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Silva LMG, Gouveia VA, Campos GRS, Dale CS, da Palma RK, de Oliveira APL, Marcos RL, Duran CCG, Cogo JC, Silva Junior JA, Zamuner SR. Photobiomodulation mitigates Bothrops jararacussu venom-induced damage in myoblast cells by enhancing myogenic factors and reducing cytokine production. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012227. [PMID: 38814992 PMCID: PMC11192417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photobiomodulation has exhibited promise in mitigating the local effects induced by Bothrops snakebite envenoming; however, the mechanisms underlying this protection are not yet fully understood. Herein, the effectiveness of photobiomodulation effects on regenerative response of C2C12 myoblast cells following exposure to Bothrops jararacussu venom (BjsuV), as well as the mechanisms involved was investigated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS C2C12 myoblast cells were exposed to BjsuV (12.5 μg/mL) and irradiated once for 10 seconds with laser light of 660 nm (14.08 mW; 0.04 cm2; 352 mW/cm2) or 780 nm (17.6 mW; 0.04 cm2; 440 mW/ cm2) to provide energy densities of 3.52 and 4.4 J/cm2, and total energies of 0.1408 and 0.176 J, respectively. Cell migration was assessed through a wound-healing assay. The expression of MAPK p38-α, NF-Кβ, Myf5, Pax-7, MyoD, and myogenin proteins were assessed by western blotting analysis. In addition, interleukin IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-alfa and IL-10 levels were measured in the supernatant by ELISA. The PBM applied to C2C12 cells exposed to BjsuV promoted cell migration, increase the expression of myogenic factors (Pax7, MyF5, MyoD and myogenin), reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-alfa, and increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, PBM downregulates the expression of NF-kB, and had no effect on p38 MAKP. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrated that protection of the muscle cell by PBM seems to be related to the increase of myogenic factors as well as the modulation of inflammatory mediators. PBM therapy may offer a new therapeutic strategy to address the local effects of snakebite envenoming by promoting muscle regeneration and reducing the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviane Almeida Gouveia
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Squarzone Dale
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Kelly da Palma
- Facultad De Ciencias De la Salud de Manresa, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central De Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institute for Research and Innovation in Life and Health Sciences in Central Catalonia (Iris-CC). Vic, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Labat Marcos
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cinthya Cosme Gutierrez Duran
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Programa de Mestrado em Bioengenharia do Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Silva Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stella Regina Zamuner
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine-Biophotonics, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bom ADOP, Dias-Soares M, Corrêa RCD, Neves CL, Hosch NG, de Lucena GG, Oliveira CG, Pagano RL, Chacur M, Giorgi R. Molecular Aspects Involved in the Mechanisms of Bothrops jararaca Venom-Induced Hyperalgesia: Participation of NK1 Receptor and Glial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:187. [PMID: 38668612 PMCID: PMC11053884 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Accidents caused by Bothrops jararaca (Bj) snakes result in several local and systemic manifestations, with pain being a fundamental characteristic. The inflammatory process responsible for hyperalgesia induced by Bj venom (Bjv) has been studied; however, the specific roles played by the peripheral and central nervous systems in this phenomenon remain unclear. To clarify this, we induced hyperalgesia in rats using Bjv and collected tissues from dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord (SC) at 2 and 4 h post-induction. Samples were labeled for Iba-1 (macrophage and microglia), GFAP (satellite cells and astrocytes), EGR1 (neurons), and NK1 receptors. Additionally, we investigated the impact of minocycline, an inhibitor of microglia, and GR82334 antagonist on Bjv-induced hyperalgesia. Our findings reveal an increase in Iba1 in DRG at 2 h and EGR1 at 4 h. In the SC, markers for microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and NK1 receptors exhibited increased expression after 2 h, with EGR1 continuing to rise at 4 h. Minocycline and GR82334 inhibited venom-induced hyperalgesia, highlighting the crucial roles of microglia and NK1 receptors in this phenomenon. Our results suggest that the hyperalgesic effects of Bjv involve the participation of microglial and astrocytic cells, in addition to the activation of NK1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela de Oliveira Pedro Bom
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
- Postgraduate Program in Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Dias-Soares
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
| | - Raíssa Cristina Darroz Corrêa
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
- Postgraduate Program in Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Lima Neves
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
| | | | - Gabriela Gomes de Lucena
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
| | - Camilla Garcia Oliveira
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil; (C.G.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Rosana Lima Pagano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-060, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil; (C.G.O.); (M.C.)
| | - Renata Giorgi
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (A.d.O.P.B.); (M.D.-S.); (R.C.D.C.); (C.L.N.); (G.G.d.L.)
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Thumtecho S, Suteparuk S, Sitprija V. Pulmonary involvement from animal toxins: the cellular mechanisms. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2023; 29:e20230026. [PMID: 37727535 PMCID: PMC10506740 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Venomous animals and their venom have always been of human interest because, despite species differences, coevolution has made them capable of targeting key physiological components of our bodies. Respiratory failure from lung injury is one of the serious consequences of envenomation, and the underlying mechanisms are rarely discussed. This review aims to demonstrate how toxins affect the pulmonary system through various biological pathways. Herein, we propose the common underlying cellular mechanisms of toxin-induced lung injury: interference with normal cell function and integrity, disruption of normal vascular function, and provocation of excessive inflammation. Viperid snakebites are the leading cause of envenomation-induced lung injury, followed by other terrestrial venomous animals such as scorpions, spiders, and centipedes. Marine species, particularly jellyfish, can also inflict such injury. Common pulmonary manifestations include pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, and exudative infiltration. Severe envenomation can result in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary involvement suggests severe envenomation, thus recognizing these mechanisms and manifestations can aid physicians in providing appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthimon Thumtecho
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn
University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society,
Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchai Suteparuk
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn
University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society,
Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Sitprija
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute and King Chulalongkorn Memorial
Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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Cavalcante JS, de Almeida DEG, Santos-Filho NA, Sartim MA, de Almeida Baldo A, Brasileiro L, Albuquerque PL, Oliveira SS, Sachett JAG, Monteiro WM, Ferreira RS. Crosstalk of Inflammation and Coagulation in Bothrops Snakebite Envenoming: Endogenous Signaling Pathways and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11508. [PMID: 37511277 PMCID: PMC10380640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming represents a major health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. Considering the elevated number of accidents and high morbidity and mortality rates, the World Health Organization reclassified this disease to category A of neglected diseases. In Latin America, Bothrops genus snakes are mainly responsible for snakebites in humans, whose pathophysiology is characterized by local and systemic inflammatory and degradative processes, triggering prothrombotic and hemorrhagic events, which lead to various complications, organ damage, tissue loss, amputations, and death. The activation of the multicellular blood system, hemostatic alterations, and activation of the inflammatory response are all well-documented in Bothrops envenomings. However, the interface between inflammation and coagulation is still a neglected issue in the toxinology field. Thromboinflammatory pathways can play a significant role in some of the major complications of snakebite envenoming, such as stroke, venous thromboembolism, and acute kidney injury. In addition to exacerbating inflammation and cell interactions that trigger vaso-occlusion, ischemia-reperfusion processes, and, eventually, organic damage and necrosis. In this review, we discuss the role of inflammatory pathways in modulating coagulation and inducing platelet and leukocyte activation, as well as the inflammatory production mediators and induction of innate immune responses, among other mechanisms that are altered by Bothrops venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeliton S Cavalcante
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis Emanuel Garcia de Almeida
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Agronomic Sciences School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norival A Santos-Filho
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Araraquara 14800-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Sartim
- Laboratory of Bioprospection, University Nilton Lins, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Research & Development Department, Nilton Lins Foundation, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Almeida Baldo
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lisele Brasileiro
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Polianna L Albuquerque
- Toxicological Information and Assistance Center, Instituto Doutor Jose Frota Hospital, Fortaleza 60025-061, Ceará, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60430-140, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Sâmella S Oliveira
- Research Management, Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy of Amazonas, Manaus 69050-001, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- Research & Development Department, Nilton Lins Foundation, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Research & Development Department, Nilton Lins Foundation, Manaus 69058-030, Amazonas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Research at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69850-000, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Translational Science and Development of Biopharmaceuticals FAPESP/CEVAP-UNESP, Botucatu 18610-307, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18610-307, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lopes JA, Boeno CN, Paloschi MV, Silva MDS, Rego CMA, Pires WL, Santana HM, Chaves YO, Rodrigues MMDS, Lima AM, Setúbal SDS, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Phenotypic, functional and plasticity features of human PBMCs induced by venom secreted PLA 2s. Mol Immunol 2023; 155:135-152. [PMID: 36812762 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops venom contains a high amount of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2s) enzymes responsible for the inflammatory reaction and activation of leukocytes in cases of envenoming. PLA2s are proteins that have enzymatic activity and can hydrolyze phospholipids at the sn-2 position, thereby releasing fatty acids and lysophospholipids precursors of eicosanoids, which are significant mediators of inflammatory conditions. Whether these enzymes have a role in the activation and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is not known. Here we show for the first time how two secreted PLA2s (BthTX-I and BthTX-II) isolated from the venom of Bothrops jararacussu affect the function and polarization of PBMCs. Neither BthTX-I nor BthTX-II exhibited significant cytotoxicity to isolated PBMCs compared with the control at any of the time points studied. RT-qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine changes in gene expression and the release of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β and IL-10) cytokines, respectively, during the cell differentiation process. Lipid droplets formation and phagocytosis were also investigated. Monocytes/macrophages were labeled with anti-CD14, -CD163, and -CD206 antibodies to assay cell polarization. Both toxins caused a heterogeneous morphology (M1 and M2) on days 1 and 7 based on immunofluorescence analysis, revealing the considerable flexibility of these cells even in the presence of typical polarization stimuli. Thus, these findings indicate that the two sPLA2s trigger both immune response profiles in PBMCs indicating a significant degree of cell plasticity, which may be crucial for understanding the consequences of snake envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Amaral Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Charles Nunes Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Mauro Valentino Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Milena Daniela Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Cristina Matiele Alves Rego
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Weverson Luciano Pires
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Hallison Mota Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Yury Oliveira Chaves
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Moreno Magalhães de Souza Rodrigues
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Laboratório de Análise e Visualização de Dados, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Anderson M Lima
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da S Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos, LABIOPROT, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Brazil.
