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Kim TK, Slominski RM, Pyza E, Kleszczynski K, Tuckey RC, Reiter RJ, Holick MF, Slominski AT. Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1772-1790. [PMID: 38686544 PMCID: PMC11368659 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, a product of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin, is a molecule with an indole backbone that is widely produced by bacteria, unicellular eukaryotic organisms, plants, fungi and all animal taxa. Aside from its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, it has diverse biological actions including regulation of cytoprotective responses and other functions crucial for survival across different species. The latter properties are also shared by its metabolites including kynuric products generated by reactive oxygen species or phototransfomation induced by ultraviolet radiation. Vitamins D and related photoproducts originate from phototransformation of ∆5,7 sterols, of which 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are examples. Their ∆5,7 bonds in the B ring absorb solar ultraviolet radiation [290-315 nm, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation] resulting in B ring opening to produce previtamin D, also referred to as a secosteroid. Once formed, previtamin D can either undergo thermal-induced isomerization to vitamin D or absorb UVB radiation to be transformed into photoproducts including lumisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D, as well as the previtamin D photoproducts lumisterol and tachysterol, are hydroxylated by cyochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to produce biologically active hydroxyderivatives. The best known of these is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) for which the major function in vertebrates is regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Herein we review data on melatonin production and metabolism and discuss their functions in insects. We discuss production of previtamin D and vitamin D, and their photoproducts in fungi, plants and insects, as well as mechanisms for their enzymatic activation and suggest possible biological functions for them in these groups of organisms. For the detection of these secosteroids and their precursors and photoderivatives, as well as melatonin metabolites, we focus on honey produced by bees and on body extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Common biological functions for melatonin derivatives and secosteroids such as cytoprotective and photoprotective actions in insects are discussed. We provide hypotheses for the photoproduction of other secosteroids and of kynuric metabolites of melatonin, based on the known photobiology of ∆5,7 sterols and of the indole ring, respectively. We also offer possible mechanisms of actions for these unique molecules and summarise differences and similarities of melatoninergic and secosteroidogenic pathways in diverse organisms including insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics and Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Konrad Kleszczynski
- Department of Dermatology, Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, Münster, 48161, Germany
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Aleman M. Inflammatory and Immune-Mediated Myopathies, What Do We Know? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:207-218. [PMID: 38852014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory myopathies or myositis encompass diseases characterized by the presence of inflammatory cellular infiltrates, mainly polymorphonuclear cells and/or lymphocytes, in muscle. This is in contrast to most forms of muscle disease characterized by myodegeneration that results in macrophage infiltration. Inflammatory myopathies could have infectious or noninfectious causes. Noninfectious causes consist of primary (genetic, autoimmune) or acquired immune-mediated disease. Focal, multifocal or diffuse, acute or recurrent forms of disease can occur. This article will mainly review immune-mediated myopathies in horses. Myositis directly caused by infection such as Clostridium spp and others will not be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aleman
- SVM: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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3
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Barale J, Ovelar F, Lázaro F, Scioli V, Cantón GJ, Garcia JA. Solanum glaucophyllum intoxication in goats: Case study. Toxicon 2024; 244:107774. [PMID: 38797266 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Solanum glaucophyllum is a toxic plant with calcinogenic effect that causes enzootic calcinosis (EC) characterized by soft tissue metastatic mineralization mainly in cattle and rarely sheep, buffaloes, pigs, horses, and goats. We describe an outbreak of EC in a herd of 64 goats due to S. glaucophyllum consumption. Thirty-four goats were affected exhibiting hirsutism, stiffening, kyphosis and emaciation. Twelve goats died. Grossly, tissue mineralization was observed in the aorta and carotid arteries, lungs, and heart. Lesions were characterized by multiple rough white plaques, and hardened tissues with loss of elasticity. Microscopically, multisystemic mineralization was observed in aorta and carotid arteries, heart, lung, abomasum, intestine, spleen, lymph nodes, kidney, spleen, and meninges, characterized by extensive granular basophilic deposits of tunica media and/or intima of blood vessels; confirmed as calcium salt deposits with Von Kossa stain. We conclude that ingestion of S. glaucophyllum can cause EC in goats. Though EC is rare in goats under some conditions such as heavy drought and abundant S. glaucophyllum exposure disease can develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Barale
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA Balcarce-CONICET), RN 226 Km 73.5, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Ovelar
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA Balcarce-CONICET), RN 226 Km 73.5, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fermin Lázaro
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Valeria Scioli
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA Balcarce-CONICET), RN 226 Km 73.5, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Germán José Cantón
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA Balcarce-CONICET), RN 226 Km 73.5, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan Agustín Garcia
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA Balcarce-CONICET), RN 226 Km 73.5, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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CLINICOPATHOLOGIC EVALUATION OF AN EX SITU POPULATION OF ADULT AFRICAN WHITE-BELLIED PANGOLIN (PHATAGINUS TRICUSPIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:551-560. [DOI: 10.1638/2021-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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5
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Eder K, Grundmann SM. Vitamin D in dairy cows: metabolism, status and functions in the immune system. