1
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Doelman W, van Kasteren SI. Synthesis of glycopeptides and glycopeptide conjugates. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6487-6507. [PMID: 35903971 PMCID: PMC9400947 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00829g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a key post-translational modification important to many facets of biology. Glycosylation can have critical effects on protein conformation, uptake and intracellular routing. In immunology, glycosylation of antigens has been shown to play a role in self/non-self distinction and the effective uptake of antigens. Improperly glycosylated proteins and peptide fragments, for instance those produced by cancerous cells, are also prime candidates for vaccine design. To study these processes, access to peptides bearing well-defined glycans is of critical importance. In this review, the key approaches towards synthetic, well-defined glycopeptides, are described, with a focus on peptides useful for and used in immunological studies. Special attention is given to the glycoconjugation approaches that have been developed in recent years, as these enable rapid synthesis of various (unnatural) glycopeptides, enabling powerful carbohydrate structure/activity studies. These techniques, combined with more traditional total synthesis and chemoenzymatic methods for the production of glycopeptides, should help unravel some of the complexities of glycobiology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Doelman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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2
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Chong YK, Chandrashekar C, Zhao D, Maki Y, Okamoto R, Kajihara Y. Optimization of Semisynthetic Approach for Glycosyl Interferon-β-polypeptide by Utilizing Bacterial Protein Expression and Chemical Modification. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1907-1915. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02391h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a sufficient amount of homogenous glycoprotein is of great interest because the natural glycoproteins show a considerable heterogeneity in oligosaccharide structures making the studies of glycan structure-function relationship...
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3
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Hessefort H, Gross A, Seeleithner S, Hessefort M, Kirsch T, Perkams L, Bundgaard KO, Gottwald K, Rau D, Graf CGF, Rozanski E, Weidler S, Unverzagt C. Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis of Sialylated Glycoforms of Human Erythropoietin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25922-25932. [PMID: 34523784 PMCID: PMC9297946 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is the main therapeutic glycoprotein for the treatment of anemia in cancer and kidney patients. The in-vivo activity of EPO is carbohydrate-dependent with the number of sialic acid residues regulating its circulatory half-life. EPO carries three N-glycans and thus obtaining pure glycoforms provides a major challenge. We have developed a robust and reproducible chemoenzymatic approach to glycoforms of EPO with and without sialic acids. EPO was assembled by sequential native chemical ligation of two peptide and three glycopeptide segments. The glycopeptides were obtained by pseudoproline-assisted Lansbury aspartylation. Enzymatic introduction of the sialic acids was readily accomplished at the level of the glycopeptide segments but even more efficiently on the refolded glycoprotein. Biological recognition of the synthetic EPOs was shown by formation of 1:1 complexes with recombinant EPO receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Hessefort
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Angelina Gross
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Simone Seeleithner
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Markus Hessefort
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Tanja Kirsch
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Lukas Perkams
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Klaus Ole Bundgaard
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Karen Gottwald
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - David Rau
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | | | - Elisabeth Rozanski
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Sascha Weidler
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Carlo Unverzagt
- University of BayreuthBioorganic ChemistryUniversitätsstraße 3095447BayreuthGermany
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4
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Hessefort H, Gross A, Seeleithner S, Hessefort M, Kirsch T, Perkams L, Bundgaard KO, Gottwald K, Rau D, Graf CGF, Rozanski E, Weidler S, Unverzagt C. Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis of Sialylated Glycoforms of Human Erythropoietin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Hessefort
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Angelina Gross
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Simone Seeleithner
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Markus Hessefort
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Tanja Kirsch
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Lukas Perkams
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Klaus Ole Bundgaard
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Karen Gottwald
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - David Rau