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K L, M D S S, H M S, Y J I, M V P, C M A R, S N S, A M L, M N S, A M S, S S S, J P Z. Action of BjussuMP-II, a snake venom metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom, on human neutrophils. Toxicon 2023; 222:106992. [PMID: 36493931 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are enzymatic proteins present in large amounts in snake venoms presenting proteolytic, hemorrhagic, and coagulant activities. BjussuMP-II, a class P-I SVMP, isolated from the Bothrops jararacussu snake venom does not have relevant hemorrhagic activity but presents fibrinolytic, fibrinogenolytic, antiplatelet, gelatinolytic, and collagenolytic action. This study aimed to verify the action of BjussuMP-II on human neutrophil functionality focusing on the lipid bodies formation and hydrogen peroxide production, the release of dsDNA through colorimetric and microscopic assays, and cytokines by immunoenzymatic assays. Results showed that BjussuMP-II at concentrations of 1.5 up to 50 μg/mL for 24 h is not toxic to human neutrophils using an MTT assay. Under non-cytotoxic concentrations, BjussuMP-II can induce an increase in the formation of lipid bodies, production of hydrogen peroxide and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8)] liberation and, the release of dsDNA to form NETs. Taken together, the data obtained show for the first time that BjussuMP-II has a pro-inflammatory action and activates human neutrophils that can contribute to local damage observed in snakebite victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisita K
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco-AC, Brazil
| | - Silva M D S
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Santana H M
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Ikenohuchi Y J
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Paloschi M V
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Rego C M A
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Serrath S N
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Lima A M
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, LABIOPROT, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EPIAMO, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Sousa M N
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, LABIOPROT, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EPIAMO, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Soares A M
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, LABIOPROT, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EPIAMO, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Setúbal S S
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.
| | - Zuliani J P
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.
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7
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Resiere D, Mehdaoui H, Neviere R. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Snakebite Envenomation: A Brief Descriptive Review and Clinical Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110802. [PMID: 36422976 PMCID: PMC9694585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a pathological condition which may occur in response to the injection of venom. Snake venoms contain a complex mixture of biologically active molecules which are responsible for a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from local tissue injuries to fatal complications. Snake venom administration commonly provokes local tissue injury often associated with systemic effects, including neurotoxic and cardiotoxic manifestations, bleeding, acute kidney injury, and rhabdomyolysis. An important spectrum of pathogenesis of snake envenomation is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can directly provoke tissue damage and also potentiate the deleterious consequences of inflammation at the bite site. Snake venom components known to induce oxidative stress include phospholipases A2, metalloproteinases, three-finger toxins, and L-amino acid oxidase. Clear evidence is mounting suggesting that inflammation and oxidative stress participate in the destructive effects of envenoming, including acute renal failure, tissue necrosis, and unusual susceptibility to bleed (hemorrhage), mostly due to hypocoagulability, neuro/cardio toxicity, and myonecrosis. Impaired regulation of oxidative stress may also set the stage for secondary/long-term complications of snakebite envenomation such as musculoskeletal disabilities. Some aspects of natural antioxidant therapeutic options are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabor Resiere
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies, 97157 Fort de France, France
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Toxicology and Emergency, CHU Martinique, University Hospital of Martinique, 97200 Fort de France, France
| | - Hossein Mehdaoui
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies, 97157 Fort de France, France
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Toxicology and Emergency, CHU Martinique, University Hospital of Martinique, 97200 Fort de France, France
| | - Remi Neviere
- Cardiovascular Research Team EA7525, University of the French West Indies, 97157 Fort de France, France
- Correspondence:
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8
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Boeno CN, Paloschi MV, Lopes JA, Souza Silva MD, Evangelista JR, Dos Reis VP, da S Setúbal S, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Dynamics of action of a Lys-49 and an Asp-49 PLA 2s on inflammasome NLRP3 activation in murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109194. [PMID: 36041255 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are proteins found in snake venoms with hemolytic, anticoagulant, myotoxic, edematogenic, bactericidal and inflammatory actions. In Bothrops jararacussu snake venom were isolated a Lys49-PLA2 (BthTX-I) and an Asp49-PLA2 (BthTX-II) with myotoxic and inflammatory actions. Both PLA2s can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, an intracytoplasmic platform that recognizes molecules released when tissue is damaged liberating IL-1β that contributes to the inflammatory response observed in envenoming. The dynamic of action of BthTX-I and BthTX-II in both thioglycollate (TG)-elicited macrophages and C2C12 myoblasts and the involvement of EP1 and EP2 receptors, and PGE2 in NLRP3 inflammasome activation were evaluated. Both toxins induced PGE2 liberation and inflammasome components (NLRP3, Caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β, and IL18), IL-6, P2X7, COX-1, COX-2, EP2 and EP4 gene expression in TG-elicited macrophages but not in C2C12 myoblasts. EP2 (PF04418948) and EP4 (GW627368X) inhibitors abolished this effect. Both PLA2s also induced NLRP3 inflammasome protein expression that was abolished with the inhibitors used. Immunofluorescence and IL-1β assays confirmed the NLRP3 activation in TG-elicited macrophages with the participation of both EP2 and EP4 receptors confirming their involvement in this effect. All in all, BthTX-I and BthTX-II activate macrophages and induce the NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation with the participation of the PGE2 via COX pathway and EP2 and EP4, both PGE2 receptors, contributing to the local inflammatory effects observed in envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Mauro V Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Milena D Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Jaína R Evangelista
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Valdison P Dos Reis
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da S Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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9
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Fontana BC, Soares AM, Zuliani JP, Gonçalves GM. Role of Toll-like receptors in local effects in a model of experimental envenoming induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom and by two phospholipases A2. Toxicon 2022; 214:145-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Megale ÂAA, Magnoli FC, Guidolin FR, Godoi KS, Portaro FCV, Dias-da-Silva W. Bitis arietans Snake Venom and Kn-Ba, a Snake Venom Serine Protease, Induce the Production of Inflammatory Mediators in THP-1 Macrophages. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120906. [PMID: 34941743 PMCID: PMC8705107 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitis arietans is a snake of medical importance found throughout sub-Saharan Africa and in savannas and pastures of Morocco and western Arabia. The effects of its venom are characterized by local and systemic alterations, such as inflammation and cardiovascular and hemostatic disturbances, which can lead to victims' death or permanent disability. To better characterize the inflammatory process induced by this snake's venom, the participation of eicosanoids and PAF (platelet- activating factor) in this response were demonstrated in a previous study. In addition, edema and early increased vascular permeability followed by an accumulation of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in the peritoneal cavity were accompanied by the production of the eicosanoids LTB4, LTC4, TXB2, and PGE2, and local and systemic production of IL-6 and MCP-1. In this context, the present study focused on the identification of inflammatory mediators produced by human macrophages derived from THP-1 cells in response to Bitis arietans venom (BaV), and Kn-Ba, a serine protease purified from this venom. Here, we show that Kn-Ba, and even the less intensive BaV, induced the production of the cytokine TNF and the chemokines RANTES and IL-8. Only Kn-Ba was able to induce the production of IL-6, MCP-1, and IP-10, whereas PGE2 was produced only in response to BaV. Finally, the release of IL-1β in culture supernatants suggests the activation of the inflammasomes by the venom of Bitis arietans and by Kn-Ba, which will be investigated in more detail in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Alice Amadeu Megale
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (F.C.M.); (F.R.G.); (K.S.G.)