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 76:1-33. [PMID: 35249422 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.2017747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The function of vitamin D in calcium homoeostasis in dairy cows, such as in other vertebrates, is known for many years. In recent years, new and interesting, non-classical functions of vitamin D have been elucidated, including effects on the immune system. The major aim of this review is to provide an overview of effects of vitamin D or its metabolites on the immune system in dairy cows. The first part of the review provides an overview of vitamin D metabolism, with particular reference to the role of various proteins (25- and 1-hydroxylases, vitamin D binding protein, vitamin D receptor) in vitamin D signalling. The second part deals with the role of the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in plasma as an indicator of the vitamin D status in dairy cows, and its dependence on sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D supplementation. In this part also the "free hormone hypothesis" is discussed, indicating that the concentration of free 25(OH)D might be a more valid indicator of the vitamin D status than the concentration of total 25(OH)D. The third part deals with classical and the non-classical functions of vitamin D. Among the non-classical functions which are based on an autocrine vitamin D signalling, particular reference is given to the effects of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites on the immune system in bovine immune cells and in dairy cows. Recent findings provide some indication that vitamin D or its metabolite 25(OH)D could enhance the immune function in dairy cows and be useful for the prevention and therapy of mastitis. However, the number of studies reported so far in this respect is very limited. Thus, much more research is required to yield clear concepts for an optimised usage of vitamin D to improve the immune system and prevent infectious diseases in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Bano N, Fakhrah S, Nayak SP, Bag SK, Mohanty CS. Identification of miRNA and their target genes in Cestrum nocturnum L. and Cestrum diurnum L. in stress responses. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:31-49. [PMID: 35221570 PMCID: PMC8847519 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules and products of primary miRNAs that regulate the target gene expression. Homology-based approaches were employed to identify miRNAs and their targets in Cestrum nocturnum L. and Cestrum diurnum L. A total of 32 and 12 miRNA candidates were identified in C. nocturnum and C. diurnum. These miRNAs belong to 26 and 10 miRNA families and regulate 1024 and 1007 target genes in C. nocturnum, and C. diurnum, respectively. The functional roles of these miRNAs have not been earlier elucidated in Cestrum. MiR815a, miR849, miR1089 and miR172 have a strong propensity to target genes controlling phytochrome-interacting factor 1 (PIF1), ubiquitin-specific protease 12 (UBP12), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein kinase and GAI, RGA, SCR (GRAS) family transcription factor in C. nocturnum. While miR5205a, miR1436 and miR530 regulate PATATIN-like protein 6 (PLP6), PHD finger transcription factor and myb domain protein 48 (MYB48) in C. diurnum. Overall, these miRNAs have regulatory responses in biotic and abiotic stresses in both plant species. Eight putative miRNAs and their target genes were selected for qRT-PCR validation. The validated results suggested the importance of miR815a, miR849, miR5205a, miR1089, miR172, miR1436, and miR530 in exerting control over stress responses in C. nocturnum and C. diurnum. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01127-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen Bano
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Shafquat Fakhrah
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007 India
| | - Sagar Prasad Nayak
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Sumit Kumar Bag
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanty
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Plant Genetic Resources and Improvement Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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7
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Nierembergia rivularis poisoning in cattle. Toxicon 2021; 204:21-30. [PMID: 34715240 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nierembergia rivularis causes enzootic calcinosis (EC) in sheep. In this work, we describe EC caused by N. rivularis in cattle. For 3 years cattle grazing in 7 paddocks were evaluated. Cows with clinical signs compatible with EC were detected in only one paddock with a morbidity of 9.4%, 24.5%, and 34.5% during the summer of 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Affected cows weighed 55 kg less (p < 0.01) than cows without signs of the same paddock, and 19.6% of these cows had hypercalcemia and/or hyperphosphatemia. Typical soft tissue calcification was observed in 3 autopsied cows. Additionally to the arterial calcification, 2 cows had multiple mineralized foci in several veins. In the Paddock A where EC occurred, the pasture contained 7-12% N. rivularis. In the other 6 paddocks (Paddocks B-G) where EC had not occurred, the pasture had 0.2-3.5% N. rivularis. Cows grazing in Paddock A had ∼30% lower pregnancy rates than cows from Paddocks B-G. At the slaughterhouse, the carcasses of 45 cows from Paddock A weighed 17.6% (p < 0.01) less than 93 carcasses of cows from Paddocks B-G. Furthermore, the carcasses of cows from Paddock A were classified as low quality. Eight cows with EC signs from Paddock A and 10 cows without EC signs from Paddocks B-G were removed to a Lolium multiflorum pasture. After 120 days of grazing, the cows from Paddock A gained 45.2% less (p < 0.01) live weight than cows from Paddocks B-G. Poisoning with N. rivularis may cause significant economic losses in Uruguay due to low fertility rates and weight gain of affected cattle.
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8
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Wagener MG, Helmer C, Kammeyer P, Kleinschmidt S, Punsmann TM, Meilwes JM, Schwennen C, von Altrock A, Wilkens M, Schwert B, von Keyserlingk-Eberius N, Ganter M. Calcinosis in Alpaca Crias (Vicugna pacos) Due to Vitamin D Intoxication-Clinical, Laboratory and Pathological Findings with a Focus on Kidney Function. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2332. [PMID: 34438789 PMCID: PMC8388638 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpacas kept in Central Europe are often deficient in vitamin D3, which is supplemented orally or by injection by the owners or veterinarians. Vitamin D3 can be specified in two different units (IU and µg), which differ by a factor of 40. By mixing up these units, an overdosage can be induced. In this study, three alpaca crias were examined after vitamin D3 intoxication, with particular reference to kidney function. All three animals developed non-specific clinical alterations 1-2 weeks after a vitamin D3 overdose of approximately 40 times. Plasma of the animals revealed several alterations. The main findings were severe azotemia, hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, 15 days after treatment. Kidney function analysis (endogenous creatinine clearance) in two of the crias revealed severe glomerular damage. All crias died despite intensive treatment within 23 days after vitamin D3 treatment. Necropsy revealed calcification in different organs, mainly the kidneys, lungs and liver. Since nine other crias in the same group were treated with comparable doses of vitamin D3 and no clinical signs were observed in these animals, it is concluded that individual animals show different levels of sensitivity to vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gerhard Wagener
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.M.); (C.S.); (A.v.A.); (B.S.); (N.v.K.-E.); (M.G.)
| | - Carina Helmer
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.M.); (C.S.); (A.v.A.); (B.S.); (N.v.K.-E.); (M.G.)
| | - Patricia Kammeyer
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (P.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sven Kleinschmidt
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (P.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Teresa Maria Punsmann
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.M.); (C.S.); (A.v.A.); (B.S.); (N.v.K.-E.); (M.G.)
| | - Johanna Maria Meilwes
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.M.); (C.S.); (A.v.A.); (B.S.); (N.v.K.-E.); (M.G.)
| | - Cornelia Schwennen
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.M.); (C.S.); (A.v.A.); (B.S.); (N.v.K.-E.); (M.G.)
| | - Alexandra von Altrock
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.M.); (C.S.); (A.v.A.); (B.S.); (N.v.K.-E.); (M.G.)
| | - Mirja Wilkens
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Barbara Schwert
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.M.); (C.S.); (A.v.A.); (B.S.); (N.v.K.-E.); (M.G.)
| | - Nicole von Keyserlingk-Eberius
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.M.); (C.S.); (A.v.A.); (B.S.); (N.v.K.-E.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (C.H.); (T.M.P.); (J.M.M.); (C.S.); (A.v.A.); (B.S.); (N.v.K.-E.); (M.G.)
