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Zitterbart R, Berger N, Reimann O, Noble GT, Lüdtke S, Sarma D, Seitz O. Traceless parallel peptide purification by a first-in-class reductively cleavable linker system featuring a safety-release. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2389-2396. [PMID: 34164003 PMCID: PMC8179278 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06285e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of peptides can be synthesized by automated parallel synthesizers in a single run. In contrast, the most widely used peptide purification method - high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) - only allows one-by-one processing of each sample. The chromatographic purification of many peptides, therefore, remains a time-consuming and costly effort. Catch-and-release methods can be processed in parallel and potentially provide a remedy. However, no such system has yet provided a true alternative to HPLC. Herein we present the development of a side-reaction free, reductively cleavable linker. The linker is added to the target peptide as the last building block during peptide synthesis. After acidic cleavage from synthetic resin, the linker-tagged full-length peptide is caught onto an aldehyde-modified solid support by rapid oxime ligation, allowing removal of all impurities lacking the linker by washing. Reducing the aryl azide to an aniline sensitizes the linker for cleavage. However, scission does not occur at non-acidic pH enabling wash out of reducing agent. Final acidic treatment safely liberates the peptide by an acid-catalysed 1,6-elimination. We showcase this first-in-class reductively cleavable linker system in the parallel purification of a personalized neoantigen cocktail, containing 20 peptides for cancer immunotherapy within six hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadja Berger
- Belyntic GmbH Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Oliver Reimann
- Belyntic GmbH Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Gavin T Noble
- Bachem (UK) Ltd. Delph Court, Sullivans Way, St. Helens Merseyside WA9 5GL UK
| | - Stephan Lüdtke
- Belyntic GmbH Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Dominik Sarma
- Belyntic GmbH Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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2
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Reimann O, Seitz O, Sarma D, Zitterbart R. A traceless catch-and-release method for rapid peptide purification. J Pept Sci 2018; 25:e3136. [PMID: 30479039 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Reimann
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Belyntic GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Belyntic GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Zitterbart
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Belyntic GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Ollivier N, Desmet R, Drobecq H, Blanpain A, Boll E, Leclercq B, Mougel A, Vicogne J, Melnyk O. A simple and traceless solid phase method simplifies the assembly of large peptides and the access to challenging proteins. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5362-5370. [PMID: 28970915 PMCID: PMC5609153 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01912b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the combination of solid phase and solution ligation techniques facilitates the production of a challenging and biologically active protein made of 180 amino acids.
Chemical protein synthesis gives access to well-defined native or modified proteins that are useful for studying protein structure and function. The majority of proteins synthesized up to now have been produced using native chemical ligation (NCL) in solution. Although there are significant advantages to assembling large peptides or proteins by solid phase ligation, reports of such approaches are rare. We report a novel solid phase method for protein synthesis which relies on the chemistry of the acetoacetyl group and ketoxime ligation for the attachment of the peptide to the solid support, and on a tandem transoximation/rearrangement process for the detachment of the target protein. Importantly, we show that the combination of solid phase and solution ligation techniques facilitates the production of a challenging and biologically active protein made of 180 amino acids. We show also that the solid phase method enables the purification of complex peptide segments through a chemoselective solid phase capture/release approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ollivier
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France .
| | - R Desmet
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France .
| | - H Drobecq
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France .
| | - A Blanpain
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France .
| | - E Boll
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France .
| | - B Leclercq
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France .
| | - A Mougel
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France .
| | - J Vicogne
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France .
| | - O Melnyk
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France .