- Correspondence: (Â.A.A.M.); (F.C.V.P.); (W.D.-d.-S.)
| | - Fabio Carlos Magnoli
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (F.C.M.); (F.R.G.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Felipe Raimondi Guidolin
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (F.C.M.); (F.R.G.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Kemily Stephanie Godoi
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (F.C.M.); (F.R.G.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Fernanda Calheta Vieira Portaro
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (Â.A.A.M.); (F.C.V.P.); (W.D.-d.-S.)
| | - Wilmar Dias-da-Silva
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (F.C.M.); (F.R.G.); (K.S.G.)
- Correspondence: (Â.A.A.M.); (F.C.V.P.); (W.D.-d.-S.)
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11
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Gutiérrez JM, Teixeira CFP, Fan HW. Instituto Butantan and Instituto Clodomiro Picado: A long-standing partnership in science, technology, and public health. Toxicon 2021; 202:75-81. [PMID: 34562498 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Instituto Butantan (São Paulo, Brazil) and Instituto Clodomiro Picado (San José, Costa Rica) are public institutions devoted to scientific and technological research, production of antivenoms and other immunobiologicals, and a variety of public health interventions aimed at confronting the problem of snakebite envenoming in their countries and elsewhere. In the context of the 120th anniversary of Instituto Butantan, this work describes the historical developments in the relationship between these institutions, which has evolved into a solid cooperation platform in science, technology, and public health. The relationship between Instituto Butantan and Costa Rica started early in the 20th century, with the provision of Brazilian antivenoms to Costa Rica through the coordination of Instituto Butantan and the health system of Costa Rica, with the leadership of Clodomiro Picado Twight. After the decade of 1980, a prolific collaborative network has been established between Instituto Butantan and Instituto Clodomiro Picado (founded in 1970) in the areas of scientific and technological research in pharmacology, biochemistry, experimental pathology, immunology, and public health, as well as in antivenom development, production, preclinical evaluation, and quality control. In addition, both institutions have played a key role in the integration of regional efforts in Latin America to create a network of public institutions devoted to antivenom production and quality control, in close coordination with the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). This long-standing partnership is an example of a highly productive south-south cooperation under a frame of solidarity and public well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
| | | | - Hui Wen Fan
- Núcleo de Produção de Soros, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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El-Benna J, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Dang PMC. Effects of venoms on neutrophil respiratory burst: a major inflammatory function. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200179. [PMID: 34249119 PMCID: PMC8237995 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a pivotal role in innate immunity and in the inflammatory
response. Neutrophils are very motile cells that are rapidly recruited to the
inflammatory site as the body first line of defense. Their bactericidal activity
is due to the release into the phagocytic vacuole, called phagosome, of several
toxic molecules directed against microbes. Neutrophil stimulation induces
release of this arsenal into the phagosome and induces the assembly at the
membrane of subunits of the NAPDH oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the
production of superoxide anion that gives rise to other reactive oxygen species
(ROS), a process called respiratory burst. Altogether, they are responsible for
the bactericidal activity of the neutrophils. Excessive activation of
neutrophils can lead to extensive release of these toxic agents, inducing tissue
injury and the inflammatory reaction. Envenomation, caused by different animal
species (bees, wasps, scorpions, snakes etc.), is well known to induce a local
and acute inflammatory reaction, characterized by recruitment and activation of
leukocytes and the release of several inflammatory mediators, including
prostaglandins and cytokines. Venoms contain several molecules such as enzymes
(phospholipase A2, L-amino acid oxidase and proteases, among others) and
peptides (disintegrins, mastoporan, parabutoporin etc.). These molecules are
able to stimulate or inhibit ROS production by neutrophils. The present review
article gives a general overview of the main neutrophil functions focusing on
ROS production and summarizes how venoms and venom molecules can affect this
function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel El-Benna
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Gougerot-Pocidalo
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, Paris, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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13
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Reis VP, Rego CMA, Setúbal SS, Tavares MNM, Boeno CN, Ferreira E Ferreira AA, Paloschi MV, Soares AM, Zamuner SR, Zuliani JP. Effect of light emitting diode photobiomodulation on murine macrophage function after Bothrops envenomation. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 333:109347. [PMID: 33259806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have suggested that photobiomodulation, owing to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing effects, may be an effective therapeutic option for local effects of snakebites when the availability and accessibility of conventional serum therapy are inefficient and far from medical care centers. Although there have been studies that demonstrate the application of photobiomodulation in the treatment of local adverse events due to snakebites from snakes of the genus Bothrops, its role in the activation of leukocytes, particularly macrophages, has not been evaluated. Here, we assessed the effect of light-emitting diode (LED) treatment on macrophage activation induced by B. jararacussu venom (BjV). LED treatment caused an increase in the viability of macrophages incubated with BjV. This treatment reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages after incubation with BjV. However, LED treatment did not interfere with IL-1β and IL-10 production by macrophages after incubation with BjV. In conclusion, this study showed that LED treatment has the potential to be used in combination with conventional serum therapy to prevent or minimize the progression of local to severe symptoms after Bothrops envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdison P Reis
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Cristina M A Rego
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Sulamita S Setúbal
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Charles N Boeno
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro V Paloschi
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Dep. Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR) e FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas (UNISL), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Lab. Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Dep. Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR) e FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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14
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes in snakebite envenoming. Toxicon 2020; 187:188-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Azevedo E, Figueiredo RG, Pinto RV, Ramos TDCF, Sampaio GP, Bulhosa Santos RP, Guerreiro MLDS, Biondi I, Trindade SC. Evaluation of systemic inflammatory response and lung injury induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224584. [PMID: 32084665 PMCID: PMC7035002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the systemic inflammatory response and mechanism of pulmonary lesions induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom in murine in the state of Bahia. In order to investigate T helper Th1, Th2 and Th17 lymphocyte profiles, we measured interleukin (IL) -2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in the peritoneal fluid and macerated lungs of mice and histopathological alterations at the specific time windows of 1h, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h after inoculation with Crotalus durissus cascavella venom. The data demonstrated an increase of acute-phase cytokines (IL-6 and TNF) in the first hours after inoculation, with a subsequent increase in IL-10 and IL-4, suggesting immune response modulation for the Th2 profile. The histopathological analysis showed significant morphological alterations, compatible with acute pulmonary lesions, with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration, intra-alveolar edema, congestion, hemorrhage and atelectasis. These findings advance our understanding of the dynamics of envenomation and contribute to improve clinical management and antiophidic therapy for individuals exposed to venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Azevedo
- Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, Biology Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gassmann Figueiredo
- Pulmonology Division, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana–UEFS, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Roberto Vieira Pinto
- Pathological Anatomy Laboratory–LABSEAP, Cardiopulmonary Clinic, Novo Mundo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Lázaro da Silva Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, Biology Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Ilka Biondi
- Laboratory of Venomous Animals and Herpetology, Biology Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SCT); (IB)
| | - Soraya Castro Trindade
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail: (SCT); (IB)
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16
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Pereira dos Reis V, Macedo Tavares MN, Alves Rego CM, Ferreira e Ferreira AA, da Silva Setubal S, Soares AM, Zamuner SR, Zuliani JP. Light emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation therapy on murine macrophage exposed to Bothropstoxin-I and Bothropstoxin-II myotoxins. Toxicon 2019; 172:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Teixeira C, Fernandes CM, Leiguez E, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Inflammation Induced by Platelet-Activating Viperid Snake Venoms: Perspectives on Thromboinflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2082. [PMID: 31572356 PMCID: PMC6737392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by viperid snakes is characterized by systemic thrombotic syndrome and prominent local inflammation. To date, the mechanisms underlying inflammation and blood coagulation induced by Viperidae venoms have been viewed as distinct processes. However, studies on the mechanisms involved in these processes have revealed several factors and signaling molecules that simultaneously act in both the innate immune and hemostatic systems, suggesting an overlap between both systems during viper envenomation. Moreover, distinct classes of venom toxins involved in these effects have also been identified. However, the interplay between inflammation and hemostatic alterations, referred as to thromboinflammation, has never been addressed in the investigation of viper envenomation. Considering that platelets are important targets of viper snake venoms and are critical for the process of thromboinflammation, in this review, we summarize the inflammatory effects and mechanisms induced by viper snake venoms, particularly from the Bothrops genus, which strongly activate platelet functions and highlight selected venom components (metalloproteases and C-type lectins) that both stimulate platelet functions and exhibit pro-inflammatory activities, thus providing insights into the possible role(s) of thromboinflammation in viper envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elbio Leiguez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Effects of Two Fractions of Swietenia macrophylla and Catechin on Muscle Damage Induced by BothropsVenom and PLA₂. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010040. [PMID: 30646591 PMCID: PMC6356255 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant natural products can attenuate the myonecrosis caused by Bothrops snake venom and their phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂). In this study, we evaluated the effects of two fractions (F4 and F6) from Swietenia macrophylla and purified catechin on the muscle damage caused by a myotoxic PLA₂ from Colombian Bothrops asper venom (BaColPLA₂) in mice and by Bothrops marmoratus venom from Brazil in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle (PND) preparations in vitro. Male mice were injected with PLA₂ (50 µg) in the absence or presence of F4, F6, and catechin, in the gastrocnemius muscle and then killed 3, 7, 14, and 28 h later for histopathological analysis of myonecrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and the presence of collagen. Fractions F4 and F6 (500 µg) and catechin (90 µg) significantly reduced the extent of necrosis at all-time intervals. These two fractions and catechin also attenuated the leukocyte infiltration on day 3, as did catechin on day 14. There was medium-to-moderate collagen deposition in all groups up to day 7, but greater deposition on days 14 and 28 in the presence of F6 and catechin. Bothrops marmoratus venom (100 µg/mL) caused slight (~25%) muscle facilitation after 10 minutes and weak neuromuscular blockade (~64% decrease in contractile activity after a 120-minute incubation). Pre-incubation of venom with F4 or F6 abolished the facilitation, whereas catechin, which was itself facilitatory, did not. All three fractions attenuated the venom-induced decrease in muscle contractions. These findings indicate that fractions and catechin from S. macrophylla can reduce the muscle damage caused by Bothrops venom and PLA₂. These fractions or their components could be useful for treating venom-induced local damage.
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19
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Campos GRS, de Moura KMB, Barbosa AM, Zamuner LF, Nadur-Andrade N, Dale CS, Gutiérrez JM, Chavantes MC, Zamuner SR. Light emitting diode (LED) therapy reduces local pathological changes induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2018; 152:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Salazar E, Salazar AM, Taylor P, Ibarra C, Rodríguez-Acosta A, Sánchez E, Pérez K, Brito B, Guerrero B. Pro-inflammatory response and hemostatic disorder induced by venom of the coral snake Micrurus tener tener IN C57BL/6 mice. Toxicon 2018; 150:212-219. [PMID: 29890232 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Micrurus venoms are known to induce mainly neurotoxicity in victims. However, other manifestations, including hemorrhage, edema, myotoxicity, complement activation, and hemostatic activity have been reported. In order to develop a more complete pharmacological profile of these venoms, inflammatory responses and hemostasis were evaluated in C57BL/6 mice treated with a sub-lethal dose of M. t. tener (Mtt) venom (8 μg/mouse), inoculated intraperitoneally. The venom induced moderate bleeding into the abdominal cavity and lungs, as well as infiltration of leukocytes into the liver. After 30 min, the release of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, and NO) were observed, being most evident at 4 h. There was a decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels at 72 h, a prolongation in coagulation times (PT and aPTT), a decrease in the fibrinogen concentration and an increase in fibrinolytic activity. In this animal model, it was proposed that Mtt venom induces inflammation with the release of mediators such as TNF-α, in response to the toxins. These mediators may activate hemostatic mechanisms, producing systemic fibrinolysis and hemorrhage. These findings suggest alternative treatments in Micrurus envenomations in which neurotoxic manifestations do not predominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelyn Salazar
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ana Maria Salazar
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Peter Taylor
- Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Alexis Rodríguez-Acosta
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Elda Sánchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center (NNTRC), Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 158, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Karin Pérez
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Beatriz Brito
- Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Belsy Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela.
