A prospective randomized study comparing poly-ATG to mono-OKT3 clonal antibodies for the first rejection therapy after kidney transplantation: long-term results

Anti-thymocyte globulin for treatment of T-cell-mediated allograft rejection

Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) is a pivotal immunosuppressive therapy utilized in the management of T-cell-mediated rejection and steroid-resistant rejection among renal transplant recipients. Commercially available as Thymoglobulin (rabbit-derived, Sanofi, United States), ATG-Fresenius S (rabbit-derived), and ATGAM (equine-derived, Pfizer, United States), these formulations share a common mechanism of action centered on their interaction with cell surface markers of immune cells, imparting immunosuppressive effects. Although the prevailing mechanism predominantly involves T-cell depletion via the com plement-mediated pathway, alternate mechanisms have been elucidated. Optimal dosing and treatment duration of ATG have exhibited variance across ran domised trials and clinical reports, rendering the establishment of standardized guidelines a challenge. The spectrum of risks associated with ATG administration spans from transient adverse effects such as fever, chills, and skin rash in the acute phase to long-term concerns related to immunosuppression, including susceptibility to infections and malignancies. This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough exploration of the current understanding of ATG, encom passing its mechanism of action, clinical utility in the treatment of acute renal graft rejections, specifically steroid-resistant cases, efficacy in rejection episode reversal, and a synthesis of findings from different eras of maintenance immunosuppression. Additionally, it delves into the adverse effects associated with ATG therapy and its impact on long-term graft function. Furthermore, the review underscores the existing gaps in evidence, particularly in the context of the Banff classification of rejections, and highlights the challenges faced by clinicians when navigating the available literature to strike the optimal balance between the risks and benefits of ATG utilization in renal transplantation.

Induction with ATG in DCD kidney transplantation; efficacy and relation of dose and cell markers on delayed graft function and renal function

AIM

We aimed to analyse the efficacy of the Thymoglobulin dose used for induction in controlled DCD kidneys, and its initial impact on blood cell and CD3 count, as predictors of efficacy.

METHODS

140 DCD patients who received ATG induction, were analysed. Intended dose was 1.25 mg/kg/day over 5 days, rounded to nearest 25 mg and not exceeding 125 mg/dose. Outcomes included the total dose in relation with rejection, DGF, graft survival, eGFR. The cell count response to ATG was assessed as predictors of outcome.

RESULTS

Graft survival, was 96.2%, 92.4%, 85% at 1, 3 and 5 years. Rejection was 7% at 1 year and associated with eGFR at 3 (p = 0.003) and 5 years. ATG dose was not predictive of rejection but was associated with the day5 leucocyte and lymphocyte count (p < 0.001) and negatively with DGF (p = 0.05). In 31 patients day3 CD3 count was available and it was associated with rejection (p = 0.002), less DGF (p = 0.09), and 3 years eGFR (p = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Thymoglobulin provides excellent results in DCD kidneys that do not significantly differ with small dose variations. In higher doses it reduces DGF. Lymphocytes and CD3 count, may be useful surrogate markers of efficacy and outcome.

The Efficacy of Rabbit Anti-Thymocyte Globulin for Acute Kidney Transplant Rejection in Patients Using Calcineurin Inhibitor and Mycophenolate Mofetil-Based Immunosuppressive Therapy

Background

T cell depleting antibody therapy with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) is the treatment of choice for glucocorticoid-resistant acute kidney allograft rejection (AR) and is used as first-line therapy in severe AR. Almost all studies investigating the effectiveness of rATG for this indication were conducted at the time when cyclosporine A and azathioprine were the standard of care. Here, the long-term outcome of rATG for AR in patients using the current standard immunosuppressive therapy (i.e., tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil) is described.

Material/Methods

Between 2002 to 2012, 108 patients were treated with rATG for AR. Data on kidney function in the year following rATG and long-term outcomes were collected.

Results

Overall survival after rATG was comparable to overall survival of all kidney transplantation patients (P=0.10). Serum creatinine 1 year after rATG was 179 μmol/L (interquartile range (IQR) 136–234 μmol/L) and was comparable to baseline serum creatinine (P=0.22). Early AR showed better allograft survival than late AR (P=0.0007). In addition, 1 year after AR, serum creatinine was lower in early AR (157 mol/L; IQR 131–203) compared to late AR (216 mol/L; IQR 165–269; P<0.05). The Banff grade of rejection, kidney function at the moment of rejection, and reason for rATG (severe or glucocorticoid resistant AR) did not influence the allograft survival.

