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Liang C, Ji Y, Ma J, Zhang C, Zhao H. Development of a highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for detection of okadaic acid in oysters and green mussels. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2022.2076812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chundong Zhang
- Modern Agricultural Inspection, Testing & Control Center of Hainan Province, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
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Liu BH, Hung CT, Lu CC, Chou HN, Yu FY. Production of monoclonal antibody for okadaic acid and its utilization in an ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and one-step immunochromatographic strip. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1254-1260. [PMID: 24446876 DOI: 10.1021/jf404827s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is a common marine biotoxin that accumulates in bivalves and causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). This study generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to OA from a hybridoma cell line, 6B1A3, which was obtained by fusion of myeloma cells (P3/NS1/1-AG4-1) with spleen cells isolated from a BALB/c mouse immunized with OA-γ-globulin. The 6B1A3 mAb belongs to the immunoglobulin G1 (κ chain) isotype. Both competitive direct and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were established for characterization of the antibody. The concentrations causing 50% inhibition of binding of OA-horseradish peroxidase to the antibody by OA were calculated to be 0.077 ng/mL in the cdELISA. A rapid and sensitive mAb-based gold nanoparticle immunochromatographic strip was also established. This proposed strip has a detection limit of 5 ng/mL for OA and can be finished in 10 min. Extensive analyses of 20 seafood samples with ELISA revealed that 10 were slightly contaminated with OA, with a mean concentration of 0.892 ng/g. Analysis of OA in shellfish samples showed that data acquired by the immunochromatographic strip agreed well with those acquired by the ELISA. The mAb-based ELISA and immunochromatographic strip assay developed in this study have adequate sensitivity and accuracy for rapid screening of OA in shellfish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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Screening tests for the rapid detection of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in Washington State. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3718-34. [PMID: 24084788 PMCID: PMC3826131 DOI: 10.3390/md11103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The illness of three people due to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) following their ingestion of recreationally harvested mussels from Sequim Bay State Park in the summer of 2011, resulted in intensified monitoring for diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) in Washington State. Rapid testing at remote sites was proposed as a means to provide early warning of DST events in order to protect human health and allow growers to test “pre-harvest” shellfish samples, thereby preventing harvest of toxic product that would later be destroyed or recalled. Tissue homogenates from several shellfish species collected from two sites in Sequim Bay, WA in the summer 2012, as well as other sites throughout Puget Sound, were analyzed using three rapid screening methods: a lateral flow antibody-based test strip (Jellett Rapid Test), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a protein phosphatase 2A inhibition assay (PP2A). The results were compared to the standard regulatory method of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). The Jellett Rapid Test for DSP gave an unacceptable number of false negatives due to incomplete extraction of DSTs using the manufacturer’s recommended method while the ELISA antibody had low cross-reactivity with dinophysistoxin-1, the major toxin isomer in shellfish from the region. The PP2A test showed the greatest promise as a screening tool for Washington State shellfish harvesters.
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Prego-Faraldo MV, Valdiglesias V, Méndez J, Eirín-López JM. Okadaic acid meet and greet: an insight into detection methods, response strategies and genotoxic effects in marine invertebrates. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2829-45. [PMID: 23939476 PMCID: PMC3766868 DOI: 10.3390/md11082829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) constitute one of the most important sources of contamination in the oceans, producing high concentrations of potentially harmful biotoxins that are accumulated across the food chains. One such biotoxin, Okadaic Acid (OA), is produced by marine dinoflagellates and subsequently accumulated within the tissues of filtering marine organisms feeding on HABs, rapidly spreading to their predators in the food chain and eventually reaching human consumers causing Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) syndrome. While numerous studies have thoroughly evaluated the effects of OA in mammals, the attention drawn to marine organisms in this regard has been scarce, even though they constitute primary targets for this biotoxin. With this in mind, the present work aimed to provide a timely and comprehensive insight into the current literature on the effect of OA in marine invertebrates, along with the strategies developed by these organisms to respond to its toxic effect together with the most important methods and techniques used for OA detection and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Verónica Prego-Faraldo
- XENOMAR Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruna, E15071 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.V.P.-F.); (J.M.)