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Johnson JB, Ekanayake CP, Caravani F, Mani JS, Lal P, Calgaro SJ, Prasad SS, Warner RD, Naiker M. A Review of Vitamin D and Its Precursors in Plants and Their Translation to Active Metabolites in Meat. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1936006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel B. Johnson
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
| | - C. P. Ekanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Federico Caravani
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Janice S. Mani
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Pawan Lal
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Calgaro
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Shirtika S. Prasad
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering, the University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji
| | - Robyn D Warner
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mani Naiker
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
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Molín J, Mendonça FS, Henderson EE, Nyaoke AC, Ramírez GA, Navarro MA, Uzal FA, Asín J. Toxic Wasting Disorders in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:229. [PMID: 33477688 PMCID: PMC7831912 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious and parasitic agents have been frequently associated with debilitating and wasting conditions in sheep. The prevalence of these agents has probably undermined the role of toxic causes as contributors to such disorders. In addition, many of these intoxications frequently produce acute clinical disease with specific and characteristic lesions, thus a causal relationship with the toxic substance may be relatively easy to establish. However, persistent exposure to some of these organic or inorganic toxic substances may lead to emaciation, ill-thrift, and poor external aspect. The anti-nutritional factors and alkaloids of several plants, including pyrrolizidine alkaloids, among others, have also been associated with emaciation and/or poor general performance in sheep flocks. In this review, some of these disorders are discussed with an emphasis on clinical signs and lesions, relevant diagnostic aspects, and available therapeutic approaches. In most cases, demonstrating a history of exposure should be one of the most relevant aspects of the diagnostic approach, and removing the animals from the toxic source is the cornerstone of the majority of the treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Molín
- Animal Science Department, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain; (J.M.); (G.A.R.)
| | - Fábio S. Mendonça
- Laboratory of Animal Diagnosis, DMFA/UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil;
| | - Eileen E. Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (CAHFS), San Bernardino Branch, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.E.H.); (A.C.N.); (M.A.N.); (F.A.U.)
| | - Akinyi C. Nyaoke
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (CAHFS), San Bernardino Branch, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.E.H.); (A.C.N.); (M.A.N.); (F.A.U.)
| | - Gustavo A. Ramírez
- Animal Science Department, University of Lleida, Lleida 25198, Spain; (J.M.); (G.A.R.)
| | - Mauricio A. Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (CAHFS), San Bernardino Branch, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.E.H.); (A.C.N.); (M.A.N.); (F.A.U.)
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (CAHFS), San Bernardino Branch, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.E.H.); (A.C.N.); (M.A.N.); (F.A.U.)
| | - Javier Asín
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (CAHFS), San Bernardino Branch, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.E.H.); (A.C.N.); (M.A.N.); (F.A.U.)
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11
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Machado M, Schild CO, Preliasco M, Balserini A, Medeiros RM, Barros SS, Riet-Correa F. Enzootic calcinosis in sheep in Uruguay: a brief review and report of two outbreaks. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to do a brief review of enzootic calcinosis in sheep and to report two outbreaks of Nierembergia rivularis poisoning in sheep in Uruguay. The outbreaks occurred in farms located on an island (Outbreak A) and on the border (Outbreak B) of the Rincón del Bonete lake. Sheep of all ages were affected, with the exception of suckling lambs. The first clinical signs occurred in early October, and deaths occurred from December to February. Outbreaks A and B had morbidity of 10%, and the mortality was 7.2% and 2.8% in Outbreaks A and B, respectively. The clinical signs included weight loss, retracted abdomen, stiff gait, and kyphosis. An autopsy was performed on one sheep from each outbreak. Pulmonary and arterial calcification, nephrocalcinosis, and osteopetrosis were observed in gross and microscopic examination in both sheep. Thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and carcinoma was observed in sheep A. Sheep B showed thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and parathyroid chief cell atrophy. The parathyroid was not examined in the sheep from Outbreak A. The differential diagnosis of enzootic calcinosis in southern South America should consider four toxic plants in the Solanaceae family: Solanum glaucophyllum, Solanum stuckertii, Nierembergia veitchii, and Nierembergia rivularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizael Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
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Wagener MG, Lehmbecker A, Bühler M, Wilkens M, Punsmann T, Ganter M. Calcinosis in a roe deer fawn (Capreolus capreolus) in northern Germany. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:406. [PMID: 33115455 PMCID: PMC7592538 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcinosis has been reported for a broad range of different animals. Causes for calcinosis include metabolic disorders due to kidney failure, intoxication with calcinogenic plants, or iatrogenic overdose of vitamin D. Especially young animals seem to be very susceptible to developing calcinosis. Currently, however, there is a lack of information on calcinosis in wildlife. Case presentation The following case report describes a roe deer fawn admitted to a clinic due to general weakness and myiasis. Plasma levels for creatinine, urea and phosphate were highly elevated, whereas the total calcium level was decreased. Necropsy revealed calcinosis due to calcification in many organs. The reason for calcinosis in this particular case might be kidney failure. Plasma samples from other hunted roe deer fawns also showed high phosphate levels. Conclusions Roe deer fawns might be susceptible to calcinosis due to high plasma phosphate, which could be a result of kidney failure or different feed. Further research into calcium and phosphate homeostasis in roe deer is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gerhard Wagener
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Bühler
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mirja Wilkens
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Teresa Punsmann
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
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13
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Machado M, Castro MB, Gimeno EJ, Barros SS, Riet-Correa F. Enzootic calcinosis in ruminants: A review. Toxicon 2020; 187:1-9. [PMID: 32798504 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzootic calcinosis (EC), is a chronic disease, caused by toxic plants, which has mainly affected ruminants for more than 100 years. It is characterized by a soft tissue calcification, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypoparathiroidism, hypercalcitoninism, osteonecrosis, and osteopetrosis. The toxic compound reported in some of these plants are 1,25(OH)2D3 glycosides. Characterization of calcinogenic principles were performed with Solanum glaucophyllum, Trisetum flavescens, Cestrum diurnum, and Stenotaphrum secundatum. Other plant species involved in EC are: Nierembergia rivularis, Nierembergia veitchii, Solanum torvum, and Solanum stuckertii. Clinical and pathological findings are well characterized. We present different aspects of the pathogenic mechanism of EC, including genetic modulation, expression of bone proteins, cellular de-differentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells, phenotypic changes, production of a calcifiable matrix, and modulation of the calcium and phosphorus balance. The use of comparative pathology can bring significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism. In this review we present a broad approach to the different aspects of intoxication: history of EC on different continents; plant species, distribution and morphology; toxic principle; pathogenesis; epidemiology; clinical signs; diagnosis; and control and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizael Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Ruta 5 Km 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Márcio B Castro
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L4 Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinárias, National University of La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Severo S Barros
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Ruta 5 Km 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay.