Conclusions

Treatment of AR with rATG is effective in patients using current standard immunosuppressive therapy, even in patients with poor allograft function. Early identification of AR followed by T cell depleting treatment leads to better allograft outcomes.

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients

BACKGROUND

Registry data shows that the incidence of acute rejection has been steadily falling. Approximately 10% to 35% of kidney recipients will undergo treatment for at least one episode of acute rejection within the first post-transplant year. Treatment options include pulsed steroid therapy, the use of an antibody preparation, the alteration of background immunosuppression, or combinations of these options. Over recent years, new treatment strategies have evolved, and in many parts of the world there has been an increase in use of tacrolimus and mycophenolate and a reduction in the use of cyclosporin and azathioprine use as baseline immunosuppression to prevent acute rejection. There are also global variations in use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to treat acute rejection. This is an update of a review published in 2006.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this systematic review was to: (1) to evaluate the relative and absolute effects of different classes of antibody preparation in preventing graft loss and resolving cellular or humoral rejection episodes when used as a treatment for first episode of rejection in kidney transplant recipients; (2) evaluate the relative and absolute effects of different classes of antibody preparation in preventing graft loss and resolving cellular or humoral rejection episodes when used as a treatment for steroid-resistant rejection in kidney transplant recipients; (3) determine how the benefits and adverse events vary for each type of antibody preparation; and (4) determine how the benefits and harms vary for different formulations of antibody within each type.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialised Register to 18 April 2017 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in all languages comparing all mono- and polyclonal antibody preparations, given in combination with any other immunosuppressive agents, for the treatment of cellular or humoral graft rejection, when compared to any other treatment for acute rejection were eligible for inclusion.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias of the included studies and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using a random-effects model and results expressed as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

MAIN RESULTS

We included 11 new studies (18 reports, 346 participants) in this update, bring the total number of included studies to 31 (76 reports, 1680 participants). Studies were generally small, incompletely reported, especially for potential harms, and did not define outcome measures adequately. The risk of bias was inadequate or unclear risk for random sequence generation (81%), allocation concealment (87%) and other bias (87%). There were, however, a predominance of low risk of bias for blinding (75%) and incomplete outcome data (80%) across all the studies. Selective reporting had a mixture of low (58%), high (29%), and unclear (13%) risk of bias.Seventeen studies (1005 participants) compared therapies for first acute cellular rejection episodes. Antibody therapy was probably better than steroid in reversing acute cellular rejection (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.82; moderate certainty) and preventing subsequent rejection (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.99; moderate certainty), may be better for preventing graft loss (death censored: (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.12; low certainty) but there was little or no difference in death at one year. Adverse effects of treatment (including fever, chills and malaise following drug administration) were probably reduced with steroid therapy (RR 23.88, 95% CI 5.10 to 111.86; I2 = 16%; moderate certainty).Twelve studies (576 patients) investigated antibody treatment for steroid-resistant rejection. There was little or no benefit of muromonab-CD3 over ATG or ALG in reversing rejection, preventing subsequent rejection, or preventing graft loss or death. Two studies compared the use of rituximab for treatment of acute humoral rejection (58 patients). Muromonab-CD3 treated patients suffered three times more than those receiving either ATG or T10B9, from a syndrome of fever, chills and malaise following drug administration (RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.87 to 5.21; I2 = 31%), and experienced more neurological side effects (RR 13.10 95% CI 1.43 to 120.05; I2 = 36%) (low certainty evidence).There was no evidence of additional benefit from rituximab in terms of either reversal of rejection (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.64), or graft loss or death 12 months (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.23 to 4.35). Rituximab plus steroids probably increases the risk of urinary tract infection/pyelonephritis (RR 5.73, 95% CI 1.80 to 18.21).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

In reversing first acute cellular rejection and preventing graft loss, any antibody is probably better than steroid, but there is little or no difference in subsequent rejection and patient survival. In reversing steroid-resistant rejection there was little or no difference between different antibodies over a period of 12 months, with limited data beyond that time frame. In treating acute humoral rejection, there was no evidence that the use of antibody therapy conferred additional benefit in terms of reversal of rejection, or death or graft loss.Although this is an updated review, the majority of newer included studies provide additional evidence from the cyclosporin/azathioprine era of kidney transplantation and therefore conclusions cannot necessarily be extrapolated to patients treated with more contemporary immunosuppressive regimens which include tacrolimus/mycophenolate or sirolimus. However, many kidney transplant centres around the world continue to use older immunosuppressive regimes and the findings of this review remain strongly relevant to their clinical practice.Larger studies with standardised reproducible outcome criteria are needed to investigate the outcomes and risks of antibody treatments for acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients receiving contemporary immunosuppressive regimes.