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4
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Liu S, Wang W, Jiang L, Wan S, Zhang L, Yu R, Jiang T. 2-Pyridinyl-4(3H)-Quinazolinone: A Scaffold for Anti-influenza A Virus Compounds. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1221-5. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Long Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Shengbiao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao 266003 China
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5
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Lv W, Liu J, Skaar TC, Flockhart DA, Cushman M. Design and synthesis of norendoxifen analogues with dual aromatase inhibitory and estrogen receptor modulatory activities. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2623-48. [PMID: 25751283 DOI: 10.1021/jm501218e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Both selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of breast cancer. Compounds with both aromatase inhibitory and estrogen receptor modulatory activities could have special advantages for treatment of breast cancer. Our previous efforts led to the discovery of norendoxifen as the first compound with dual aromatase inhibitory and estrogen receptor binding activities. To optimize its efficacy and aromatase selectivity versus other cytochrome P450 enzymes, a series of structurally related norendoxifen analogues were designed and synthesized. The most potent compound, 4'-hydroxynorendoxifen (10), displayed elevated inhibitory potency against aromatase and enhanced affinity for estrogen receptors when compared to norendoxifen. The selectivity of 10 for aromatase versus other cytochrome P450 enzymes was also superior to norendoxifen. 4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen is therefore an interesting lead for further development to obtain new anticancer agents of potential value for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jinzhong Liu
- ‡Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Institute for Personalized Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Todd C Skaar
- ‡Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Institute for Personalized Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - David A Flockhart
- ‡Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Institute for Personalized Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Mark Cushman
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Zhang M, Pokharel D, Fang S. Purification of Synthetic Peptides Using a Catching Full-Length Sequence by Polymerization Approach. Org Lett 2014; 16:1290-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403426u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingcui Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931 United States
| | - Durga Pokharel
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931 United States
| | - Shiyue Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931 United States
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7
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Abstract
The chemical synthesis of peptides or small proteins is often an important step in many research projects and has stimulated the development of numerous chemical methodologies. The aim of this review is to give a substantial overview of the solid phase methods developed for the production or purification of polypeptides. The solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) technique has facilitated considerably the access to short peptides (<50 amino acids). However, its limitations for producing large homogeneous peptides have stimulated the development of solid phase covalent or non-covalent capture purification methods. The power of the native chemical ligation (NCL) reaction for protein synthesis in aqueous solution has also been adapted to the solid phase by the combination of novel linker technologies, cysteine protection strategies and thioester or N,S-acyl shift thioester surrogate chemistries. This review details pioneering studies and the most recent publications related to the solid phase chemical synthesis of large peptides and proteins.
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8
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Aucagne V, Valverde IE, Marceau P, Galibert M, Dendane N, Delmas AF. Towards the Simplification of Protein Synthesis: Iterative Solid-Supported Ligations with Concomitant Purifications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Aucagne V, Valverde IE, Marceau P, Galibert M, Dendane N, Delmas AF. Towards the Simplification of Protein Synthesis: Iterative Solid-Supported Ligations with Concomitant Purifications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11320-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Mende F, Beisswenger M, Seitz O. Automated Fmoc-Based Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptide Thioesters with Self-Purification Effect and Application in the Construction of Immobilized SH3 Domains. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:11110-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Mende
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Beisswenger
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Hara T, Tainosho A, Nakamura K, Sato T, Kawakami T, Aimoto S. Peptide purification by affinity chromatography based on α-ketoacyl group chemistry. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:369-76. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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13
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Montanari V, Kumar K. A Fluorous Capping Strategy for Fmoc-Based Automated and Manual Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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McAllister LA, McCormick RA, Procter DJ. Sulfide- and selenide-based linkers in phase tag-assisted synthesis. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Montanari V, Kumar K. Just Add Water: A New Fluorous Capping Reagent for Facile Purification of Peptides Synthesized on the Solid Phase. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:9528-9. [PMID: 15291542 DOI: 10.1021/ja0479033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorous capping reagent is introduced to facilitate purification during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Reagent 1 is a trivalent iodonium salt that reacts vigorously with free amines to deliver a long-chain fluoroalkyl group. It has been used to tag all unreacted amines following the peptide coupling step in SPPS. The resulting fluoroalkylated amine is no longer able to couple in further peptide coupling steps and is also stable to standard peptide synthesis conditions. Deletion products are removed using flash fluorous chromatography to yield the pure, full-length peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Montanari
