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Qin Y, Li J, Kuang J, Shen S, Zhou X, Zhao X, Huang B, Han B. Okadaic Acid Detection through a Rapid and Sensitive Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:501. [PMID: 37624258 PMCID: PMC10467062 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), a marine biotoxin produced by microalgae, poses a significant threat to mariculture, seafood safety, and human health. The establishment of a novel, highly sensitive detection method for OA would have significant practical and scientific implications. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an innovative approach for OA detection. A competitive amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (AlphaLISA) was developed using the principle of specific antigen-antibody binding based on the energy transfer between chemiluminescent microspheres. The method was non-washable, sensitive, and rapid, which could detect 2 × 10-2-200 ng/mL of OA within 15 min, and the detection limit was 4.55 × 10-3 ng/mL. The average intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 2.54% and 6.26%, respectively. Detection of the actual sample results exhibited a good correlation with high-performance liquid chromatography. In conclusion, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate AlphaLISA method was established for detecting OA and is expected to significantly contribute to marine biotoxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (B.H.); (B.H.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Biao Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; (J.L.); (J.K.); (S.S.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bingnan Han
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; (J.L.); (J.K.); (S.S.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
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A novel high frequency SAWR based sensor combined with living cells for shellfish toxin quantitative determination. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ramalingam S, Chand R, Singh CB, Singh A. Phosphorene-gold nanocomposite based microfluidic aptasensor for the detection of okadaic acid. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 135:14-21. [PMID: 30981975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is one of the most prevalent and largely distributed bio-toxin in the world. Consumption of OA results in a series of digestive ailments such as nausea and diarrhea. This study demonstrates the preparation and functioning of an electrochemical microfluidic biochip for the detection of OA. The screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was modified by phosphorene-gold nanocomposite onto which an aptamer specific to OA was immobilized. BP-Au nanocomposites were synthesized by an in-situ, one-step method without the use of a reducing agent. Potassium ferro-ferri cyanide was used as a redox pair to quantify signal strength. To improve reaction time, increase sensitivity and portability, a microfluidic platform was designed and developed. This device comprised of channels identified for specific purposes such as sample mixing and incubation. Overall, the integrated system consisted of a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip housing an aptamer modified SPCE, as a single detection module for Okadaic acid. The nanomaterials and the microfluidic channels prepared were spectroscopically and electrochemically analyzed. Differential pulse voltammograms revealed a detection limit of 8 pM, while a linear range was found between 10 nM-250 nM. Selectivity studies were also performed with spiked mussel samples and other interfering species. This point-of-care device can be deployed to perform on-farm assays in fishing units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohit Chand
- W. Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Chandra B Singh
- Stored Grains Engineering, School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Fu LL, Zhao XY, Ji LD, Xu J. Okadaic acid (OA): Toxicity, detection and detoxification. Toxicon 2019; 160:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Basti L, Suzuki T, Uchida H, Kamiyama T, Nagai S. Thermal acclimation affects growth and lipophilic toxin production in a strain of cosmopolitan harmful alga Dinophysis acuminata. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 73:119-128. [PMID: 29602499 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Species of the harmful algal bloom (HAB) genera Dinophysis are causative of one of the most widespread and expanding HAB events associated with the human intoxication, diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). The effects of warming temperature on the physiology and toxinology of these mixotrophic species remain intractable due to their low biomass in nature and difficulties in establishing and maintaining them in culture. Hence, the present study investigated the influence of warming temperature, encompassing present and predicted climate scenarios, on growth and toxin production in a strain of the most cosmopolitan DSP-causative species, Dinophysis acuminata. The strain was isolated from western Japan, acclimated, and cultured over extended time spans. The specific growth and toxin production rates were highest at 20-26 °C and 17-29 °C, respectively, and had significant linear relationships during exponential phase. The cellular toxin production of okadaic acid and pectenotoxin-2 were highest during early exponential growth phase at temperatures ≤17 °C but highest during late stationary phase at temperatures ≥20 °C. The cellular toxin production of Dinophysistoxin-1, however, increased from early exponential to late stationary growth phase independently from temperature. The net toxin productions were not affected by acclimation temperature but significantly affected by growth and were highest during early exponential growth phase. Warming water temperatures increase growth and promote toxin production of D. acuminata, potentially increasing incidence of diarrheic shellfish poisoning events and closures of shellfish production. It is likely that D. acuminata is more toxic at low cell densities during bloom initiation in winter, and at high cell densities during bloom termination in spring-autumn. The results of the present research are also of importance for the mass production of D. acuminata for subsequent studies of the toxicological and pharmacological bioactivities of DSTs and PTX2, and the fate of these toxins in the natural environment and the vectoring shellfish molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Basti