Disruptions in the supply of medications used in transplantation: implications and management strategies for the transplant clinician

Drug shortages are a threat to patient care and public health, and the number of drugs on shortage is growing at an exponential rate. The major therapy areas affected by these shortages are oncology, anti-infective, cardiovascular and central nervous system. However, drugs utilized in the transplant patient population have not been exempt, and can have significant influence on posttransplant outcomes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current and historical solid organ transplant-related disruptions in the supply of medications and implications on patient care and safety. Transplant centers should be armed with an implementation plan when imperative transplant-related drugs such as tacrolimus, mycophenolate, or antithymocyte globulin go on shortage. This plan should provide steps to manage the shortage, and provide effective therapeutic alternatives.

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients

BACKGROUND

Registry data shows that between 15-35% kidney recipients will undergo treatment for at least one episode of acute rejection within the first post transplant year. Treatment options include pulsed steroid therapy, the use of an antibody preparation, the alteration of background immunosuppression, or combinations of these options. In 2002, in the US, 61.4% patients with an acute rejection episode received steroids, 20.4% received an antibody preparation and 18.2% received both.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the benefits and harms of mono- or polyclonal antibodies (Ab) used to treat acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (in The Cochrane Library, issue 2, 2005), MEDLINE (1966-June 2005), EMBASE (1980-June 2005), and the specialised register of the Cochrane Renal Group (June 2005).

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in all languages comparing all mono- and polyclonal antibody preparations, given in combination with any other immunosuppressive agents, for the treatment of acute graft rejection, when compared to any other treatment for acute rejection.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two reviewers independently assessed trials for eligibility and quality, and extracted data. Results are expressed as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

MAIN RESULTS

Twenty one trials (49 reports, 1387 patients) were identified. Trials were generally small, incompletely reported, especially for potential harms, and did not define outcome measures adequately. Fourteen trials (965 patients) compared therapies for first rejection episodes. Ab was better than steroid in reversing rejection (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.87) and preventing graft loss (death censored RR 0.74, CI 0.58 to 0.95) but there was no difference in preventing subsequent rejection or death at one year. Seven trials (422 patients) investigated Ab treatment of steroid-resistant rejection. There was no benefit of muromonab-CD3 over ATG or ALG in either reversing rejection, preventing subsequent rejection, preventing graft loss or death.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

In reversing first rejection, any antibody is better than steroid and also prevents graft loss, but subsequent rejection and patient survival are not significantly different. In reversing steroid-resistant rejection the effects of different antibodies are also not significantly different. Given the clinical problem caused by acute rejection, data are very sparse, and clinically important differences in outcomes between widely used interventions have not been excluded. Standardised reproducible outcome criteria are needed.

Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibody Therapy for Treating Acute Rejection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trial Data

BACKGROUND

We performed a comprehensive systematic review to determine the relative benefits and harms of widely used interventions used to treat acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients: monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies (Ab).

METHODS

Databases and conference proceedings were searched for eligible trials in all languages, and two reviewers, working independently, assessed trials for eligibility and quality, and extracted data. Results are expressed as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

Twenty-one trials (49 reports) were identified. Most trials were small, incompletely reported, especially for potential harms, and did not define outcome measures adequately. Fourteen trials (965 patients) compared therapies for first rejection episodes (eight Ab versus steroid, two Ab versus another Ab, and four other comparisons) In treating first rejection, Ab was better than steroid in reversing rejection (RR 0.57; CI 0.38-0.87) and preventing graft loss (death-censored RR 0.74; CI 0.58-0.95) but there was no difference in preventing subsequent rejection (RR 0.67; CI 0.43-1.04) or death (RR 1.16; CI 0.57-2.33) at 1 year. Seven trials (422 patients) investigated Ab treatment of steroid-resistant rejection (four Ab vs. another Ab, one different doses Ab, one different formulation Ab, two other comparisons). There was no benefit of muromonab-CD3 over ATG or ALG in reversing rejection (RR 1.32; CI 0.33-5.28), preventing subsequent rejection (RR 0.99; CI 0.61-1.59) or preventing graft loss (RR 1.80; CI 0.29-11.23) or death (RR 0.39; CI 0.09-1.65).

CONCLUSIONS

Given the clinical problem caused by acute rejection, comparable data are sparse, and clinically important differences in outcomes between widely used interventions have not been excluded. Standardized reproducible outcome criteria are needed.