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Bhattacharjee P, Bera I, Chakraborty S, Ghoshal N, Bhattacharyya D. Aristolochic acid and its derivatives as inhibitors of snake venom L-amino acid oxidase. Toxicon 2017; 138:1-17. [PMID: 28803055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) exerts toxicity by inducing hemorrhage, pneumorrhagia, pulmonary edema, cardiac edema, liver cell necrosis etc. Being well conserved, inhibitors of the enzyme may be synthesized using the template of the substrate, substrate binding site and features of the catalytic site of the enzyme. Previous findings showed that aristolochic acid (AA), a major constituent of Aristolochia indica, inhibits Russell's viper venom LAAO enzyme activity since, AA interacts with DNA and causes genotoxicity, derivatives of this compound were synthesized by replacing the nitro group to reduce toxicity while retaining the inhibitory potency. The interactions of AA and its derivatives with LAAO were followed by inhibition kinetics and surface plasmon resonance. Similar interactions with DNA were followed by absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. LAAO-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell viability assays, confocal and epifluorescence microscopy. The hydroxyl (AA-OH) and chloro (AA-Cl) derivatives acted as inhibitors of LAAO but did not interact with DNA. The derivatives significantly reduced LAAO-induced ROS generation and cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines. Confocal images indicated that AA, AA-OH and AA-Cl interfered with the binding of LAAO to the cell membrane. AA-OH and AA-Cl significantly inhibited LAAO activity and reduced LAAO-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Bhattacharjee
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Indrani Bera
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Subhamoy Chakraborty
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Nanda Ghoshal
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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22
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Menaldo DL, Bernardes CP, Zoccal KF, Jacob-Ferreira AL, Costa TR, Del Lama MPFM, Naal RMZG, Frantz FG, Faccioli LH, Sampaio SV. Immune cells and mediators involved in the inflammatory responses induced by a P-I metalloprotease and a phospholipase A 2 from Bothrops atrox venom. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:238-247. [PMID: 28327442 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops envenomations can promote severe inflammatory responses by inducing edema, pain, leukocyte recruitment and release of chemical mediators by local cells. In the present study, two toxins from Bothrops atrox venom (the P-I metalloprotease Batroxase and the acidic phospholipase A2 BatroxPLA2) were evaluated in relation to their inflammatory effects induced in vivo and in vitro, mainly focusing on the participation of different immune cells and inflammatory mediators. Both toxins mainly promoted acute inflammatory responses with significant recruitment of neutrophils in the early hours (1-4h) after administration into the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice, and increased infiltration of mononuclear cells especially after 24h. Among the mediators induced by both toxins are IL-6, IL-10 and PGE2, with Batroxase also inducing the release of L-1β, and BatroxPLA2 of LTB4 and CysLTs. These responses pointed to possible involvement of immune cells such as macrophages and mast cells, which were then evaluated in vitro. Mice peritoneal macrophages stimulated with Batroxase produced significant levels of IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2 and LTB4, whereas stimulus with BatroxPLA2 induced increases of IL-6, PGE2 and LTB4. Furthermore, both toxins were able to stimulate degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cells, but with distinct concentration-dependent effects. Altogether, these results indicated that Batroxase and BatroxPLA2 promoted local and acute inflammatory responses related to macrophages and mast cells and to the production of several mediators. Our findings should contribute for better understanding the different mechanisms of toxicity induced by P-I metalloproteases and phospholipases A2 after snakebite envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo L Menaldo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carolina P Bernardes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna L Jacob-Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tássia R Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria P F M Del Lama
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rose M Z G Naal
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Aqueous Leaf Extract of Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Bail Decreases Local Effects Induced by Bothropic Venom. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6101742. [PMID: 27847818 PMCID: PMC5101363 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Snakebites are a serious worldwide public health problem. In Brazil, about 90% of accidents are attributed to snakes from the Bothrops genus. The specific treatment consists of antivenom serum therapy, which has some limitations such as inability to neutralize local effects, difficult access in some regions, risk of immunological reactions, and high cost. Thus, the search for alternative therapies to treat snakebites is relevant. Jatropha mollissima (Euphorbiaceae) is a medicinal plant popularly used in folk medicine as an antiophidic remedy. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of the aqueous leaf extract from J. mollissima on local effects induced by Bothrops venoms. High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection analysis and Mass Spectrometry analysis of aqueous leaf extract confirmed the presence of the flavonoids isoschaftoside, schaftoside, isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, and isovitexin. This extract, at 50–200 mg/kg doses administered by intraperitoneal route, showed significant inhibitory potential against local effects induced by Bothrops erythromelas and Bothrops jararaca snake venoms. Local skin hemorrhage, local edema, leukocyte migration, and myotoxicity were significantly inhibited by the extract. These results demonstrate that J. mollissima extract possesses inhibitory potential, especially against bothropic venoms, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant in treatment of snakebites.
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Nadur-Andrade N, Dale CS, Oliveira VRDS, Toniolo EF, Feliciano RDS, da Silva Jr. JA, Zamuner SR. Analgesic Effect of Photobiomodulation on Bothrops Moojeni Venom-Induced Hyperalgesia: A Mechanism Dependent on Neuronal Inhibition, Cytokines and Kinin Receptors Modulation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004998. [PMID: 27749899 PMCID: PMC5066973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Envenoming induced by Bothrops snakebites is characterized by drastic local tissue damage that involves an intense inflammatory reaction and local hyperalgesia which are not neutralized by conventional antivenom treatment. Herein, the effectiveness of photobiomodulation to reduce inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by Bothrops moojeni venom (Bmv), as well as the mechanisms involved was investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings Bmv (1 μg) was injected through the intraplantar route in the right hind paw of mice. Mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia were evaluated by von Frey filaments at different time points after venom injection. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) was applied at the site of Bmv injection at wavelength of red 685 nm with energy density of 2.2 J/cm2 at 30 min and 3 h after venom inoculation. Neuronal activation in the dorsal horn spinal cord was determined by immunohistochemistry of Fos protein and the mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, B1 and B2 kinin receptors were evaluated by Real time-PCR 6 h after venom injection. Photobiomodulation reversed Bmv-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia and decreased Fos expression, induced by Bmv as well as the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α and B1 and B2 kinin receptors. Finally, an increase on IL-10, was observed following LLLT. Conclusion/Significance These data demonstrate that LLLT interferes with mechanisms involved in nociception and hyperalgesia and modulates Bmv-induced nociceptive signal. The use of photobiomodulation in reducing local pain induced by Bothropic venoms should be considered as a novel therapeutic tool for the treatment of local symptoms induced after bothropic snakebites. Envenoming caused by Bothrops snakes is characterized by drastic local tissue damage involving hemorrhage, blistering, myonecrosis, prominent inflammatory response and intense pain. The most effective treatment for Bothrops snakebites is antivenom therapy, which is very efficient in reversing systemic effects of envenomation but not the severe local effects. Thus, there exists a need to find novel complementary therapies that may further assist in the prevention or even counteract the severe local effects of bothrops snakebite. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of photobiomodulation in reducing local effects induced by Bothropic venoms, however its mechanisms still remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed the effectiveness of photobiomodulation in reducing BmV-induced mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia as well as part of the mechanisms involved in such effect. Results demonstrate that photobiomodulation reduces venom-induced mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia and this effect depends on a decrease of nociceptor activation at the spinal cord level and by a modulation of pro- and anti- inflammatory cytokines as well as kinin receptors at mRNA transcriptional levels. These findings make phtobiomodulation a promising candidate to be associated to antivenom therapy for the treatment of the local response induced by Bothrops venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Squarzoni Dale
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine Flamia Toniolo
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Franco ATB, Silva LMG, Costa MS, Zamuner SF, Vieira RP, de Fatima Pereira Teixeira C, Zamuner SR. Effect of photobiomodulation on endothelial cell exposed to Bothrops jararaca venom. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:1017-25. [PMID: 27147074 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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26
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Moreira V, Teixeira C, Borges da Silva H, D'Império Lima MR, Dos-Santos MC. The role of TLR2 in the acute inflammatory response induced by Bothrops atrox snake venom. Toxicon 2016; 118:121-8. [PMID: 27109323 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Envenomation by snakes of the species Bothrops atrox induces local and systemic effects. Local effects include drastic tissue damage and a marked inflammatory response as a result of the synthesis and release of a variety of protein and lipid mediators. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways can play an important role in this response, leading to synthesis of these inflammatory mediators. This study investigated the influence of TLR2 on the acute inflammatory response induced by Bothrops atrox venom. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice (WT) and TLR2 gene knockout mice (TLR2(-/-)) were injected with Bothrops atrox venom (BaV), and the following responses to the venom were assessed in peritoneal exudate: leukocyte accumulation; release of mediators, including CCL-2, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6 and LTB4; protein expression of COX-1 and COX-2; and quantification of their products PGE2 and TXA2. After injection with BaV, the TLR2(-/-) mice (TLR2(-/-)BaV) had higher levels of IL-6 and CCL-2 than WT animals kept under the same conditions (WTBaV), together with an accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), inhibition of IL-1β and LTB4 and reduced mononuclear leukocyte influx. However, no significant differences in COX-2 protein expression or PGE2, TXA2 and IL-10 production between the TLR2(-/-)BaV and WTBav animals were observed. Together, these results indicate that the signaling pathway activated by TLR2 acts by modulating the induced inflammatory response to BaV through the direct action of venom-associated molecular patterns (VAMPs) or indirectly by forming damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and that this may have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Borges da Silva
