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Vaz B, Alvarez R, de Lera AR. Stereocontrolled synthesis of ( S )-9- cis - and ( S )-11- cis -13,14-dihydroretinoic acid. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Álvarez R, Vaz B, Gronemeyer H, de Lera ÁR. Functions, therapeutic applications, and synthesis of retinoids and carotenoids. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1-125. [PMID: 24266866 DOI: 10.1021/cr400126u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CINBIO), and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Bergueiro J, Montenegro J, Saá C, López S. Synthesis of 11-cis-Retinoids by Hydrosilylation-Protodesilylation of an 11,12-Didehydro Precursor: Easy Access to 11- and 12-Mono- and 11,12-Dideuteroretinoids. Chemistry 2012; 18:14100-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organosilicon Compounds in the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Retinoids. Chemistry 2012; 18:4401-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Álvarez S, Pazos-Randulfe Y, Khanwalkar H, Germain P, Álvarez R, Gronemeyer H, de Lera ÁR. New retinoid chemotypes: 9-cis-Retinoic acid analogs with hydrophobic rings derived from terpenes as selective RAR agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9719-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Caselli E, Galvan M, Santoni F, Alvarez S, de Lera AR, Ivanova D, Gronemeyer H, Caruso A, Guidoboni M, Cassai E, Dolcetti R, Di Luca D. Retinoic Acid Analogues Inhibit Human Herpesvirus 8 Replication. Antivir Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350801300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Retinoids have a pronounced antiviral effect against several viruses. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of retinoids on human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Methods A panel of retinoic acid compounds were tested for their antiviral activity against HHV-8 in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in a human epithelial cell line. The presence, transcription and antigen expression of HHV-8 in infected cells – in the presence or absence of retinoic acid compounds – were evaluated by PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR and immunofluorescence assays; HHV-8 viral load was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Angiogenesis induced by HHV-8 was also assessed using Cultrex® basement membrane extract. Results The compounds tested specifically inhibited viral promoters, during the early and late phases of infection in both cell systems tested, and resulted in up to 100fold reduction of viral titre and release of progeny virus. The inhibition of viral replication induced by retinoids in endothelial cells, the primary target of HHV-8-driven transformation in Kaposi's Sarcoma, prevented endothelial cells from developing spindle morphology and in vitro tube formation, characteristic changes associated with HHV-8 infection and transformation. Conclusions We show that retinoids inhibit HHV-8 replication and identify new retinoid compounds with a strong antiviral effect. Selective retinoids, particularly those with retinoic acid receptor agonist activity, may be good candidates for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Galvan
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Santoni
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Diana Ivanova
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
- Department of Cancer Biology, IGBMC, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Guidoboni
- Immunovirology and Biotherapy Unit, CRO – IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
- Present address: Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Enzo Cassai
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Immunovirology and Biotherapy Unit, CRO – IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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Okitsu T, Iwatsuka K, Wada A. Caesium fluoride-promoted Stille coupling reaction: an efficient synthesis of 9Z-retinoic acid and its analogues using a practical building block. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:6330-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b813760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Domínguez M, Alvarez R, Pérez M, Palczewski K, de Lera AR. The role of the 11-cis-retinal ring methyl substituents in visual pigment formation. Chembiochem 2007; 7:1815-25. [PMID: 16941510 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Artificial visual pigment formation from ring-demethylated retinals was studied in an effort to understand the effect that methyl groups on the chromophore cyclohexenyl ring have on the visual cycle. The stereoselective synthesis of the 11-cis-ring-demethylated analogues involves thallium-accelerated Suzuki cross-coupling reactions and highly stereocontrolled Wittig reactions to form key bonds. Only 11-cis-1,1,5-trisdemethylretinal (2) failed to form an artificial pigment, whilst variable pigment-formation yields were determined for the remaining analogues, increasing with the number (and location) of the chromophore hydrophobic ring methyl groups. Our results with the monodemethylated analogues 11-cis-5-demethylretinal (4) and 11-cis-1-demethylretinal (5) show that the C1-2-CH(3) groups are more important for pigment formation than the C5-CH(3) substituent. This is reflected in the absorption maxima of the artificial pigments, with values closer to that of native rhodopsin for 4. Docking studies based on a rhodopsin crystal structure, however, predict a lower pigment stability for 4 than for 5. Gas-phase DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*) computations of the free-ligand geometries, conformational searches about the C6--C7 bond, and docking studies revealed that, although the conformation of bound 5 is close to that of the native chromophore, the ligand needs to overcome the energy cost of shifting the unbound favored 6-s-trans conformation to the bound 6-s-cis form. In addition, the presence of an extra methyl group at C18 (11-cis-18-methylretinal, 7) is tolerated well and adds further stability to the complex, most probably due to increased hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Domínguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Alvarez R, Domínguez B, de Lera AR. AN EXPEDIENT STEREOCONTROLLED SYNTHESIS OF 7-CIS-RETINOIDS. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-100104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Alvarez
- a Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , Vigo , 36200 , Spain
| | - Beatriz Domínguez
- a Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , Vigo , 36200 , Spain
| | - Angel R. de Lera
- b Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Vigo , Vigo , 36200 , Spain
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Wada A, Fukunaga K, Ito M, Mizuguchi Y, Nakagawa K, Okano T. Preparation and biological activity of 13-substituted retinoic acids. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:3931-42. [PMID: 15210160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
13-Demethyl or 13-substituted all-E- and 9Z-retinoic acids were synthesized using a palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of enol triflates and tributylstannylolefins. Their biological activities were then measured. The 13-ethyl analogs exhibited approximately one-half of the antiproliferative and differentiation-inducing activity of ATRA in HL-60 cells. In contrast, in the 9Z-derivatives, all analogs, except for the 13-butyl derivatives, showed apoptosis-inducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimori Wada
- Department of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Michellys PY, Ardecky RJ, Chen JH, D'Arrigo J, Grese TA, Karanewsky DS, Leibowitz MD, Liu S, Mais DA, Mapes CM, Montrose-Rafizadeh C, Ogilvie KM, Reifel-Miller A, Rungta D, Thompson AW, Tyhonas JS, Boehm MF. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of novel 6,7-locked-[7-(2-alkoxy-3,5-dialkylbenzene)-3-methylocta]-2,4,6-trienoic acids. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4087-103. [PMID: 12954061 DOI: 10.1021/jm020401k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor:peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor (RXR:PPAR) heterodimers play a critical role in the regulation of glucose (RXR/PPARgamma) and lipid metabolism (RXR/PPARalpha). Previously, we described a concise structure-activity relationship study of selective RXR modulators possessing a (2E,4E,6Z)-3-methyl-7-(3,5-dialkyl-6-alkoxyphenyl)-octa-2,4,6-trienoic acid scaffold. These studies were focused on the 2-position alkoxy side chain. We describe here the design and synthesis of a novel series of RXR selective modulators possessing the same aromatic core structure with the addition of a ring locked 6-7-Z-olefin on the trienoic acid moiety. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of these 6,7-locked cyclopentenyl, phenyl, thienyl, furan, and pyridine-trienoic acid derivatives is presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Michellys