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanazawa, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanazawa, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamiyama
- Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research and Education Agency 4-9-1, Sakiyama, Miyako, Iwate 027-0097, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanazawa, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
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Arvanitoyannis IS, Kotsanopoulos KV, Papadopoulou A. Rapid Detection of Chemical Hazards (Toxins, Dioxins, and PCBs) in Seafood. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1473-528. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.641132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Prego-Faraldo MV, Valdiglesias V, Méndez J, Eirín-López JM. Okadaic acid meet and greet: an insight into detection methods, response strategies and genotoxic effects in marine invertebrates. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2829-45. [PMID: 23939476 PMCID: PMC3766868 DOI: 10.3390/md11082829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) constitute one of the most important sources of contamination in the oceans, producing high concentrations of potentially harmful biotoxins that are accumulated across the food chains. One such biotoxin, Okadaic Acid (OA), is produced by marine dinoflagellates and subsequently accumulated within the tissues of filtering marine organisms feeding on HABs, rapidly spreading to their predators in the food chain and eventually reaching human consumers causing Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) syndrome. While numerous studies have thoroughly evaluated the effects of OA in mammals, the attention drawn to marine organisms in this regard has been scarce, even though they constitute primary targets for this biotoxin. With this in mind, the present work aimed to provide a timely and comprehensive insight into the current literature on the effect of OA in marine invertebrates, along with the strategies developed by these organisms to respond to its toxic effect together with the most important methods and techniques used for OA detection and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Verónica Prego-Faraldo
- XENOMAR Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruna, E15071 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.V.P.-F.); (J.M.)
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, E15071 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Josefina Méndez
- XENOMAR Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruna, E15071 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.V.P.-F.); (J.M.)
| | - José M. Eirín-López
- XENOMAR Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruna, E15071 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.V.P.-F.); (J.M.)
- Chromatin Structure and Evolution (CHROMEVOL) Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-981-167-000; Fax: +34-981-167-065
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Sassolas A, Hayat A, Catanante G, Marty JL. Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid: Assessing seafood safety. Talanta 2013; 105:306-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dominguez HJ, Paz B, Daranas AH, Norte M, Franco JM, Fernández JJ. Dinoflagellate polyether within the yessotoxin, pectenotoxin and okadaic acid toxin groups: Characterization, analysis and human health implications. Toxicon 2010; 56:191-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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de la Iglesia P, Gago-Martínez A. Determination of yessotoxins and pectenotoxins in shellfish by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:221-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802290522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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García-Cañas V, Cifuentes A. Detection of microbial food contaminants and their products by capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4013-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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de la Iglesia P, Gago-Martinez A, Yasumoto T. Advanced studies for the application of high-performance capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of yessotoxin and 45-hydroxyyessotoxin. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1156:160-6. [PMID: 17239891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Yessotoxins (YTXs) are a group of polyether toxins which have been previously reported as responsible for seafood contamination in several places worldwide. Despite their toxicity, which is not yet fully discussed, YTXs have been reported as an interference in the success of mouse bioassay for the determination of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, and therefore, efficient and reliable analytical methodologies are required to evaluate their presence, avoiding false positives for DSP. High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) is presented in this work as an alternative to HPLC technique widely used for the analysis of YTXs. Improvements in the applicability of HPCE have been carried out through the development of different CE modes as well as different detection modes. With this aim, micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) has been considered for an increased selectivity while an increased sensitivity was achieved by using sample stacking. Moreover, the coupling of CE with mass spectrometry allowed the confirmation of YTXs present in the contaminated samples evaluated in this work. The results obtained showed the potential of CE as an alternative to HPLC for the analysis of YTXs present in naturally contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo de la Iglesia
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Abstract
An overview is given of the different approaches that have been used to identify toxins responsible for seafood poisoning incidents, to investigate the origins of toxins, and to monitor seafood on a routine basis. It is shown that advancements in our knowledge of toxins and our ability to protect the public have often followed key developments in separation and analysis technologies. Specific examples of research in this field are presented to illustrate the significant role that chromatographic methods play. The presentation will be given in an order that reflects the typical sequence of investigations that follow a new toxin episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Quilliam
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3Z1.