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cristina Dos-Santos
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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27
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Bernardes CP, Menaldo DL, Mamede CC, Zoccal KF, Cintra AC, Faccioli LH, Stanziola L, de Oliveira F, Sampaio SV. Evaluation of the local inflammatory events induced by BpirMP, a metalloproteinase from Bothrops pirajai venom. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:456-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Gutiérrez JM. Understanding and confronting snakebite envenoming: The harvest of cooperation. Toxicon 2015; 109:51-62. [PMID: 26615826 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During 45 years, the Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP, University of Costa Rica) has developed an ambitious scientific, technological, productive, and social program aimed at providing a better understanding of snakes and their venoms, contributing to the development, production and distribution of antivenoms, improving the prevention and management of snakebite envenomings, and strengthening human resources in science and technology. Among other topics, its research agenda has focused on the local tissue alterations induced by viperid snake venoms, i.e. myonecrosis, hemorrhage, dermonecrosis, extracellular matrix degradation, lymphatic vessel damage, and inflammation. In addition, the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms has been thoroughly investigated, together with the technological development of novel antivenoms. ICP's project has been based on a philosophical frame characterized by: (a) An integrated approach for confronting the problem of snakebites, involving research, production, extension activities, and teaching; (b) a cooperative and team work perspective in the pursuit of scientific, technological, productive, and social goals; (c) a search for excellence and continuous improvement in the quality of its activities; and (d) a vision of solidarity and compassion, based on the realization that snakebite envenomings mostly affect impoverished vulnerable populations in the rural settings of developing countries. A key aspect in this program has been the consolidation of international partnerships with groups of all continents, within a frame of academic and social cooperation, some of which are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Saraiva RM, Caldas AS, Rodriguez TT, Casais-e-Silva LL. Influence of thyroid states on the local effects induced by Bothrops envenoming. Toxicon 2015; 102:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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de Ornellas Strapazzon J, Benedetti Parisotto E, Moratelli AM, Garlet TR, Bastos J, Zimermann IR, Zanin M, Fagundez R, de Oliveira Lino MR, Fröde TS, Filho DW. Systemic oxidative stress in victims of Bothrops snakebites. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Reis FP, Senna Bonfa IM, Cavalcante RB, Okoba D, de Souza Vasconcelos SB, Candeloro L, de Oliveira Filiu WF, Duenhas Monreal AC, da Silva VJ, Santa Rita PH, Carollo CA, Toffoli-Kadri MC. Tabebuia aurea decreases inflammatory, myotoxic and hemorrhagic activities induced by the venom of Bothrops neuwiedi. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 158 Pt A:352-357. [PMID: 25446588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ethnobotanical studies show that Tabebuia aurea has been used as anti-inflammatory and for snake bite. Evaluate the effect of treatment with the hydroethanolic extract of Tabebuia aurea (HETa) on inflammatory, hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities induced by Bothrops neuwiedi (BnV) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory, antihemorragic and antimyotoxic properties of the HETa 100, 200 and 400mg/kg or BnV neutralized with HETa (1:50) were evaluated using the following animal models: BnV-induced paw edema, BnV-induced recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells into the peritoneal cavity, hemorrhagic activity, myotoxic activity and hydrogen peroxide production by peritoneal macrophages in vitro. RESULTS HETa inhibited the paw edema and polymorphonuclear cell recruitment into the peritoneal cavity. BnV neutralized with HETa reduced the hemorrhagic activity and histopathological analysis of skeletal muscle tissue showed that the hemorrhagic area was smaller and multifocal. The leukocyte infiltrate was less intense and muscle necrosis discrete. BnV induced hydrogen peroxide production and BnV neutralized reduced this production. In addition, the HETa was nontoxic to macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The activities of the HETa presented herein justify the popular use of Tabebuia aurea in inflammatory situations from snake bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Paes Reis
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Iluska Moslaves Senna Bonfa
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bezerra Cavalcante
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Denis Okoba
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Luciane Candeloro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Wander Fernando de Oliveira Filiu
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Duenhas Monreal
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Valter Jose da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paula Helena Santa Rita
- Biotério Central, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, 79117-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mônica Cristina Toffoli-Kadri
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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Setubal SDS, Pontes AS, Nery NM, Bastos JSF, Castro OB, Pires WL, Zaqueo KD, Calderon LDA, Stábeli RG, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Effect of Bothrops bilineata snake venom on neutrophil function. Toxicon 2013; 76:143-9. [PMID: 24080355 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of Bothrops bilineata crude venom (BbV) on isolated human neutrophil function. We proved that BbV isn't toxic towards human neutrophils. During an incubation of human neutrophils with BbV hydrogen peroxide was produced. Moreover, BbV was able to stimulate neutrophil release of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-8 and IL-6 as well as PGE2 and NETs liberation. There is no data in the literature showing the effect of BbV on the production of IL-6 and IL-8 or NETs liberation by isolated human neutrophils. Taken together our results testify that BbV triggers relevant proinflammatory events in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulamita da Silva Setubal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Instituto de Pesquisas em Patologias Tropicais, IPEPATRO/FIOCRUZ Rondonia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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Dexamethasone antagonizes the in vivo myotoxic and inflammatory effects of Bothrops venoms. Toxicon 2013; 69:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zornetta I, Caccin P, Fernandez J, Lomonte B, Gutierrez JM, Montecucco C. Envenomations by Bothrops and Crotalus snakes induce the release of mitochondrial alarmins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1526. [PMID: 22363828 PMCID: PMC3283552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle necrosis is a common manifestation of viperid snakebite envenomations. Venoms from snakes of the genus Bothrops, such as that of B. asper, induce muscle tissue damage at the site of venom injection, provoking severe local pathology which often results in permanent sequelae. In contrast, the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, induces a clinical picture of systemic myotoxicity, i.e., rhabdomyolysis, together with neurotoxicity. It is known that molecules released from damaged muscle might act as ‘danger’ signals. These are known as ‘alarmins’, and contribute to the inflammatory reaction by activating the innate immune system. Here we show that the venoms of B. asper and C. d. terrificus release the mitochondrial markers mtDNA (from the matrix) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) from the intermembrane space, from ex vivo mouse tibialis anterior muscles. Cyt c was released to a similar extent by the two venoms whereas B. asper venom induced the release of higher amounts of mtDNA, thus reflecting hitherto some differences in their pathological action on muscle mitochondria. At variance, injection of these venoms in mice resulted in a different time-course of mtDNA release, with B. asper venom inducing an early onset increment in plasma levels and C. d. terrificus venom provoking a delayed release. We suggest that the release of mitochondrial ‘alarmins’ might contribute to the local and systemic inflammatory events characteristic of snakebite envenomations. Every year, hundreds of thousands of people in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world are bitten by poisonous snakes and may develop permanent damages. This is a major tropical disease which is largely neglected by scientific and clinical investigators. Snakes of Bothrops and Crotalus genus are responsible of most cases in Latin America. Here for the first time, we have shown that these venoms cause the release of both mitochondrial DNA and cytochrome c, two well known alarmins. Moreover, the kinetic of these processes are in agreement with the different pathophysiological profiles exhibited by Bothrops and Crotalus envenomations. These elements suggest a correlation between snake evenomations and sterile inflammatory syndrome. Alarmins are reported to have a fundamental role in innate immune response and inflammation; they might contribute to the local and systemic inflammatory events characteristic of these envenomations opening a new prospective in the study of these complex pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Zornetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Caccin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Julián Fernandez
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutierrez
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Barrios M, Taylor P, Rodríguez-Acosta A, Sánchez EE, Arocha-Piñango CL, Gil A, Salazar AM, Carvajal Z, Abad MJ, Guerrero B. A mouse model to study the alterations in haemostatic and inflammatory parameters induced by Lonomia achelous caterpillar haemolymph. Toxicon 2012; 59:547-54. [PMID: 22310207 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mouse model was established to reproduce the haemorrhagic syndrome which occurs in humans after accidental contact with the hairs of the caterpillar Lonomia achelous (LA) and measures the haemostatic and inflammatory alterations that occur as a result of this contact. Mice were injected intradermally with different doses (0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/animal) of L. achelous haemolymph (LAH). Haematological (haemoglobin, haematocrit, platelet count, differential leukocyte count), haemostatic (fibrinogen, plasminogen, factor XIII [FXIII], fibrinolytic activity) and inflammatory parameters (tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], nitric oxide [NO]) were measured at different times up to 48 h. C57BL/6 mice responded to LAH injection, in terms of these parameters, in a manner similar to that seen in humans, whereas the BALB/c mice were unresponsive. In C57BL/6 mice injected with LAH, time course measurements showed: a) a reduction in the haemoglobin, haematocrit, fibrinogen, FXIII and plasminogen levels, b) no effect on the platelet count and c) immediate leukocytosis and an increase in the fibrinolytic activity in plasma. An inflammatory response (TNF-α) was observed within 1 h post-injection, followed by a more persistent increase in serum NO. These findings suggest that C57BL/6 mice represent a useful model of the haemorrhagic syndrome observed in humans who have suffered contact with the caterpillar, permitting a deeper understanding of the role of the inflammatory response in the haematological and haemostatic manifestations of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barrios