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Rozanski
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Sascha Weidler
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Carlo Unverzagt
- University of Bayreuth Bioorganic Chemistry Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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5
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Maki Y, Okamoto R, Izumi M, Kajihara Y. Chemical Synthesis of an Erythropoietin Glycoform Having a Triantennary N-Glycan: Significant Change of Biological Activity of Glycoprotein by Addition of a Small Molecular Weight Trisaccharide. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20671-20679. [PMID: 33231436 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation of proteins contributes to the modulation of the structure and biological activity of glycoproteins. Asparagine-linked glycans (N-glycans) of glycoproteins naturally exhibit diverse antennary patterns, such as bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary forms. However, there are no chemical or biological methods to obtain homogeneous glycoproteins via the intentional alteration of the antennary form of N-glycans. Thus, the functions of the individual antennary form of N-glycan at a molecular level remain unclear. Herein, we report the chemical synthesis of an erythropoietin (EPO) glycoform having a triantennary sialylglycan at position 83, as well as two biantennary sialylglycans at both positions 24 and 38. We demonstrated efficient liquid-phase condensation reactions to prepare a sialylglycopeptide having a triantennary N-glycan prepared by the addition of a Neu5Ac-α-2,6-Gal-β-1,4-GlcNAc element to the biantennary glycan under semisynthetic conditions. The molecular weight of the newly added antennary element was ∼3% of the EPO glycoform, and the introduced position was the most distant from the bioactive protein. However, in vivo assays using mice revealed that the additional antennary element at position 83 dramatically increased the hematopoietic activity compared to a commercially available native EPO. These unprecedented data clearly indicate that the antennary pattern of N-glycans inherently plays a critical role in the modulation of protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Maki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ryo Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masayuki Izumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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6
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Pistorio SG, Geringer SA, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Manual and Automated Syntheses of the N-Linked Glycoprotein Core Glycans. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6576-6588. [PMID: 31066275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Presented herein are two complementary approaches to the synthesis of the core N-glycan pentasaccharide. The first, a traditional manual approach in solution, makes use of the H-bond-mediated aglycone delivery method for the highly diastereoselective introduction of the β-mannosidic linkage at room temperature. The synthesis of the core pentasaccharide was also accomplished using an high-performance liquid chromatography-assisted automated approach. The overall assembly was swift (8 h) and efficient (31%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore G Pistorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Missouri-St. Louis One University Boulevard , St. Louis , Missouri 63121 , United States
| | - Scott A Geringer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Missouri-St. Louis One University Boulevard , St. Louis , Missouri 63121 , United States
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Missouri-St. Louis One University Boulevard , St. Louis , Missouri 63121 , United States
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Missouri-St. Louis One University Boulevard , St. Louis , Missouri 63121 , United States
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7
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Wang P, Aussedat B, Vohra Y, Danishefsky SJ. An advance in the chemical synthesis of homogeneous N-linked glycopolypeptides by convergent aspartylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11571-5. [PMID: 23011954 PMCID: PMC3500778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe a useful advance in glycopeptide synthesis. We have developed a one-flask aspartylation/deprotection method, wherein long peptide fragments, bearing proximal pseudoproline functionality are merged with complex glycan domains. Following aspartylation, acidmediated global deprotection reveals the elaborated glycopeptide. The temporary pseudoproline functionality serves to suppress formation of aspartimide side products during solid phase peptide synthesis and aspartylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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8
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Wang P, Aussedat B, Vohra Y, Danishefsky SJ. An Advance in the Chemical Synthesis of Homogeneous N-Linked Glycopolypeptides by Convergent Aspartylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Hagiwara M, Dohi M, Nakahara Y, Komatsu K, Asahina Y, Ueki A, Hojo H, Nakahara Y, Ito Y. Synthesis of Biantennary Complex-Type Nonasaccharyl Asn Building Blocks for Solid-Phase Glycopeptide Synthesis. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5229-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Hagiwara
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Mizuki Dohi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakahara
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
- RIKEN, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keiko Komatsu
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yuya Asahina
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Akiharu Ueki
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakahara
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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10
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Mezzato S, Unverzagt C. Synthesis of an Fmoc-Asn-heptasaccharide building block and its application to chemoenzymatic glycopeptide synthesis. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1306-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Unverzagt C, Gundel G, Eller S, Schuberth R, Seifert J, Weiss H, Niemietz M, Pischl M, Raps C. Synthesis of multiantennary complex type N-glycans by use of modular building blocks. Chemistry 2010; 15:12292-302. [PMID: 19806620 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A modular set of oligosaccharide building blocks was developed for the synthesis of multiantennary N-glycans of the complex type, which are commonly found on glycoproteins. The donor building blocks were laid out for the elongation of a core trisaccharide acceptor (beta-mannosyl chitobiose) conveniently protected with a single benzylidene moiety at the beta-mannoside. Through two consecutive regio- and stereoselective couplings the donors gave N-glycans with three to five antennae in high yields. Due to the consistent protection group pattern of the donors the deprotection of the final products can be performed by using a general reaction sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganische Chemie, Universität Bayreuth, Gebäude NW1, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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12
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Abstract
In this account, we describe the results of a research program directed to the proposition that chemical synthesis can play a valuable role in identifying biologic level molecules worthy of pharma level development. We recount our journey towards the chemical synthesis of homogeneous erythropoietin, the challenges we encountered, and our efforts to address deficiencies in the current "state of the art" of glycopeptide synthesis. Here we describe new methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides that have emerged from the erythropoietin adventure, including the development of unique C-terminal acyl donors, novel amide bond forming methods, and new ligation and coupling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Kan
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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13
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Unverzagt C, Eller S, Mezzato S, Schuberth R. A Double Regio- and Stereoselective Glycosylation Strategy for the Synthesis of N-Glycans. Chemistry 2008; 14:1304-11. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Yamamoto N, Takayanagi A, Yoshino A, Sakakibara T, Kajihara Y. An approach for a synthesis of asparagine-linked sialylglycopeptides having intact and homogeneous complex-type undecadisialyloligosaccharides. Chemistry 2007; 13:613-25. [PMID: 16977655 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes synthesis of asparagine-linked sialylglycopeptides. The typical feature of our strategy for the synthesis of a sialylglycopeptide is to employ undecadisialyloligosaccharyl Fmoc-asparagine (Fmoc-Asn(CHO)-OH) 1 without protecting groups on its hydroxyl groups except for the benzyl ester of the NeuAc residues. Our synthetic methodology solved the problem of esterification toward sugar hydroxyl groups by activated amino acids during the elongation of a peptide chain. When employing high concentrations of the Fmoc-amino acid, esterification markedly occurred, but the esterification scarcely occurred when employing low concentrations of reactants. Taking advantage of these findings, we examined the synthesis of a high molecular sialylglycopeptide, CTLA-4 fragment (113-150) 13 having two complex-type sialyloligosaccharides by use of native chemical ligation (NCL). As a result, we succeeded in the synthesis of a sialylglycopeptide having a cysteine residue at the N-terminus (CTLA-4: 129-150 fragment) 11 and a sialylglycopeptide-thioester (CTLA-4: 113-128 fragment) 12. Finally, the sialylglycopeptides synthesized were applied to NCL reactions. The reaction successfully afforded the desired product, CTLA-4 (113-150) 13 containing mature and pure complex-type sialyloligosaccharides in excellent purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan
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15
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Mezzato S, Schaffrath M, Unverzagt C. An orthogonal double-linker resin facilitates the efficient solid-phase synthesis of complex-type N-glycopeptide thioesters suitable for native chemical ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:1650-4. [PMID: 15693053 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mezzato
- Bioorganische Chemie, Gebäude NW1, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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16
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Abstract
This review describes the recent advances in the field of glycopeptide and small glycoprotein synthesis. The strategies covered include chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis, native chemical ligation (NCL), and expressed chemical ligation. The importance of glycopeptide synthesis is exemplified by giving the reader an overview of how versatile and important these well-defined glycopeptides are as tools in glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Buskas
