deoxy sugars were applied to form selectively the glycosidic linkages of the C27 disaccharide. The cross-coupling of the glycosylated northern half with the glycosylated southern half was achieved with CuI-thiophene carboxylate. The macrocyclization of a trihydroxy carboxylic acid produced the 20-membered macrolide selectively. H2SiF6 was suitable for the final deprotection of the silyl ethers and the conversion of the C21 methylketal into the hemiketal. The synthetic flexibility of the approach was proven by the synthesis of some glycovariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermut Wehlan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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18
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Park JH, Kim SY, Kim SM, Chung YK. Cobalt−Rhodium Heterobimetallic Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Amides from Internal Alkynes, Amines, and Carbon Monoxide. Org Lett 2007; 9:2465-8. [PMID: 17518475 DOI: 10.1021/ol0706760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first example of cobalt-rhodium heterobimetallic nanoparticle-catalyzed synthesis of alkenyl amides from alkynes, amines, and carbon monoxide is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Park
- Intelligent Textile System Research Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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19
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Schuppan J, Wehlan H, Keiper S, Koert U. Apoptolidinone A: Synthesis of the Apoptolidin A Aglycone. Chemistry 2006; 12:7364-77. [PMID: 16865756 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient stereocontrolled synthesis of apoptolidinone A, the aglycone of apoptolidin A is described. The synthetic strategy relies on a cross coupling between C11/C12 of a northern half (C1-C11) and a southern part (C12-C28) followed by a ring-size selective macrolactonization. Key steps for the introduction of the southern half stereocenters are a stereoselective aldol reaction, a substrate controlled dihydroxylation and a chelation-controlled Grignard/aldehyde addition. The conjugated triene of the northern half was built up successively by E-selective Wittig reactions. L-Malic acid was chosen as the chiral pool source for the C8/C9 stereocenters. The final cleavage of the silyl ethers and the conversion of the C21 methyl ketal into the hemiketal was achieved by HF.pyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schuppan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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20
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The CeCl3·7H2O–NaI system as promoter in the synthesis of functionalized trisubstituted alkenes via Knoevenagel condensation. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Li X, Zeng X. Sequential transhalogenation and Heck reaction for efficient access to dioxo-tetrasubstituted 2,4 E,E-dienes: synthesis of segment C1–C6 of apoptolidin. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induction of Apoptosis by a Natural Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:872-93. [PMID: 16404760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Apoptolidin is a natural product that selectively induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a biological key pathway for regulating homeostasis and morphogenesis. Apoptotic misregulations are connected with several diseases, in particular cancer. The extrinsic way to apoptosis leads through death ligands and death receptors to the activiation of the caspase cascade, which results in proteolytic degradation of the cell architecture. The intrinsic pathway transmits signals of internal cellular damage to the mitochondrion, which loses its structural integrity, and forms an apoptosome that initiates the caspase cascade. Compounds which regulate apoptosis are of high medical significance. Many natural products regulate apoptotic pathways, and apoptolidin is one of them. The known synthetic routes to apoptolidin are described and compared in this Review. Selected further natural products which regulate apoptosis are introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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23
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induktion von Apoptose durch einen Naturstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Wu B, Liu Q, Jin B, Qu T, Sulikowski GA. Studies on the Synthesis of Apoptolidin: Progress on the Stereocontrolled Assembly of the Pseudo Aglycone of Apoptolidin. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Crimmins MT, Christie HS, Chaudhary K, Long A. Enantioselective Synthesis of Apoptolidinone: Exploiting the Versatility of Thiazolidinethione Chiral Auxiliaries. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:13810-2. [PMID: 16201800 DOI: 10.1021/ja0549289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, enantioselective synthesis of apoptolidinone has been completed, demonstrating the versatility of thiazolidinethione auxiliaries. Three propionate aldol additions and two asymmetric glycolate alkylations function to establish 8 of the 12 stereogenic carbon centers. A cross-metathesis reaction is utilized to assemble the C1-C10 trieneoate fragment and the C11-C28 polypropionate region of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Crimmins
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
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26
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Abstract
[structure: see text] The de novo synthesis of the C9 and C27 sugar subunits (2) and (3), respectively, of the potent antitumor agent, apoptolidin, has been accomplished. A titanium tetrachloride-mediated asymmetric anti glycolate aldol addition was utilized to establish the 4' and 5' stereogenic centers of each of the three monosaccharides. Elaboration of the aldol adducts efficiently provided the three sugar units. A beta-selective glycosidation completed the construction of the C27 disaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Crimmins
- Venable and Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
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27
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Bouchez LC, Vogel P. Synthesis of the C(1)-C(11) Polyene Fragment of Apoptolidin with a New Sulfur Dioxide-Based Organic Chemistry. Chemistry 2005; 11:4609-20. [PMID: 15954151 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new sulfur dioxide-based organic chemistry has been developed as a novel approach for the stereoselective synthesis of polyene fragments based on our one-pot, four-component synthesis of polyfunctional epsilon-alkanesulfonyl-gamma,delta-unsaturated ketones. The flexibility and efficiency of this methodology are illustrated by the preparation of (+)-methyl (2E,4E,6E,8R,9S)-9-{[(tert-butyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy}-2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-11-(triethylsilyl)undeca-2,4,6-trien-10-ynoate, a synthetic intermediate of Nicolaou and co-workers, that corresponds to the C(1)-C(11) fragment of apoptolidin, which was used by the authors in their total synthesis of this promising anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure C Bouchez
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland
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28
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Feuillet FJP, Cheeseman M, Mahon MF, Bull SD. Stereoselective synthesis of (E)-trisubstituted α,β-unsaturated amides and acids. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2976-89. [PMID: 16186928 DOI: 10.1039/b503633j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Potassium alkoxides of N-acyl-oxazolidin-2-one-syn-aldols undergo stereoselective elimination reactions to afford a range of trisubstituted (E)-alpha,beta-unsaturated amides in >95% de, that may be subsequently converted into their corresponding (E)-alpha,beta-unsaturated acids or (E)-alpha,beta-unsaturated oxazolines in good yield. syn-Aldols derived from alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes gave their corresponding trisubstituted (E)-alpha,beta-unsaturated-amides with poorer levels of diastereocontrol, whilst there was a similar loss in (E)-selectivity during elimination of syn-aldols derived from chiral aldehydes. These elimination reactions proceed via rearrangement of the potassium alkoxide of the syn-aldol to a 1,3-oxazinane-2,4-dione enolate intermediate that subsequently eliminates carbon dioxide to afford a trisubstituted (E)-alpha,beta-unsaturated amide. The (E)-selectivity observed during the E1cB-type elimination step has been rationalised using a simple conformational model that employs a chair-like transition state to explain the observed stereocontrol.