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Michellys PY, Ardecky RJ, Chen JH, Crombie DL, Etgen GJ, Faul MM, Faulkner AL, Grese TA, Heyman RA, Karanewsky DS, Klausing K, Leibowitz MD, Liu S, Mais DA, Mapes CM, Marschke KB, Reifel-Miller A, Ogilvie KM, Rungta D, Thompson AW, Tyhonas JS, Boehm MF. Novel (2E,4E,6Z)-7-(2-alkoxy-3,5-dialkylbenzene)-3-methylocta-2,4,6-trienoic acid retinoid X receptor modulators are active in models of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2683-96. [PMID: 12801232 DOI: 10.1021/jm020340q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous data have shown that RXR-selective agonists (e.g., 3 and 4) are insulin sensitizers in rodent models of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Unfortunately, they also produce dramatic increases in triglycerides and profound suppression of the thyroid hormone axis. Here we describe the design and synthesis of new RXR modulators that retain the insulin-sensitizing activity of RXR agonists but produce substantially reduced side effects. These molecules bind selectively and with high affinity to RXR and, unlike RXR agonists, do not activate RXR homodimers. To further evaluate the antidiabetic activity of these RXR modulators, we have designed a concise and systematic structure-activity relationship around the 2E,4E,6Z-7-aryl-3-methylocta-2,4,6-trienoic acid scaffold. Selected compounds have been evaluated using insulin-resistant rodents (db/db mice) to characterize effects on glucose homeostasis. Our studies demonstrate the effectiveness of RXR modulators in lowering plasma glucose in the db/db mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Michellys
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Recent Progress in Retinoid Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(03)80139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Szundi I, de Lera AR, Pazos Y, Alvarez R, Oliana M, Sheves M, Lewis JW, Kliger DS. Bleaching kinetics of artificial visual pigments with modifications near the ring-polyene chain connection. Biochemistry 2002; 41:2028-35. [PMID: 11827550 DOI: 10.1021/bi011461f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Absorbance difference spectra were recorded at 20 degrees C from 30 ns to milliseconds after photolysis of lauryl maltoside suspensions of artificial visual pigments derived from 9-cis isomers of 5-ethylretinal, 8,16-methanoretinal (a 6-s-trans-bicyclic analogue), or 5-demethyl-8-methylretinal. In all three pigments, the earliest intermediate that was detected had the characteristics of a mixture of bathorhodopsin and a blue-shifted intermediate, BSI, which is the first decay product of bathorhodopsin in bovine rhodopsin. The first decays resolved on the nanosecond time scale were the formation of the lumirhodopsin analogues. Subsequent decays were able to be fit with a mechanistic scheme which has been shown to apply to both membrane and detergent suspensions of rhodopsin. Large increases were seen in the amount of metarhodopsin I which appeared after photolysis of 5-ethylisorhodopsin and the bicyclic isorhodopsin analogue, while 5-demethyl-8-methylisorhodopsin more closely followed native rhodopsin in decaying through meta I380, a 380 nm absorbing precursor to metarhodopsin II. In addition to forming more metarhodopsin I, the bicyclic analogue stabilized the metarhodopsin I-metarhodopsin II equilibrium similarly to what has been previously reported for 9-demethylrhodopsin in detergent, introducing the possibility that the bicyclic analogue could similarly be defective in transducin activation. These observations support the idea that long after initial photolysis, structural details of the retinylidene chromophore continue to play a decisive role in processes leading to the activated form, metarhodopsin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Szundi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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Abstract
A domino reaction that is pericyclic in nature is thought to be triggered upon treatment of alkenynol 10 with arylsulfenyl chlorides. The process comprises an ordered sequence of sigmatropic rearrangements: a reversible [2,3]-allyl sulfenate to allyl sulfoxide shift, followed by a [2,3]-propargyl sulfenate to allenyl sulfoxide rearrangement, and last a stereodifferentiating [1,5]-sigmatropic hydrogen migration leading to polyene 13. The occurrence of the C7 to C11 hydrogen migration has been demonstrated by labeling experiments. The double diastereoselection of the [1,5]-sigmatropic hydrogen shift to afford a single isomer of the final polyene 13 is thought to arise from a combination of the electronic effect of the sulfoxide at one terminus, and the steric effect imparted by the bulky trimethylcyclohexenyl substituent at the other terminus. The overall process thus constitutes a stereoselective synthesis of an E,Z,Z-triene fragment from an alkenynol and, in particular, a retinoid with the 7E,9Z,11Z,13E configuration on the conjugated polyenic side chain. Application of this method to the synthesis of retinoids, including labeled analogues, is straightforward.
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