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde M Kaneshiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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19
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Kantchev EAB, Bader SJ, Parquette JR. Oligosaccharide synthesis on a soluble, hyperbranched polymer support via thioglycoside activation. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Mezzato S, Schaffrath M, Unverzagt C. Ein orthogonales Linkerpaar zur effizienten Festphasensynthese von Glycopeptidthioestern mit N-Glycanen des komplexen Typs und Einsatz in der nativen chemischen Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Guo Z, Shao N. Glycopeptide and glycoprotein synthesis involving unprotected carbohydrate building blocks. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:655-78. [PMID: 15895471 DOI: 10.1002/med.20033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycopeptides and glycoproteins using unprotected carbohydrates as key intermediates. The synthetic methods covered herein include the convergent synthesis of glycopeptides by chemoselective ligation of peptides and free glycans, solution- and solid-phase synthesis of glycopeptides by sequential peptide elongation with unprotected glycosyl amino acids or short glycopeptides as building blocks, and the synthesis of glycopeptides by enzymatic and/or chemical elongation of the free glycans. The use of unprotected carbohydrates in these syntheses can circumvent the final-stage carbohydrate deprotection, lead to highly convergent synthetic designs, and more significantly, take advantage of the commercially available free glycans isolated from nature, which could considerably facilitate the synthesis of complex glycopeptides and glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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22
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Yamamoto N, Sakakibara T, Kajihara Y. Convenient synthesis of a glycopeptide analogue having a complex type disialyl-undecasaccharide. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.02.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Takano Y, Kojima N, Nakahara Y, Hojo H, Nakahara Y. Solid-phase synthesis of core 2 O-linked glycopeptide and its enzymatic sialylation. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Pratt MR, Bertozzi CR. Chemoselective ligation applied to the synthesis of a biantennary N-linked glycoform of CD52. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:6149-59. [PMID: 12785846 DOI: 10.1021/ja029346v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report here a strategy for the synthesis of N-linked glycopeptide analogues that replace the glycosidic linkages extending from the core pentasaccharide with thioethers amenable to construction by chemoselective ligation. The key building block, a pentasaccharide-Asn analogue containing two thiol residues, was incorporated into CD52 by 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-based solid-phase peptide synthesis. An undecasaccharide mimetic was then readily generated by alkylation of this glycopeptide with an N-bromoacetamido trisaccharide. The rapid assembly of a complex type N-linked glycopeptide mimetic was accomplished using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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25
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Grogan MJ, Pratt MR, Marcaurelle LA, Bertozzi CR. Homogeneous glycopeptides and glycoproteins for biological investigation. Annu Rev Biochem 2002; 71:593-634. [PMID: 12045107 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is widely recognized as a modulator of protein structure, localization, and cell-cell recognition in multicellular systems. Glycoproteins are typically expressed as mixtures of glycoforms, their oligosaccharides being generated by a template-independent biosynthetic process. Investigation of their function has been greatly assisted by sources of homogeneous material. This review summarizes current efforts to obtain homogeneous glycopeptide and glycoprotein materials by a variety of methods that draw from the techniques of recombinant expression, chemical synthesis, enzymatic transformation, and chemoselective ligation. Some of these techniques remove obstacles to glycoprotein synthesis by installing nonnative linkages and other modifications for facilitated assembly. The end purpose of the described approaches is the production of glycosylated materials for experiments relevant to the biological investigation of glycoproteins, although the strategies presented apply to other posttranslational modifications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Grogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California; Berkeley California 94720, USA.
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Ichiyanagi T, Takatani M, Sakamoto K, Nakahara Y, Ito Y, Hojo H, Nakahara Y. Synthesis of mucin-type glycopeptide (β hCG 130–145) by on-resin fragment condensation of the glycopeptide segments carrying unmasked oligosaccharides. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Efficient and practical syntheses of mannose tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octasaccharides existing in N-glycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Davis
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK.