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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16
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Covalent capture purification of polypeptides after SPPS via a linker removable under very mild conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Palmacci ER, Hewitt MC, Seeberger PH. “Cap-Tag”—Novel Methods for the Rapid Purification of Oligosaccharides Prepared by Automated Solid-Phase Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20011203)113:23<4565::aid-ange4565>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Villain M, Vizzavona J, Rose K. Covalent capture: a new tool for the purification of synthetic and recombinant polypeptides. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2001; 8:673-9. [PMID: 11451668 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purification of polypeptides and proteins derived from recombinant DNA techniques and of long synthetic polypeptides often represents a challenge. Affinity methods exist, but generally require addition of a large recognition unit to the target protein and use of expensive purification media. Use of large units is dictated by the characteristics of non-covalent complexes, where the energy necessary to form the complex derives from the sum of multiple weak energy interactions. Covalent interactions in contrast are of high energy, even when only a few bonds are formed. We decided to explore the use of the reversible covalent bond formed between N-terminal cysteine and threonine residues with an aldehyde as a method of protein purification. RESULTS A series of test peptides with N-terminal cysteine and threonine were captured by a polyethyleneglycol-polyacrylamide resin to which an aldehyde function had been grafted. Peptides with other amino acids at the N-terminus did not interact with the resin. A recombinant polypeptide with N-terminal cysteine was purified to 90% purity in one step. Polypeptides were eluted from the resin simply by adding a hydroxylamine derivative, which reacts with aldehyde functions to form an oxime. CONCLUSIONS Polypeptides possessing N-terminal cysteine or threonine can be easily purified using this 'covalent capture' approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Villain
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 4, Geneva, Switzerland
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Hackeng TM, Fernández JA, Dawson PE, Kent SB, Griffin JH. Chemical synthesis and spontaneous folding of a multidomain protein: anticoagulant microprotein S. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:14074-8. [PMID: 11106381 PMCID: PMC18873 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.260239797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of recent high-yield native ligation techniques, chemical synthesis of larger multidomain bioactive proteins is rapidly coming within reach. Here we describe the total chemical synthesis of a designed "microprotein S," comprising the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich module, the thrombin-sensitive module, and the first epidermal growth factor-like module of human plasma protein S (residues 1-116). Synthetic microprotein S expressed anticoagulant cofactor activity for activated protein C in the down-regulation of blood coagulation, and the anticoagulant activity of microprotein S was not neutralized by C4b-binding protein, a natural inhibitor of native protein S in plasma. The correct folding of this complex multidomain protein was enhanced compared with individual modules because the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich module and the thrombin-sensitive module markedly facilitated correct folding of the first epidermal growth factor-like module compared with folding of the first epidermal growth factor-like module alone. These results demonstrate that total chemical synthesis of proteins offers an effective way to generate multidomain biologically active proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hackeng
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Wade WS, Yang F, Sowin TJ. Application of base cleavable safety catch linkers to solid phase library production. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:266-75. [PMID: 10827935 DOI: 10.1021/cc990077n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have used sulfide "Safety Catch" linkers to anchor typical medicinal chemistry functional groups to amine resins. Compounds are loaded as the ester, carbamate, or amine. At the end of the synthesis, the linker is activated by peracid. The sulfone resins are then cleaved by beta-elimination in the gas phase or in solution by secondary amines to produce acids and primary, secondary, or tertiary amines. Comparison of cleavage rates to other sulfone resins including SEM showed significantly faster cleavage for this system with conditions similar to Fmoc deprotection. Application of this strategy to a medicinal chemistry library gives good yields and purities of the resulting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Wade
- Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-3500, USA
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21
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Coltart DM. Peptide Segment Coupling by Prior Ligation and Proximity-Induced Intramolecular Acyl Transfer. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Canne LE, Botti P, Simon RJ, Chen Y, Dennis EA, Kent SBH. Chemical Protein Synthesis by Solid Phase Ligation of Unprotected Peptide Segments. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9836287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Shogren-Knaak MA, Imperiali B. A reversible affinity tag for the purification of N-glycolyl capped peptides. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01780-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Kellam B, Chan WC, Chhabra SR, Bycroft BW. Transient affinity tags based on the Dde protection/deprotection strategy: Synthesis and application of 2-biotinyl-and 2-hexanoyldimedone. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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