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Machado M, Preliasco M, Schild C, Costa R, Balserini A, Giannitti F, Riet-Correa F. Thyroid parafollicular cell hyperplasia and carcinoma in a sheep with enzootic calcinosis due to Nierembergia rivularis poisoning. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay
| | - M. Preliasco
- Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Uruguay
| | - C.O. Schild
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay
| | - R.A. Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay
| | - A. Balserini
- Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Uruguay
| | - F. Giannitti
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay
| | - F. Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay
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Abstract
This Research Reflection short review will discuss vitamin D metabolism, its role in nutrition, disease prevention, and welfare of dairy cattle, as well as its toxicity. Vitamin D is an important fat-soluble vitamin. However, some researchers regard it as a hormone due to its function in the organism. Its role is not limited just to Ca homoeostasis and bone metabolism but is also associated with immunity. In dairy cattle it is known for preventing milk fever. Cows can acquire vitamin D in many ways for example through feed, parenteral injections or through UVB irradiation from the sun or artificial lighting. The vitamin D in feed can either be plant-/ fungi- based ergocalciferol or animal-based cholecalciferol. There is currently only one registered feed vitamin D supplement for cattle in the European Union and it is cholecalciferol. Animals can also synthesize their own vitamin D when 7-dihydrocholesterol in the skin is irradiated with UVB light resulting in cholecalciferol production. Despite its importance, many cattle are deficient in vitamin D due to inadequate supplementation or insufficient sun exposure. In a study performed at the Veterinary Faculty in Slovenia 12 high producing Holstein Friesian cows at a commercial dairy farm were blood tested for vitamin D status for three succeeding months and all but one were vitamin D insufficient in all testings. The cows were not exposed to direct sunlight and the content of vitamin D3 in feed was <400 IU/kg dry matter, which is less than half of the NRC (2001) recommendation. Deficiency can also occur due to diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, such as paratuberculosis, which lower the absorptive capacity of the gut. Vitamin D can be toxic if cows are over-supplemented or consume large quantities of plants like Trisetum flavescens, which contain an active form of vitamin D-calcitriol or its glycosides, that are activated by digestion in the rumen.
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16
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Kim TK, Atigadda V, Brzeminski P, Fabisiak A, Tang EKY, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT. Detection of 7-Dehydrocholesterol and Vitamin D3 Derivatives in Honey. Molecules 2020; 25:E2583. [PMID: 32498437 PMCID: PMC7321140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (20(OH)D3) is an endogenous metabolite produced by the action of CYP11A1 on the side chain of vitamin D3 (D3). 20(OH)D3 can be further hydroxylated by CYP11A1, CYP27A1, CYP24A1 and/or CYP27B1 to several hydroxyderivatives. CYP11A1 also hydroxylates D3 to 22-monohydroxyvitamin D3 (22(OH)D3), which is detectable in the epidermis. 20-Hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol (20(OH)-7DHC) has been detected in the human epidermis and can be phototransformed into 20(OH)D3 following the absorption of ultraviolet B (UVB) energy by the B-ring. 20(OH)D3 and its hydroxyderivatives have anti-inflammatory, pro-differentiation and anti-proliferative effects, comparable to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Since cytochromes P450 with 20- or 25-hydroxylase activity are found in insects participating in ecdysone synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), we tested whether D3-hydroxyderivatives are present in honey, implying their production in bees. Honey was collected during summer in the Birmingham area of Alabama or purchased commercially and extracted and analyzed using LC-MS. We detected a clear peak of m/z = 423.324 [M + Na]+ for 20(OH)D3 corresponding to a concentration in honey of 256 ng/g. We also detected peaks of m/z = 383.331 [M + H - H2O]+ for 20(OH)-7DHC and 25(OH)D3 with retention times corresponding to the standards. We further detected species with m/z = 407.329 [M + Na]+ corresponding to the RT of 7DHC, D3 and lumisterol3 (L3). Similarly, peaks with m/z = 399.326 [M + H - H2O]+ were detected at the RT of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1,20-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,20(OH)2D3). Species corresponding to 20-monohydroxylumisterol3 (20(OH)L3), 22-monohydroxyvitamin D3 (22(OH)D3), 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (20,23(OH)2D3), 20,24/25/26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (20,24/25/26(OH)2D3) and 1,20,23/24/25/26-trihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,20,23/24/25/26(OH)3D3) were not detectable above the background. In conclusion, the presence of 7DHC and D3 and of species corresponding to 20(OH)-7DHC, 20(OH)D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in honey implies their production in bees, although the precise biochemistry and photochemistry of these processes remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (V.A.); (P.B.); (A.F.)
