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Quéméner A, Maillasson M, Arzel L, Sicard B, Vomiandry R, Mortier E, Dubreuil D, Jacques Y, Lebreton J, Mathé-Allainmat M. Discovery of a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Interleukin 15: Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening and Hit Optimization. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6249-6272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Quéméner
- CRCINA,
INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- CRCINA,
INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Laurence Arzel
- CEISAM,
CNRS, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Benoit Sicard
- CEISAM,
CNRS, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Romy Vomiandry
- CRCINA,
INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
- CEISAM,
CNRS, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Erwan Mortier
- CRCINA,
INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Didier Dubreuil
- CEISAM,
CNRS, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
| | - Yannick Jacques
- CRCINA,
INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes 44007, France
| | - Jacques Lebreton
- CEISAM,
CNRS, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes 44322, France
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2
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Traitanon O, Gorbachev A, Bechtel JJ, Keslar KS, Baldwin WM, Poggio ED, Fairchild RL. IL-15 induces alloreactive CD28(-) memory CD8 T cell proliferation and CTLA4-Ig resistant memory CD8 T cell activation. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1277-89. [PMID: 24842641 PMCID: PMC6083870 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The presence of CD28(-) memory CD8 T cells in the peripheral blood of renal transplant patients is a risk factor for graft rejection and resistance to CTLA-4Ig induction therapy. In vitro analyses have indicated poor alloantigen-induced CD28(-) memory CD8 T cell proliferation, raising questions about mechanisms mediating their clonal expansion in kidney grafts to mediate injury. Candidate proliferative cytokines were tested for synergy with alloantigen in stimulating CD28(-) memory CD8 T cell proliferation. Addition of IL-15, but not IL-2 or IL-7, to co-cultures of CD28(-) or CD28(+) memory CD8 T cells and allogeneic B cells rescued proliferation of the CD28(-) and enhanced CD28(+) memory T cell proliferation. Proliferating CD28(-) memory CD8 T cells produced high amounts of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha and expressed higher levels of the cytolytic marker CD107a than CD28(+) memory CD8 T cells. CTLA-4Ig inhibited alloantigen-induced proliferation of CD28(+) memory CD8 T cell proliferation but had no effect on alloantigen plus IL-15-induced proliferation of either CD28(-) or CD28(+) memory CD8 T cells. These results indicate the ability of IL-15, a cytokine produced by renal epithelial during inflammation, to provoke CD28(-) memory CD8 T cell proliferation and to confer memory CD8 T cell resistance to CTLA-4Ig-mediated costimulation blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opas Traitanon
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Thammasart University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Anton Gorbachev
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Jennifer J. Bechtel
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Karen S. Keslar
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Emilio D. Poggio
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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3
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Kahan BD. Forty years of publication of transplantation proceedings-the third decade: the expansion of the enterprise. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:3975-4020. [PMID: 20005335 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B D Kahan
- Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, The University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Suite 6.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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4
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Kudlacz E, Perry B, Sawyer P, Conklyn M, McCurdy S, Brissette W, Flanagan And M, Changelian P. The novel JAK-3 inhibitor CP-690550 is a potent immunosuppressive agent in various murine models. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:51-7. [PMID: 14678034 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-6143.2003.00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
JAK-3 has been shown to play a key role in cytokine signaling via gammac, e.g. IL-2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 21. The current study describes the immunosuppressive effects of CP-690550, a novel, small molecule inhibitor of JAK-3, in various murine models. In vitro, CP-690550 effectively inhibited a murine mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) (IC50= 91 nm). Mice chronically dosed with CP-690550 (1.5-15 mg/kg/day) demonstrated dose- and time-dependent alterations in lymphocyte subsets when examined by flow cytometry. The most dramatic change observed was a 96% reduction in splenic NK1.1 + TCRbeta- cell numbers following 21 days of treatment. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in sensitized mice were reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with the JAK-3 inhibitor (1.87-30 mg/kg, s.c.). Extended survival of neonatal Balb/c hearts implanted into the ear pinna of MHC mismatched C3H/HEN mice was observed with CP-690550 monotherapy (10-30 mg/kg/day), but improved upon combination with cyclosporin (10 mg/kg/day). These data support the participation of JAK-3 in various lymphocyte homeostatic functions in mature mice. Furthermore, the ability of CP-690550 to extend cardiac allograft survival in murine models suggests it may afford a new treatment for prevention of transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kudlacz
- Department of Immunology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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5