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Li D, Sun L, Chen Z, He X, Lin B. Survey of the distribution of red tide toxins (okadaic acid and dinophytoxin-1) in the Dalian Bay sea area of China by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3583-8. [PMID: 11669546 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:16<3583::aid-elps3583>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two kinds of diarrhoetic shellfish toxins, okadaic acid (OA) and dinophytoxin-1 (DTX-1) were determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) with ultraviolet detection. A detection limit of 3.25 microg/mL for both of them was achieved. The UV absorbance of these toxins measured at 200 nm showed good linearity in the range of 6.25-200 microg/mL with R = 0.992 for OA and 0.997 for DTX-1. Three kinds of shellfish (Chlamys farreri, Mytilus edulis and Ruditaps philippinarum) collected from eight locations (sampling in the intertidal zone) along the Dalian Bay sea area of China were surveyed in February and May of 2000. Results indicated that three kinds of shellfish were contaminated by OA and DTX-1. Based on per gram of hepatopancreas in February, the contamination contents ranged from 0 to 1.26 microg for OA and from 0 to 1.82 microg for DTX-1, and in May, the contents ranged from 0 to 1.45 microg for OA and 0 to 2.56 microg for DTX-1. Among the eight locations, Hei Shi Jiao and Long Wang Tang were the most contaminated areas. Of the three kinds of shellfish, Mytilus edulis was the most significant species in accumulating OA and DTX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
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Delaunay N, Pichon V, Caer JPL, Hennion MC. Immunoaffinity extraction as a new approach for an improved liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric or fluorimetric determination of okadaic acid in shellfish and algae. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chapter 10 HPLC methods for the determination of mycotoxins and phycotoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(00)80016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Perovic S, Wetzler C, Brümmer F, Elbrächter M, Tretter L, Wichels A, Müller WE, Schröder HC. Changes of ICE protease activities caused by toxic supernatants of dinoflagellates (Prorocentrum species) from marine algal blooms. Eur J Protistol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(99)80004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Park DL, Guzman-Perez SE, Lopez-Garcia R. Aquatic biotoxins: design and implementation of seafood safety monitoring programs. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1999; 161:157-200. [PMID: 10218449 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-6427-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring toxicants are usually odorless, tasteless, and generally undetectable by any simple chemical test. Various programs have been established that are effective in reducing risks associated with these toxicants in food. These programs include setting regulatory limits, monitoring susceptible commodities for toxin levels, and using decontamination procedures. Bioassays have been used traditionally to monitor suspect products. All traditional bioassays, however, have one common disadvantage, i.e., the lack of specificity for individual toxins. The lack of available reference standards for specific toxins has also hampered implementation of monitoring programs. Utilizing the knowledge gained with regulatory monitoring and decontamination programs for other toxins, e.g., aflatoxin, similar seafood safety programs can be developed for aquatic biotoxins that will reduce risks and hazards associated with the contaminant to practicable levels and help to preserve an adequate food supply. Research is needed in several areas identified in this article. International cooperation has an important role in achieving these essential elements. Global programs will help in the adequate management of risks associated with aquatic biotoxins. To have an effective monitoring program, it is necessary to define precisely the local needs for information in a short or long time range. It is necessary to have basic knowledge about the biological, chemical, and physical conditions as well as temporal and geographic variations within the region of interest (2). Regardless of the overall success of fish/shellfish toxin monitoring plans, emergencies will occur. Therefore, contingency plans should be developed so there will be no misunderstanding of what actions to take (148). In general, however, the structure of the program must be kept as simple as possible to facilitate fast and uncomplicated flow of information among the various organizations and individuals involved (2). Public health and safety requires the removal of any toxic shellfish from the market, within practicability, and closure of any suspect harvest area. It should be important to remember that economic value of the fish or shellfish resource is always secondary to public health and safety (148).
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Park
- Louisiana State University, Department of Food Science, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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