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Venkatram Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (V.A.); (P.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (V.A.); (P.B.); (A.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (V.A.); (P.B.); (A.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edith K. Y. Tang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (E.K.Y.T.); (R.C.T.)
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (E.K.Y.T.); (R.C.T.)
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (V.A.); (P.B.); (A.F.)
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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17
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Göring H. Vitamin D in Nature: A Product of Synthesis and/or Degradation of Cell Membrane Components. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1350-1357. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Odriozola ER, Rodríguez AM, Micheloud JF, Cantón GJ, Caffarena RD, Gimeno EJ, Bodega JJ, Gardey P, Iseas FB, Giannitti F. Enzootic calcinosis in horses grazing Solanum glaucophyllum in Argentina. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:286-289. [PMID: 29202673 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717746447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanum glaucophyllum, a toxic plant known for its calcinogenic effects, causes enzootic calcinosis in ruminant and monogastric animals. We describe an outbreak of enzootic calcinosis that occurred in a herd of 110 horses grazing pastureland heavily contaminated with S. glaucophyllum in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Ten horses developed clinical signs, and 6 horses died. Clinical signs included abnormal gait (stiff-legged action, short strides), stiffness, thoracolumbar kyphosis, reluctance to move, wide stance, chronic weight loss, weakness, recumbency, and difficulty standing. Autopsy of 2 horses revealed severe mineralization of the aorta, pulmonary arteries, heart, and lungs, consistent with enzootic calcinosis. Although horses usually have very selective grazing behavior, under food restriction conditions, they can ingest the toxic plants and can develop the disease. Enzootic calcinosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses grazing S. glaucophyllum-invaded pasturelands with compatible clinical signs and lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto R Odriozola
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce (Odriozola, Cantón), Argentina.,Rauch (Rodríguez), Argentina.,Salta (Micheloud), Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Caffarena, Giannitti).,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gimeno).,Veterinarian, Private Practice, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Bodega, Gardey, Iseas).,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Alejandro M Rodríguez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce (Odriozola, Cantón), Argentina.,Rauch (Rodríguez), Argentina.,Salta (Micheloud), Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Caffarena, Giannitti).,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gimeno).,Veterinarian, Private Practice, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Bodega, Gardey, Iseas).,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Juan F Micheloud
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce (Odriozola, Cantón), Argentina.,Rauch (Rodríguez), Argentina.,Salta (Micheloud), Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Caffarena, Giannitti).,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gimeno).,Veterinarian, Private Practice, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Bodega, Gardey, Iseas).,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Germán J Cantón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce (Odriozola, Cantón), Argentina.,Rauch (Rodríguez), Argentina.,Salta (Micheloud), Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Caffarena, Giannitti).,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gimeno).,Veterinarian, Private Practice, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Bodega, Gardey, Iseas).,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Rubén D Caffarena
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce (Odriozola, Cantón), Argentina.,Rauch (Rodríguez), Argentina.,Salta (Micheloud), Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Caffarena, Giannitti).,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gimeno).,Veterinarian, Private Practice, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Bodega, Gardey, Iseas).,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce (Odriozola, Cantón), Argentina.,Rauch (Rodríguez), Argentina.,Salta (Micheloud), Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Caffarena, Giannitti).,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gimeno).,Veterinarian, Private Practice, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Bodega, Gardey, Iseas).,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - José J Bodega
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce (Odriozola, Cantón), Argentina.,Rauch (Rodríguez), Argentina.,Salta (Micheloud), Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Caffarena, Giannitti).,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gimeno).,Veterinarian, Private Practice, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Bodega, Gardey, Iseas).,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Pedro Gardey
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce (Odriozola, Cantón), Argentina.,Rauch (Rodríguez), Argentina.,Salta (Micheloud), Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Caffarena, Giannitti).,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gimeno).,Veterinarian, Private Practice, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Bodega, Gardey, Iseas).,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Fortunato B Iseas
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce (Odriozola, Cantón), Argentina.,Rauch (Rodríguez), Argentina.,Salta (Micheloud), Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Caffarena, Giannitti).,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gimeno).,Veterinarian, Private Practice, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Bodega, Gardey, Iseas).,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Balcarce (Odriozola, Cantón), Argentina.,Rauch (Rodríguez), Argentina.,Salta (Micheloud), Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Caffarena, Giannitti).,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Gimeno).,Veterinarian, Private Practice, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Bodega, Gardey, Iseas).,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
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Ghosh A, Bhattacharjee I, Chandra G. Hypolipidemic effect of steroid compound from Cestrum diurnum (Solanaceae: Solanales) in normocholesterolemic albino rat. Nat Prod Res 2017; 33:573-576. [PMID: 29105488 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1396597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to establish the hypolipidemic effect of a phyto-steroid compound isolated from the chloroform: methanol extract of fresh mature leaves of the plant Cestrum diurnum (Solanaceae: Solanales). Change in the haematological parameters was studied in normocholesterolemic albino rats after oral administration of single dose of isolated phytosteroid (2 mg/ day) up to 15 days and compared with control rats. Application of phytosteroid fraction resulted in a significant reduction in total plasma cholesterol and free cholesterol levels. The plasma triglyceride levels also decreased significantly. A sharp increase in the HDL cholesterol level and a significant decrease in the LDL and VLDL amount were also documented. Free fatty acid level was significantly low in treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Ghosh