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, E15071 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Josefina Méndez
- XENOMAR Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruna, E15071 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.V.P.-F.); (J.M.)
| | - José M. Eirín-López
- XENOMAR Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruna, E15071 A Coruña, Spain; E-Mails: (M.V.P.-F.); (J.M.)
- Chromatin Structure and Evolution (CHROMEVOL) Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-981-167-000; Fax: +34-981-167-065
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Vdovenko MM, Hung CT, Sakharov IY, Yu FY. Determination of okadaic acid in shellfish by using a novel chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Talanta 2013; 116:343-6. [PMID: 24148413 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A direct competitive chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CL-ELISA) was developed to determine okadaic acid (OA). Concentrations of the capture monoclonal anti-OA antibodies, conjugate of OA-HRP and a composition of blocking buffers were varied to optimize the assay condition. The values of IC10, IC50 and working range (IC20-IC80) for CL-ELISA were 0.01, 0.07, and 0.03-0.2 ng/mL, respectively. Additionally, the analytical recovery values of CL-ELISA from 3 shellfish spiked samples with OA concentrations of 0.03, 0.1 and 0.2 ng/mL ranged from 86.7% to 111.2%. Closely examining the OA concentrations in 19 various shellfish products performed by CL-ELISA revealed that OA concentrations in 6 of the 19 examined samples was undetected, whereas the 13 samples were contaminated with low levels of OA ranging from 1.2 to 8.0 ng/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Vdovenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Sassolas A, Hayat A, Catanante G, Marty JL. Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid: Assessing seafood safety. Talanta 2013; 105:306-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A screening lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for on-site detection of okadaic acid in shellfish products. Anal Biochem 2012; 422:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dubois M, Demoulin L, Charlier C, Singh G, Godefroy SB, Campbell K, Elliott CT, Delahaut P. Development of ELISAs for detecting domoic acid, okadaic acid, and saxitoxin and their applicability for the detection of marine toxins in samples collected in Belgium. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:859-68. [PMID: 20486002 DOI: 10.1080/19440041003662881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid, a diarrhetic shellfish poison, domoic acid, an amnesic shellfish poison, and saxitoxin, a paralytic shellfish poison, are three of the best-known marine biotoxins. The mouse bioassay is the method most widely used to detect many of these toxins in shellfish samples, but animal welfare concerns have prompted researchers to seek alternative methods of detection. In this study, three direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), each based on antibodies raised in rabbits against a conjugate of the analyte of interest, were developed for marine biotoxin detection in mussel, oyster, and scallop. One assay was for okadaic acid, one for saxitoxin, and one for domoic acid usually detected and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet light (HPLC-UV). All three compounds and a number of related toxins were extracted quickly and simply from the shellfish matrices with a 9 : 1 mixture of ethanol and water before analysis. The detection capabilities (CCbeta values) of the developed ELISAs were 150 microg kg(-1) for okadaic acid, 50 microg kg(-1) for domoic acid, and 5 microg kg(-1) or less for saxitoxin. The assays proved satisfactory when used over a 4-month period for the analysis of 110 real samples collected in Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dubois
- Departement Sante, CERgroupe, B-6900 Marloie, Belgium.
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Zhang Y, Zheng H. NONCOMPETITIVE IMMUNOASSAY FOR FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE IN HUMAN SERUM USING CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS WITH CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2010; 31:193-204. [DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2010.488610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Detection of diarrheic shellfish poisoning and azaspiracid toxins in Moroccan mussels: comparison of the LC-MS method with the commercial immunoassay kit. Mar Drugs 2009; 6:587-94. [PMID: 19172196 PMCID: PMC2630846 DOI: 10.3390/md6040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a recurrent gastrointestinal illness in Morocco, resulting from consumption of contaminated shellfish. In order to develop a rapid and reliable technique for toxins detection, we have compared the results obtained by a commercial immunoassay-“DSP-Check” kit” with those obtained by LC-MS. Both techniques are capable of detecting the toxins in the whole flesh extract which was subjected to prior alkaline hydrolysis in order to detect simultaneously the esterified and non esterified toxin forms. The LC-MS method was found to be able to detect a high level of okadaic acid (OA), low level of dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), and surprisingly, traces of azaspiracids 2 (AZA2) in mussels. This is the first report of a survey carried out for azaspiracid (AZP) contamination of shellfish harvested in the coastal areas of Morocco. The “DSP-Check” kit was found to detect quantitatively DSP toxins in all contaminated samples containing only OA, provided that the parent toxins were within the range of detection and was not in an ester form. A good correlation was observed between the two methods when appropriate dilutions were performed. The immunoassay kit appeared to be more sensitive, specific and faster than LC-MS for determination of DSP in total shellfish extract.