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología-Coagulación Sanguínea, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, IVIC Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
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Galvão Nascimento N, Sampaio MC, Amaral Olivo R, Teixeira C. Contribution of mast cells to the oedema induced by Bothrops moojeni snake venom and a pharmacological assessment of the inflammatory mediators involved. Toxicon 2010; 55:343-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Teixeira C, Cury Y, Moreira V, Picolo G, Chaves F. Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:988-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Teixeira C, Cury Y, Moreira V, Picolo G, Chaves F. Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Leme AFP, Kitano ES, Furtado MF, Valente RH, Camargo ACM, Ho PL, Fox JW, Serrano SMT. Analysis of the subproteomes of proteinases and heparin-binding toxins of eight Bothrops venoms. Proteomics 2009; 9:733-45. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Moreira V, Gutiérrez JM, Amaral RB, Zamunér SR, Teixeira CDFP. Effects of Bothrops asper snake venom on the expression of cyclooxygenases and production of prostaglandins by peritoneal leukocytes in vivo, and by isolated neutrophils and macrophages in vitro. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 80:107-14. [PMID: 19155166 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the ability of Bothrops asper snake venom (BaV) to increase the production of prostaglandins PGE(2) and PGD(2) was assessed in a mouse model in vivo and in inflammatory cells in vitro. In addition, the expressions of COX-1 and COX-2 were assessed. BaV induced an increment in the in vivo synthesis of PGE(2) and PGD(2), together with an enhanced expression of COX-2, but not of COX-1. However, enzymatic activities of COX-1 and COX-2 were increased. Incubation of isolated macrophages and neutrophils with a sub-cytotoxic concentration of BaV in vitro resulted in increased release of PGE(2) and PGD(2) by macrophages and PGE(2) by neutrophils, concomitantly with an increment in the expression of COX-2, but not of COX-1 by both cell types. Our results demonstrate the ability of BaV to promote the expression of COX-2 and to induce the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins. Macrophages and neutrophils may be important targets for this venom under in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Carneiro AS, Ribeiro OG, Cabrera WHK, Vorraro F, De Franco M, Ibañez OM, Starobinas N. Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) induces differential leukocyte accumulation in mice genetically selected for acute inflammatory reaction: the role of host genetic background on expression of adhesion molecules and release of endogenous mediators. Toxicon 2008; 52:619-27. [PMID: 18723041 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of the local inflammatory events induced by Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV) inoculation in footpad of mice genetically selected for maximal (AIRmax) and minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory reactivity (AIR) was investigated. The BjV injection induced a marked inflammatory cell infiltrate with predominance of neutrophils, with increased blood cell numbers before its accumulation, suggesting a stimulatory action of BjV on mechanisms of cell mobilization from bone marrow. The process of cell migration is regulated by different cell-adhesion molecules (CAM). Our results showed that neutrophil cells from both lines had the same pattern of response concerning CAMs expression, presenting the involvement of l-selectin, Mac-1 and PECAM-1 adhesion molecules in BjV-induced neutrophil accumulation. The effect of BjV on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines related with cellular migration was also studied and IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and MIP-2 levels could be detected after venom injection. The AIRmax mice were shown to be more responsive than AIRmin with respect to leukocyte influx, expression of MIP-2 and release of IL-1beta and IL-6. These results demonstrate the importance of host genetic background in the local response and the involvement of alleles accumulated in AIRmax mice in the inflammatory events induced by BjV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500 - cep 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Barbosa AM, Villaverde AB, Guimarães-Souza L, Ribeiro W, Cogo JC, Zamuner SR. Effect of low-level laser therapy in the inflammatory response induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Toxicon 2008; 51:1236-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nascimento JM, Franchi GC, Nowill AE, Collares-Buzato CB, Hyslop S. Cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell death induced by Bothrops alternatus snake venom in cultured Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:591-605. [PMID: 17901901 DOI: 10.1139/o07-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops snake venoms cause renal damage, with renal failure being the main cause of death in humans bitten by these snakes. In this work, we investigated the cytoskeletal rearrangement and cytotoxicity caused by Bothrops alternatus venom in cultured Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Incubation with venom (10 and 100 µg/mL) significantly (p <0.05) decreased the cellular uptake of neutral red dye after 1 and 3 h. Venom (100 µg/mL) also markedly decreased the transepithelial electrical resistance (RT) across MDCK monolayers. Staining with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin revealed disarray of the cytoskeleton that involved the stress fibers at the basal cell surface and focal adhesion-associated F-actin in the cell–matrix contact region. Feulgen staining showed a significant decrease in the number of cells undergoing mitosis and an increase in the frequency of altered nuclei. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a decrease in the number of microvilli and the presence of cells with a fusiform format. Flow cytometry with annexin V and propidium iodide showed that cell death occurred by necrosis, with little apoptosis, a conclusion supported by the lack of DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis. Pretreating the cells with catalase significantly attenuated the venom-induced loss of viability, indicating a possible involvement of H2O2 in the cellular damage; less protection was observed with superoxide dismutase or Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. These results indicate that Bothrops alternatus venom is cytotoxic to cultured MDCK cells, possibly via the action of reactive oxygen species. This cytotoxicity could contribute to nephrotoxicity after envenoming by this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Minardi Nascimento
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6111, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Olivo RDA, Teixeira CFP, Wallace JL, Gutierrez JM, Zamuner SR. Role of cyclooxygenases in oedema-forming activity of bothropic venoms. Toxicon 2007; 49:670-7. [PMID: 17204299 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The venoms of Bothrops asper (BaV) and Bothrops jararaca (BjV), two of the most medically important poisonous snakes of Latin America, cause pronounced oedema in the victims through poorly understood mechanisms. In the present study, we examined the possible role of cyclooxygenases (COX) in the genesis of mouse paw oedema caused by BaV and BjV injections. BaV at 2.5 microg/paw and BjV at 0.75 microg/paw induced significant oedema that persisted for up to 6h following subplantar injection. Treatment with indomethacin (2 mg/kg), rofecoxib, (10 mg/kg), or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) significantly reduced the BaV- and BjV-induced oedema formation. Treatment with SC-560 (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced the oedema formation induced by BjV but had no effect on that induced by BaV. Both venoms induced significant increases in the levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in paw tissue. The peak of oedema formation and PGE(2) release correlated with marked expression of COX-2 in the paw tissue. These results demonstrate that injection of BaV and BjV results in a rapid increase in oedema formation that is, at least partially, mediated by arachidonic acid metabolites formed by COX-2. In the case of BjV, COX-1-derived prostanoids also appear to contribute significantly to the inflammatory changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata do A Olivo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brazil 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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45
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Moreira V, Zamuner SR, Wallace JL, Teixeira CDFP. Bothrops jararaca and Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms elicit distinct responses regarding to production of prostaglandins E2 and D2, and expression of cyclooxygenases. Toxicon 2006; 49:615-24. [PMID: 17241651 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs), synthesized by cyclooxygenases, play important roles in many pathophysiological processes including inflammation and hyperalgesia. In this study the profiles of PGE(2) and PGD(2) production secondary to injection of Bothrops jararaca venom (BjV), with inflammatory activity or Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (CdtV), with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties, into mice were evaluated, and the ability of these venoms to induce expression of cyclooxygenases-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2) was investigated. Intraperitoneal injection of BjV but not of CdtV induced the release and PGD(2) at 30 min and of PGE(2) from 3 up to 12 h after injection. Moreover, BjV up-regulated expression of COX-2 but not of the constitutive COX-1, suggesting that expressed COX-2 provides more substrate for synthesis of PGs by the respective terminal synthases, being the critical enzyme for PGs production in the late periods of BjV effect. In contrast, CdtV does not have any effect on constitutive COX-1 and do not induce expression of COX-2. Therefore, differences between BjV and CdtV in the ability to regulate PGs synthesis can account for their distinct effects with regard to inflammation. Moreover, inhibition of COX-2 by selective drugs may be of value to counteract the severe local inflammation induced by BjV in the victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Ave Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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46
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de Oliveira CC, de Oliveira SM, Godoy LMF, Gabardo J, Buchi DDF. Canova, a Brazilian medical formulation, alters oxidative metabolism of mice macrophages. J Infect 2006; 52:420-32. [PMID: 16386798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a significant role in the host defence mechanism. When activated they can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as related reactive nitrogen species (RNS). ROS are produced via NAD(P)H oxidase which catalyzes superoxide (O2-) formation. It is subsequently converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by either spontaneous or enzyme-mediated dismutation. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyzes nitric oxide (NO) formation. Canova (CA) is a Brazilian medication produced with homeopathic techniques, composed of Aconitum, Thuya, Bryonia, Arsenicum, Lachesis in distilled water containing less than 1% ethanol. Previous studies demonstrated that CA is neither toxic nor mutagenic and activates macrophages decreasing the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) production. In this assay we showed that macrophages triggered with Canova increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity as well as that of iNOS, consequently producing ROS and NO respectively. Cytochrome oxidase and peroxisomes activities were inhibited by NO. As NO and O2- are being produced at the same time, formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) may be occurring. A potential explanation is provided on how treatment with Canova may enhance immune functions which could be particularly important in the cytotoxic actions of macrophages. CA can be considered as a new adjuvant therapeutic approach to known therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Estudos de Células Inflamatórias e Neoplásicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, SCB, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.