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29
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Efficient and practical syntheses of three pentasaccharides core structures corresponding to N -glycans. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Xia J, Alderfer JL, Piskorz CF, Matta KL. The 2-naphthylmethyl (NAP) group in carbohydrate synthesis: first total synthesis of the GlyCAM-1 oligosaccharide structures. Chemistry 2001; 7:356-67. [PMID: 11271521 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010119)7:2<356::aid-chem356>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Total syntheses of the GlyCAM-1 (glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1) oligosaccharide structures: [alpha-NeuAc-(2 --> 3)-beta-Gal-(1 --> 4)-[alpha-Fuc-(1 --> 3)]-beta-(6-O-SO3Na)-GlcNAc-(1 --> 6)]-[alpha-NeuAc-(2 --> 3)-beta-Gal-(1 --> 3)]-alpha-GalNAc-OMe (1) and [alpha-NeuAc-(2 --> 3)-beta-Gal-(1 --> 4)-[alpha-Fuc-(1 --> 3)]-beta-GlcNAc-(1 --> 6)]-[alpha-NeuAc-(2 3)-beta-Gal-(1 --> 3)]-alpha-GalNAc-OMe (2) through a novel sialyl LewisX tetrasaccharide donor are described. Employing sequential glycosylation strategy, the starting trisaccharide was regio- and stereoselectively constructed through coupling of a disaccharide imidate with the monosaccharide acceptor phenyl-6-O-naphthylmethyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside with TMSOTf as a catalyst without affecting the SPh group. The novel sialyl Lewisx tetrasaccharide donor 3 was then obtained by alpha-L-fucosylation of trisaccharide acceptor with the 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-beta-L-fucoside donor. The structure of the novel sialyl Lewisx tetrasaccharide was established by a combination of 2D DQF-COSY and 2D ROESY experiments. Target oligosaccharides 1 and 2 were eventually constructed through heptasaccharide which was obtained by regioselective assembly of advanced sialyl Lewisx tetrasaccharide donor 3 and a sialylated trisaccharide acceptor in a predictable and controlled manner. Finally, target heptasaccharides 1 and 2 were fully characterized by 2D DQF-COSY, 2D ROESY, HSQC, HMBC experiments and FAB mass spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xia
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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31
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Herzner H, Reipen T, Schultz M, Kunz H. Synthesis of glycopeptides containing carbohydrate and Peptide recognition motifs. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4495-538. [PMID: 11749356 DOI: 10.1021/cr990308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Herzner
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Institut für Organische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Koeller KM, Wong CH. Synthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates: enzyme-based and programmable one-pot strategies. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4465-94. [PMID: 11749355 DOI: 10.1021/cr990297n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Koeller
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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34
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Prahl I, Unverzagt C. Synthesis of a LEC14 nonasaccharide, a core-fucosylated, biantennary N-glycan with a novel GlcNAc residue in the core region. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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36
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Xia J, Alderfer JL, Piskorz CF, Locke RD, Matta KL. A convergent synthesis of trisaccharides with alpha-Neu5Ac-(2 --> 3)-beta-D-gal-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-GlcNAc and alpha-Neu5Ac-(2 --> 3)-beta-D-gal-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-GalNAc sequences. Carbohydr Res 2000; 328:147-63. [PMID: 11028783 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of three trisaccharides: alpha-Neu5Ac-(2 --> 3)-beta-D-Gal-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-GlcNAc --> OMe, alpha-Neu5Ac-(2 --> 3)-beta-D-Gal6SO3Na-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-GlcNAc --> OMe, and alpha-Neu5Ac-(2 --> 3)-beta-D-Gal-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-GalNAc --> OBn were accomplished by using either methyl (phenyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-beta-D-glycero-D-g alacto-2-nonulopyranoside)onate or methyl (phenyl N-acetyl-5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-beta-D-gl ycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranoside)onate as the sialyl donor. The N,N-diacetylamino sialyl donor appears to be more reactive than its parent acetamido sugar when allowed to react with an disaccharide acceptor under the same glycosylation conditions. The trisaccharides, as well as the intermediate products, were fully characterized by 2D DQF 1H-1H COSY and 2D ROESY spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xia
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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37
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Unverzagt C, Seifert J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of deca and dodecasaccharide N-glycans of the ‘bisecting’ type. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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38
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Imperiali B, O'Connor SE. Effect of N-linked glycosylation on glycopeptide and glycoprotein structure. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1999; 3:643-9. [PMID: 10600722 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(99)00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an enzyme-catalyzed, co-translational protein modification reaction that has the capacity to influence either the protein folding process or the stability of the native glycoprotein conjugate. Advances in both glycoconjugate chemical synthesis and glycoprotein expression methods have increased the availability of these once elusive biopolymers. The application of spectroscopic methods to these proteins has begun to illuminate the various ways in which the saccharide affects the structure, function and stability of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Imperiali
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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39
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40
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Weiler S, Schmidt RR. A versatile strategy for the synthesis of complex type N-Glycans: Synthesis of diantennary and bisected diantennary oligosaccharides. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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