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Vale P, Gomes S, Lameiras J, Rodrigues S, Botelho M, Laycock M. Assessment of a new lateral flow immunochromatographic (LFIC) assay for the okadaic acid group of toxins using naturally contaminated bivalve shellfish from the Portuguese coast. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:214-20. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802382253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Yang F. Analysis of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone by CE with Chemiluminescence Detection Based on Competitive Immunoassay. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Yang F. Non-competitive immunoassay for luteinizing hormone in human serum using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. LUMINESCENCE 2007; 22:511-7. [PMID: 17768703 DOI: 10.1002/bio.992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A non-competitive immunoassay based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) with chemiluminescence (CL) detection has been developed for the determination of luteinizing hormone (LH) in human serum. The work involved the development of separation and CL conditions, allowing for routine analysis of serum samples. In this study, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled monoclonal anti-LH can catalyse the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction. The determined LH can react with excessive amount of HRP-labelled anti-LH. Within 14 min, free enzyme conjugate and immune complex could be separated in alkaline borate buffer by means of a high voltage (15 kV). To improve sensitivity, a series of measures were adopted, including the choice of para-iodophenol as a CL enhancer, unique design in detect window. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curve for LH was established in the concentration range 1-200 mIU/mL and the detection limit was 0.08 mIU/mL. Compared with ELISA, this method decreased the detection limit by about 12 times, and it has been successfully employed in the determination of LH in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Zhang
- Institute of Analytical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Inter-laboratory validation of the fluorescent protein phosphatase inhibition assay to determine diarrhetic shellfish toxins: intercomparison with liquid chromatography and mouse bioassay. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vale P, Sampayo MADM. Esterification of DSP toxins by Portuguese bivalves from the Northwest coast determined by LC-MS--a widespread phenomenon. Toxicon 2002; 40:33-42. [PMID: 11602276 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) were confirmed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection both in extracts of digestive glands and edible parts of Portuguese shellfish. No dinophysistoxin-1 was found even in highly contaminated samples examined. However, only in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) were these two parent toxins commonly found in a free form. Usually they were found largely esterified in all remaining shellfish species-common cockle (Cerastoderma edule), peppery furrow shell (Scrobicularia plana), carpet shell (Venerupis pullastra), oyster (Crassostrea japonica), razor clam (Ensisspp.), and clam (Ruditapes decussata). Oysters were the least toxic. In mussels esterified OA did not surpass 50% of the total OA found in edible parts, while DTX2 esterification rates were usually much lower. In remaining shellfish species usually more than 95% of the total OA was found esterified, while free DTX2 was rarely found. Also ratios of total DTX2/total OA were higher in mussels than in the remaining species examined. From all these species commercially exploited at the northern coast, mussels and cockles contained the highest levels of DSP toxins, thus representing the highest theoretical health risk. The previous association of DTX2 with the dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta was confirmed with selective MS detection; while OA was the only parent diarrhoeic toxin found associated with Dinophysis acuminata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vale
- Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Abstract
The presence of domoic acid (DA) in Portuguese shellfish is a recurrent event that affects shellfish resources several times a year, mainly in spring and autumn. Levels of domoic acid as high as twice the regulatory level of 20 microg DA/g tissue are not unusual. When several shellfish species are exploited in the same restricted area, common cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and carpet shell (Venerupis pullastra) are usually amongst the most toxic, followed by peppery furrow shell, clam, mussel, oyster and razor clam. In whole sardine, domoic acid was detected in levels exceeding sometimes the regulatory limit. Fortunately, toxicity is restricted to the gut content, and does not accumulate in muscle tissue. In brain tissue, domoic acid was detected in levels generally below 1 microg/g. Domoic acid was confirmed by spectra acquired with a diode-array detector. The most toxic samples were confirmed by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vale
- Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar, Av. BrasIlia, 1400-049 Lisbon, Portugal.
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