- a Department of Zoology , Bankura Christian College , Bankura , India
| | - Indranil Bhattacharjee
- b Parasitology Laboratory, Mosquito and Microbiology Research Units, Department of Zoology , The University of Burdwan , Burdwan , India
| | - Goutam Chandra
- b Parasitology Laboratory, Mosquito and Microbiology Research Units, Department of Zoology , The University of Burdwan , Burdwan , India
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20
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Schlegel P, Guggisberg D, Gutzwiller A. Tolerance to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 glycosides from Solanum glaucophyllum by the growing pig. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:119-124. [PMID: 28237727 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Solanum glaucophyllum leaves contain high levels of glycosidically bound 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, the most important vitamin D metabolite. The tolerance to this source was evaluated during six weeks with fifty weaned pigs fed increasing levels (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20μg 1,25(OH)2D3/kg diet). The diet contained, per kg, 9.7g Ca, 3.5g digestible P and 2000IU cholecalciferol. Ten additional pigs were fed a diet containing 1000IU cholecalciferol/kg, without 1,25(OH)2D3. Weekly plasma and final kidney, bone and urinary mineral contents, bone density and breaking strength served as indicators for possible adverse effects of the supplement. All animals grew well and remained clinically healthy. The measured parameters remained unchanged when 1000 replaced 2000IU cholecalciferol/kg and when 1,25(OH)2D3 was fed up to 10μg/kg. Twenty μg 1,25(OH)2D3 increased plasma Ca and decreased plasma P from the 2nd and the 4th experimental week onwards, respectively. Twenty μg 1,25(OH)2D3 increased final plasma Ca and 1,25(OH)2D3 and reduced final plasma P by respectively 19, 56 and 13%. Twenty μg 1,25(OH)2D3 also increased kidney Ca and urinary Ca by 43 and 69%, respectively, reduced bone breaking strength by 12% and tended to decrease bone ash by 3%. To conclude, 2000IU D3 was not beneficial compared to 1000IU cholecalciferol; up to 10μg 1,25(OH)2D3 per kg diet did not lead to observed adverse effects; 20μg 1,25(OH)2D3 altered the homeostatic regulation of Ca and P thus, may lead to first signs of possible adverse effects, such as soft tissue calcification.
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Baur AC, Brandsch C, König B, Hirche F, Stangl GI. Plant Oils as Potential Sources of Vitamin D. Front Nutr 2016; 3:29. [PMID: 27570765 PMCID: PMC4981617 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To combat vitamin D insufficiency in a population, reliable diet sources of vitamin D are required. The recommendations to consume more oily fish and the use of UVB-treated yeast are already applied strategies to address vitamin D insufficiency. This study aimed to elucidate the suitability of plant oils as an alternative vitamin D source. Therefore, plant oils that are commonly used in human nutrition were first analyzed for their content of vitamin D precursors and metabolites. Second, selected oils were exposed to a short-term UVB irradiation to stimulate the synthesis of vitamin D. Finally, to elucidate the efficacy of plant-derived vitamin D to improve the vitamin D status, we fed UVB-exposed wheat germ oil (WGO) for 4 weeks to mice and compared them with mice that received non-exposed or vitamin D3 supplemented WGO. Sterol analysis revealed that the selected plant oils contained high amounts of not only ergosterol but also 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), with the highest concentrations found in WGO. Exposure to UVB irradiation resulted in a partial conversion of ergosterol and 7-DHC to vitamin D2 and D3 in these oils. Mice fed the UVB-exposed WGO were able to improve their vitamin D status as shown by the rise in the plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and the liver content of vitamin D compared with mice fed the non-exposed oil. However, the plasma concentration of 25(OH)D of mice fed the UVB-treated oil did not reach the values observed in the group fed the D3 supplemented oil. It was striking that the intake of the UVB-exposed oil resulted in distinct accumulation of vitamin D2 in the livers of these mice. In conclusion, plant oils, in particular WGO, contain considerable amounts of vitamin D precursors which can be converted to vitamin D via UVB exposure. However, the UVB-exposed WGO was less effective to improve the 25(OH)D plasma concentration than a supplementation with vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Baur
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Corinna Brandsch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Bettina König
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
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22
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Göring H, Koshuchowa S. Vitamin D -- the sun hormone. Life in environmental mismatch. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:8-20. [PMID: 25754035 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While some representatives of the animal kingdom were improving their biological mechanisms and properties for adapting to ever-changing life conditions, the genus Homo was developing backward: human individuals were losing their adaptation to life areas conquered earlier. Losing step-by-step their useful traits including the body hair cover, the primitive genus Homo retained his viability only under very favorable conditions of the equatorial Africa. Protection from UV radiation danger was provided only by pigmentation of skin, hair, and eyes. However, "impoverished" individuals of this genus gained the ability to walk upright. Their hands became free from participation in movement and became fine tools for producing useful instruments, from the stone knife to the computer. The major consequence of upright movement and hand development became the powerful development of the brain. A modern human, Homo sapiens, appeared capable of conquering very diverse new habitats. The human's expansion on the Earth occurred somewhat limited by his dependence on vitamin D. His expansion into new areas with lower Sun activity was partially associated with the loss of skin pigmentation. But there is an open question, whether under these new conditions he is satisfactorily provided with vitamin D. This paper discusses the following problems: how can we ensure a sufficient intake of vitamin D, how much does an individual require for his existence and optimal life, what will be consequences of vitamin D deficiency, and what are the prospects for better provision with vitamin D?
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Affiliation(s)
- H Göring
- Göring Consulting, Berlin, De12555, Germany.