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Fernandes CM, Zamuner SR, Zuliani JP, Rucavado A, Gutiérrez JM, Teixeira CDFP. Inflammatory effects of BaP1 a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops asper snake venom: leukocyte recruitment and release of cytokines. Toxicon 2006; 47:549-59. [PMID: 16529786 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory events induced by BaP1, a 22.7 kDa metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops asper snake venom, were studied. BaP1 i.p. injection in mice induced a marked inflammatory cell infiltrate into peritoneal cavity of animals with predominance of neutrophils in the early phase followed by mononuclear cells in the late period. Inhibition of enzymatic activity of BaP1 by chelation with EDTA resulted in a drastic reduction of this effect. In addition, BaP1 induced a significant increase of blood neutrophil numbers before its accumulation in peritoneal cavity, thus suggesting a stimulatory action of BaP1 on mechanisms of cell mobilization from bone marrow reserve compartments. A reduction in the number of neutrophils was observed in the exudate when antibodies against LECAM-1, CD18 and LFA-1 were used, suggesting the involvement of these adhesion molecules in the effects of BaP1. In contrast, there was no effect with antibodies against ICAM-1 and PECAM-1. Moreover, a conspicuous increment in the levels of IL-1 and TNF-alpha, but not of LTB4, was observed in peritoneal washes collected from mice injected with BaP1. It is concluded that BaP1 induces in vivo a marked leukocyte influx, which parallels an increased number of these cells in the blood, and is associated to the expression of specific leukocyte adhesion molecules and release of chemotactic inflammatory cytokines. Since BaP1 is a P-I class metalloproteinase, these results indicate that the proteolytic domain of metalloproteinases per se can trigger specific inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maria Fernandes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Ave Vital Brazil, 1500-05503 900 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Zamuner SR, Zuliani JP, Fernandes CM, Gutiérrez JM, de Fátima Pereira Teixeira C. Inflammation induced by Bothrops asper venom: release of proinflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids, and role of adhesion molecules in leukocyte infiltration. Toxicon 2005; 46:806-13. [PMID: 16198389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops asper venom (BaV) causes systemic and local effects characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction with accumulation of leukocytes and release of endogenous mediators. In this study, the effects of BaV on the release of the cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha and the eicosanoids LTB4 and TXA2 in the peritoneal cavity of mice were analyzed. We also investigated the participation of beta2 integrin chain, l-selectin, LFA-1, ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 adhesion molecules in the BaV-induced leukocyte accumulation. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha, as well as eicosanoids LTB4 and TXA2 were significantly increased after BaV injection (250 microg/kg), whereas no increment in IL-1 was observed. Anti-mouse l-selectin, LFA-1, ICAM-1, PECAM-1 and beta2 integrin chain monoclonal antibodies resulted in a reduction of neutrophil accumulation induced by BaV injection compared with isotype-matched control injected animals. These data suggest that BaV is able to induce the activation of leukocytes and endothelium to express adhesion molecules involved in the recruitment of neutrophils into the inflammed site. Furthermore, these results showed that BaV induces the release of cytokines and eicosanoids in the local of the venom injection; these inflammatory mediators may be important for the initiation and amplification of the inflammatory reaction characteristic from Bothrops sp envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Regina Zamuner
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Ave Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05503-900, Brazil
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49
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Gallagher P, Bao Y, Serrano SMT, Laing GD, Theakston RDG, Gutiérrez JM, Escalante T, Zigrino P, Moura-da-Silva AM, Nischt R, Mauch C, Moskaluk C, Fox JW. Role of the snake venom toxin jararhagin in proinflammatory pathogenesis: in vitro and in vivo gene expression analysis of the effects of the toxin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 441:1-15. [PMID: 16083850 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To assess the indirect effects of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) on host tissue local necrosis, we investigated the effect of the SVMP jararhagin on the gene expression profiles of human fibroblasts in vitro and mouse tissue in vivo. Two functional classes of up-regulated proteins, cell death and inflammatory disease were identified as being significantly populated. The changes in gene expression observed by qRT-PCR on laser microdissected mouse muscle tissue treated with jararhagin were similar with significant up-regulation of proinflammatory transcripts such as IL-1 beta, IL-6, CXCL1, CXCL2, IL-8, and apoptosis, inflammation responsive transcripts such as TNF-alpha induced protein 6. Proteolytically inactive jararhagin had no effect on the gene expression profile of fibroblasts, indicating proteolysis as the primary mechanism affecting gene expression of cells and tissues resulting in a proinflammatory, pro-apoptotic host response which likely exacerbates the local necrosis frequently observed at the site of envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0734, USA
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50
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Teixeira CFP, Chaves F, Zamunér SR, Fernandes CM, Zuliani JP, Cruz-Hofling MA, Fernandes I, Gutiérrez JM. Effects of neutrophil depletion in the local pathological alterations and muscle regeneration in mice injected with Bothrops jararaca snake venom. Int J Exp Pathol 2005; 86:107-15. [PMID: 15810982 PMCID: PMC2517402 DOI: 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2005.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the role of neutrophils in the acute local pathological alterations induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom, and in the process of skeletal muscle regeneration that follows, an experimental model was developed in mice pretreated with either an anti-mouse granulocyte rat monoclonal immunoglobulin G, which induces a profound neutropenia, or an isotype-matched control antibody. B. jararaca venom induced prominent haemorrhage and oedema, but only a moderate myonecrosis. No significant differences were observed in the extent of local haemorrhage, oedema and myonecrosis between neutropenic and control mice, suggesting that neutrophils do not play a determinant role in the acute pathological alterations induced by B. jararaca venom in this experimental model. Moreover, no differences were observed in skeletal muscle regeneration between these two experimental groups. In both the cases, limited areas of myonecrosis were associated with a drastic damage to the microvasculature and a scarce inflammatory infiltrate, with the consequent lack of removal of necrotic debris during the first week, resulting in a poor regenerative response at this time interval. Subsequently, a similar regenerative process occurred in both groups, and by 30 days, necrotic areas were substituted by groups of small regenerating muscle fibres. It is suggested that the drastic effect exerted by B. jararaca venom in the microvasculature precludes an effective access of inflammatory cells to necrotic areas, thereby compromising an effective removal of necrotic debris; this explains the poor regenerative response observed during the first week and the fact that there were no differences between neutropenic and control mice. As neutropenia in this model lasted only 7 days, the successful regenerative process observed at 30 days is associated with revascularization of necrotic regions and with a successful removal by phagocytes of necrotic debris in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa RicaSan José, Costa Rica
| | - Stella R Zamunér
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Instituto ButantanSao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Irene Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Imunopatología, Instituto ButantanSao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa RicaSan José, Costa Rica
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