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29
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Development of an end-game strategy towards apoptolidin: a sequential Suzuki coupling approach. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7920 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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32
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Abe K, Kato K, Arai T, Rahim MA, Sultana I, Matsumura S, Toshima K. Synthetic studies on apoptolidin: synthesis of the C12–C28 fragment via a highly stereoselective aldol reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.09.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Quéron E, Lett R. Synthetic studies on bafilomycin A1: first formation of the 16-membered macrolide via an intramolecular Stille reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A novel approach toward the synthesis of the triene portion of the biologically active polyketide apoptolidin is described. The use of an iterative thionyl chloride rearrangement/oxidation sequence to construct trisubstituted olefins is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Paquette
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670, USA
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35
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Nicolaou KC, Fylaktakidou KC, Monenschein H, Li Y, Weyershausen B, Mitchell HJ, Wei HX, Guntupalli P, Hepworth D, Sugita K. Total Synthesis of Apoptolidin: Construction of Enantiomerically Pure Fragments. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:15433-42. [PMID: 14664589 DOI: 10.1021/ja0304953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A general strategy for the total synthesis of the antitumor agent apoptolidin (1) is proposed, and the chemical synthesis of the defined key building blocks (4, 5, 6, 8, and 9) in their enantiomerically pure forms is described. The projected total synthesis calls for a dithiane coupling reaction to construct the C(20)-C(21) bond, a Stille coupling reaction to form the C(11)-C(12) bond, and a Yamaguchi macrolactonization to assemble the macrolide ring, as well as two glycosidation reactions to fuse the carbohydrate units onto the molecule. First and second generation syntheses to the required fragments for apoptolidin (1) are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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36
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Wender PA, Jankowski OD, Tabet EA, Seto H. Facile synthetic access to and biological evaluation of the macrocyclic core of apoptolidin. Org Lett 2003; 5:2299-302. [PMID: 12816433 DOI: 10.1021/ol0346335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative cleavage of the C-20/C-21 bond in apoptolidin (1) provides two fragments of similar complexity, facilitating a divide-and-diversify strategy for the determination of the structural basis for apoptolidin's biological activity, the remarkably selective induction of apoptosis in sensitive cell lines. The ability of compounds derived from this cleavage to inhibit mitochondrial F(0)F(1)-ATPase is reported. [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA.
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Chng SS, Xu J, Loh TP. A divergent approach to apoptolidin and FD-891: asymmetric preparation of a common intermediate. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Wender PA, Jankowski OD, Tabet EA, Seto H. Toward a structure-activity relationship for apoptolidin: selective functionalization of the hydroxyl group array. Org Lett 2003; 5:487-90. [PMID: 12583750 DOI: 10.1021/ol027366w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] To investigate the structural basis for the exceptional selectivity and activity of apoptolidin (1), a strategy has been devised that allows for selective functionalization of seven of its eight hydroxyl groups based on progressive silyl protection, derivatization, and deprotection. The syntheses of these derivatives and their ability to inhibit F(0)F(1)-ATPase are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305-5080, USA.
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39
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Wender PA, Gulledge AV, Jankowski OD, Seto H. Isoapoptolidin: structure and activity of the ring-expanded isomer of apoptolidin. Org Lett 2002; 4:3819-22. [PMID: 12599467 DOI: 10.1021/ol0266222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[formula: see text] Apoptolidin (1) is a novel oncolytic lead that induces apoptosis in transformed cell lines with exceptional selectivity. We report the isolation and characterization of a ring-expanded macrolide isomer of apoptolidin: isoapoptolidin (2). The solution conformation of isoapoptolidin is described. The rate of isomerization was measured under biologically relevant conditions and found to approach equilibrium within the time frame of most cell-based assays. Isoapoptolidin's ability to inhibit mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase is over 10-fold less than that of apoptolidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA.
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