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23
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Scientific Opinion on the safety of Solanum glaucophyllumstandardised leaves as feed material. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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24
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Cottle HJ, Hughes KJ, Thompson H, Johnston PEJ, Philbey AW. Primary hyperparathyroidism in a 17-year-old Arab × Welsh Cob pony mare with a functional parathyroid adenoma. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. J. Cottle
- Southern Veterinary Centre; Invercargill New Zealand
| | - K. J. Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | | | | | - A. W. Philbey
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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25
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Rosa FB, Roussey J, Coussens PM, Langohr IM. Pathology in practice. Johne's disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1655-7. [PMID: 23725427 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.12.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio B Rosa
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health and Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
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26
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Jäpelt RB, Jakobsen J. Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:136. [PMID: 23717318 PMCID: PMC3651966 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The major function of vitamin D in vertebrates is maintenance of calcium homeostasis, but vitamin D insufficiency has also been linked to an increased risk of hypertension, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, there is a growing awareness about vitamin D as a requirement for optimal health. Vitamin D3 is synthesized in the skin by a photochemical conversion of provitamin D3, but the necessary rays are only emitted all year round in places that lie below a 35° latitude. Unfortunately, very few food sources naturally contain vitamin D and the general population as a results fail to meet the requirements. Fish have the highest natural content of vitamin D expected to derive from an accumulation in the food chain originating from microalgae. Microalgae contain both vitamin D3 and provitamin D3, which suggests that vitamin D3 exist in the plant kingdom and vitamin D3 has also been identified in several plant species as a surprise to many. The term vitamin D also includes vitamin D2 that is produced in fungi and yeasts by UVB-exposure of provitamin D2. Small amounts can be found in plants contaminated with fungi and traditionally only vitamin D2 has been considered present in plants. This review summarizes the current knowledge on sterol biosynthesis leading to provitamin D. It also addresses the occurrence of vitamin D and its hydroxylated metabolites in higher plants and in algae and discusses limitations and advantages of analytical methods used in studies of vitamin D and related compounds including recent advances in analytical technologies. Finally, perspectives for a future production of vitamin D biofortified fruits, vegetables, and fish will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie B. Jäpelt
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of DenmarkSøborg, Denmark
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Zanuzzi CN, Nishida F, Portiansky EL, Fontana PA, Gimeno EJ, Barbeito CG. Effects of Solanum glaucophyllum toxicity on cell proliferation and apoptosis in the small and large intestine of rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:336-42. [PMID: 21862088 PMCID: PMC7125838 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D regulates mineral homeostases and enterocyte proliferation and differentiation. Hypervitaminosis D generates changes in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in several organs. We analysed morphometric parameters and proliferative and apoptotic indices in the intestinal epithelium of rabbits with hypervitaminosis D induced by the chronic treatment with the calcinogenic plant Solanum glaucophyllum. Rabbits were treated for 15 or 30 days. A group was treated for 15 days and led to possible recovery for 30 days. Another group was nutritionally restricted for 30 days. Morphological, morphometric, proliferative and apoptotic changes were found in the treated animals. Mild atrophy and reduced proliferation was found in the jejunum and ileum. Apoptosis increased in the crypts of the ileum and in the superficial epithelium and crypts of the rectum. Most of the alterations were partially recovered. The possible involvement in these changes of the hypervitaminosis D-like state induced by S. glaucophyllum is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Zanuzzi
- Instituto de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Santos CED, Pescador CA, Ubiali DG, Colodel EM, Souza MA, Silva JA, Canola JC, Marques LC. Intoxicação natural por Solanum glaucophyllum (Solanaceae) em búfalos no Pantanal Matogrossense. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011001200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Descreve-se a ocorrência de calcinose enzoótica em búfalos no município de Poconé, Mato Grosso, associado ao consumo de Solanum glaucophyllum (Sg) [=Solanum malacoxylon]. Os casos foram observados entre os anos de 2007 e 2009. Em um rebanho de 40 búfalos, cinco apresentaram emagrecimento progressivo, dorso arqueado, marcha rígida, por vezes com dificuldade para se levantar e locomover, permanecendo apoiando sobre os carpos.Três animais recuperaram-se parcialmente e dois foram eutanasiados in extremis. Os principais achados de necropsia foram calcificação de tecidos moles, principalmente em artérias de grande e médio calibres. A presença de S. glaucophyllum nas pastagens, os sinais clínicos, além dos achados ultrassonográficos e patológicos envolvendo múltiplas calcificações de tendões e outros tecidos, são compatíveis com intoxicação por Solanum glaucophyllum.
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LC–MS/MS with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation to study the effect of UV treatment on the formation of vitamin D3 and sterols in plants. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Burlini N, Iriti M, Daghetti A, Faoro F, Ruggiero A, Bernasconi S. Benzothiadiazole (BTH) activates sterol pathway and affects vitamin D3 metabolism in Solanum malacoxylon cell cultures. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:2131-2141. [PMID: 21779826 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), a particularly efficient inducer of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was developed as an immunizing agent to sensitize various crop species against pathogen infections. Recent works highlighted its activating effect on different metabolic pathways, concerning both primary and secondary metabolites. In this study, we investigated the effect of BTH treatment on sterol levels and vitamin D(3) metabolism in Solanum malacoxylon cultures. Calli of S. malacoxylon were incubated in Gamborg B5 liquid medium alone or added with 50 μM BTH for different times (one, two or three cycles of light). Histocytochemical investigations performed on our experimental system using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) for hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) detection and phloroglucinol for lignin staining showed that BTH causes H(2)O(2) accumulation and lignin deposition in treated calli. Gas chromatographic analysis of principal cell membrane sterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol) showed that BTH transiently increases their cellular levels. Callus cultures were found to contain also cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, the putative precursor of vitamin D(3), and the hydroxylated metabolites 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. BTH treatment enhanced 7-dehydrocholesterol while reduced cholesterol. HPLC analysis of sample extracts showed that BTH does not affect the cell content of vitamin D(3), though results of ELISA tests highlighted that this elicitor moderately enhances the levels of 25(OH)D(3) and 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) metabolites. In conclusion, BTH treatment not only causes cell wall strengthening, a typical plant defence response, as just described in other experimental models, but in the same time increases the cellular level of the main sterols and 7-dehydrocholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedda Burlini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Zanuzzi C, Barbeito C, Ortíz M, Lozza F, Fontana P, Portiansky E, Gimeno E. Glycoconjugate histochemistry in the small and large intestine of normal and Solanum glaucophyllum-intoxicated rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chowdhury N, Ghosh A, Bhattacharjee I, Laskar S, Chandra G. Determination of then-alkane profile of epicuticular wax extracted from mature leaves ofCestrum nocturnum(Solanaceae: Solanales). Nat Prod Res 2010; 24:1313-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410903246868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Keel MK, Ruiz AM, Fisk AT, Rumbeiha WK, Davis AK, Maerz JC. Soft-Tissue Mineralization of Bullfrog Larvae (Rana Catesbeiana) at a Wastewater Treatment Facility. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:655-60. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) from a wastewater treatment facility were identified with severe lesions consisting of large, up to 1-cm in diameter, mineralized nodules protruding from the tail or gular region. Sectioning of formalin-fixed specimens revealed more extensive mineralization involving the vertebrae or muscles of the head and tail. Nodules examined microscopically were not associated with parasitic or infectious agents. Large nodules consisted of mineralized aggregates surrounded by a margin of granulomatous inflammation. Individual connective-tissue fibers and muscle cells were mineralized at some foci. The nodules consisted entirely of calcium phosphate, and the lesions appeared to be novel. Total serumcalcium concentrations of tadpoles and calcium concentrations in water samples did not differ significantly with increasing distance from the discharge site. Affected tadpoles had elevated cholecalciferol (25-OH-vitamin D3) levels. Effluent from this wastewater treatment facility is divided into 3 streams, each passing through a separate series of wetlands allowing for replicated evaluation of tadpoles with increasing distance from the proximate inputs of treated wastewater. The prevalence of lesions was correlated with proximity of cells to the initial wastewater discharge site, and 28.5% of bullfrog larvae in the first cells had lesions. None were affected in the fifth cells. Southern leopard frog larvae (Rana sphenocephala), the only other species affected, had a much lower prevalence of lesions (<1%) than bullfrog tadpoles and were only affected in the first cells. To date, the primary cause of elevated cholecalciferol is undetermined, but it appears to be remediated by passage of water through the wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina M. Ruiz
- The Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources
| | - Aaron T. Fisk
- The University of Georgia, Athens, GA; the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilson K. Rumbeiha
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | | | - John C. Maerz
- The Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources
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Rissi DR, Brown CC, Barros CS. Chronic and acute clinical manifestations associated with systemic mineralization caused by ingestion of Nierembergia veitchii in sheep in southern Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Ghosh A, Chowdhury N, Chandra G. Laboratory evaluation of a phytosteroid compound of mature leaves of Day Jasmine (Solanaceae: Solanales) against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and nontarget organisms. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:271-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-0963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The Solanaceae is comprised of some 2500 species of cosmopolitan plants, especially native to the American continent. They have great value as food, like the well-known potato, tomato and eggplants, and medicines, like species of Atropa, Withania and Physalis, but many plants of this family are toxic, and sometimes lethal to mammals, in particular to man. Some of them also produce hallucinations and perceptual changes. The toxic species of this family are characterized by the occurrence of a variety of chemical compounds, some of which are responsible for the toxicity and lethality observed after ingestion, while others are suspected to be toxic. In this review, the following toxic compounds belonging to different members of the Solanaceae family are described: Tropane alkaloids ( Atropa, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Mandragora); pyrrolidine and pyrrolic alkaloids ( Nierembergia, Physalis, Solanum); protoalkaloids ( Nierembergia); glycoalkaloids ( Lycopersicon, Solanum); nicotine ( Nicotiana); cardenolides ( Cestrum, Nierembergia); capsaicinoids ( Capsicum); kaurene-type tetracyclic diterpenes ( Cestrum); steroidal glycosides ( Cestrum, Solanum); 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 ( Cestrum, Solanum, Nierembergia); and withasteroids, withanolides ( Withania), and physalins ( Physalis). Other bioactive chemical constituents of members of this family are sugar esters and lectins. Phenylpropanoids are not included in this paper.
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Ghosh A, Chandra G. Biocontrol efficacy ofCestrum diurnumL. (Solanaceae: Solanales) against the larval forms ofAnopheles stephensi. Nat Prod Res 2006; 20:371-9. [PMID: 16644532 DOI: 10.1080/14786410600661575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cestrum diurnum L. (Solanaceae: Solanales) is a multistemmed shrub that is also known as 'Day Jasmine'. The efficacy of the plant as a strong biocontrol agent of the larval anopheline mosquito was evaluated in the laboratory and bioactive ingredients were characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and infrared (IR) analysis. Thin layer chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of steroidal compound as a bioactive ingredient and IR analysis reported the presence of O-H group, C-S bond as a -CH2S group, H bonded -C=O group and carbonyl stress of esters. The LC50 value of the active ingredient was determined as 0.70, 0.89, 0.90 and 1.03 mg/100 mL-1, for 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larva respectively in 24 h study period. The active component was analyzed by GLC and GLC-MS and altogether 14 components were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Mosquito Research Unit, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India 713104
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Dittmann E, Wiegand C. Cyanobacterial toxins - occurrence, biosynthesis and impact on human affairs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50:7-17. [PMID: 16304634 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mass developments of cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae") in lakes and brackish waters have repeatedly led to serious concerns due to their frequent association with toxins. Among these are the widespread hepatotoxins microcystin (MC) and nodularin (NOD). Here, we give an overview about the ecostrategies of the diverse toxin-producing species and about the genes and enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of the cyclic peptides. We further summarize current knowledge about toxicological mechanisms of MC and NOD, including protein phosphatase inhibition, oxidative stress and their tumor-promoting capabilities. One biotransformation pathway for MC is described. Mechanisms of cyanobacterial neurotoxins (anatoxin-a, homanatoxin-a, and anatoxin-a(s)) are briefly explained. We highlight selected cases of human fatalities related to the toxins. A special focus is given to evident cases of contamination of food supplements with cyanobacterial toxins, and to the necessary precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Dittmann
- Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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39
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Dove ADM. Ultrastructural features of excretory calcinosis in the lobster, Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2005; 28:313-6. [PMID: 15892758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A D M Dove
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
The idea behind this invited review was to describe the role of papers on plant toxins published in Toxicon, and to select highlights in this field. This review will show that Toxicon is a most suitable journal for original papers as well as reviews on toxin plants and plant toxins, although there is quite a competition in this area.
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