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Lietz K, John R, Beniaminovitz A, Burke EM, Suciu-Foca N, Mancini DM, Edwards NM, Itescu S. Interleukin-2 receptor blockade in cardiac transplantation: influence of HLA-DR locus incompatibility on treatment efficacy. Transplantation 2003; 75:781-7. [PMID: 12660501 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000055214.63049.3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because allograft rejection results from specific T-cell activation by donor human leukocyte antigens (HLA), new immunomodulatory therapies for organ-transplant recipients are used to selectively block T-cell activity without global immunosuppression. We investigated whether blockade of the high-affinity interleukin (IL)-2 receptor effectively prevented T-cell alloreactivity in cardiac transplantation. METHODS AND RESULTS A study of a humanized monoclonal antibody against the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (daclizumab) was performed in 70 adult, cardiac-transplant recipients. Patients were stratified based on the degree of donor-recipient HLA-DR matches. Primary and secondary endpoints were incidence and frequency of high-grade allograft rejections, IL-2-dependent, T-cell outgrowth from biopsy sites as measured by lymphocyte growth assay, and production of anti-HLA antibodies. Treatment with daclizumab significantly prevented development of high-grade acute rejection in recipients with at least one donor HLA-DR locus match during the first 3 months posttransplantation; in this group 0 of 13 (0%) treated with daclizumab experienced at least one high-grade rejection versus 3 of 13 (23%) controls (P=0.05). In addition, 1 of 12 (9%) daclizumab-treated patients experienced one or more episodes of IL-2-dependent, T-cell outgrowth versus 5 of 12 (42%) patients in the untreated group (P=0.05). In contrast, daclizumab used at the same dose and schedule was not as effective in fully HLA-DR-mismatched recipients. After cessation of daclizumab, allograft rejection increased to levels seen in controls. CONCLUSIONS IL-2-receptor blockade is effective for preventing alloreactivity and high-grade rejection in cardiac transplantation; however, its efficacy seemed to be influenced by the degree of donor-recipient, HLA-DR locus mismatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Lietz
- Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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6
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Weiler M, Kachko L, Chaimovitz C, Kooten CVAN, Douvdevani A. CD40 ligation enhances IL-15 production by tubular epithelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12:80-87. [PMID: 11134253 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v12.1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a potent T-cell growth factor and activator. Acute rejection of kidney allografts strongly correlated with elevated IL-15 mRNA in the graft. A role in the rejection process is also suggested for the interaction between CD40 ligand (CD154) expressed on membranes of activated T cells and its receptor (CD40). The effect of CD40 ligation on IL-15 production in human tubular epithelial cells (TEC) was investigated. TEC were co-cultured with a cell line genetically engineered to express CD154. CD154-expressing cells (CD40L cells) bind to TEC. Addition of the CD40L cells to the TEC culture resulted in elevated IL-15 levels. This enhanced production was not observed with control cells, when anti-CD154 antibody was added, and when direct contact between CD40L-cells and TEC was prevented with the use of a Trans-well system. CD40 activation resulted in a twofold increase of IL-15 mRNA transcripts as measured by reverse transcription-PCR and a concordant elevation in IL-15 protein production as measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The intensity of activation by CD154 was linearly dependent on cell number, reaching plateau when the effector/target-ratio was 1:1. The increase of IL-15 levels was similar to that produced by stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Combination of IFN-gamma and activation with CD154 resulted in an additive effect. To conclude, activated T cells may enhance IL-15 expression in two ways: by secreting IFN-gamma and by cell to cell contact using CD154. Each signal alone induces IL-15 in similar magnitudes, and both signals are additive. Because IL-15 is a major T-cell activator, this interaction may contribute to graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Weiler
- Department of Nephrology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Leonid Kachko
- Institute of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Cidio Chaimovitz
- Department of Nephrology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Cees VAN Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amos Douvdevani
- Department of Nephrology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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7
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Smith XG, Bolton EM, Ruchatz H, Wei X, Liew FY, Bradley JA. Selective blockade of IL-15 by soluble IL-15 receptor alpha-chain enhances cardiac allograft survival. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3444-50. [PMID: 10975865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is a T cell growth factor that shares many functional similarities with IL-2 and has recently been shown to be present in tissue and organ allografts, leading to speculation that IL-15 may contribute to graft rejection. Here, we report on the in vivo use of an IL-15 antagonist, a soluble fragment of the murine IL-15R alpha-chain, to investigate the contribution of IL-15 to the rejection of fully vascularized cardiac allografts in a mouse experimental model. Administration of soluble fragment of the murine IL-15R alpha-chain (sIL-15Ralpha) to CBA/Ca (H-2k) recipients for 10 days completely prevented rejection of minor histocompatibility complex-mismatched B10.BR (H-2k) heart grafts (median survival time (MST) of >100 days vs MST of 10 days for control recipients) and led to a state of donor-specific immunologic tolerance. Treatment of CBA/Ca recipients with sIL-15Ralpha alone had only a modest effect on the survival of fully MHC-mismatched BALB/c (H-2d) heart grafts. However, administration of sIL-15Ralpha together with a single dose of a nondepleting anti-CD4 mAb (YTS 177.9) delayed mononuclear cell infiltration of the grafts and markedly prolonged graft survival (MST of 60 days vs MST of 20 days for treatment with anti-CD4 alone). Prolonged graft survival was accompanied in vitro by reduced proliferation and IFN-gamma production by spleen cells, whereas CTL and alloantibody levels were similar to those in animals given anti-CD4 mAb alone. These findings demonstrate that IL-15 plays an important role in the rejection of a vascularized organ allograft and that antagonists to IL-15 may be of therapeutic value in preventing allograft rejection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Graft Enhancement, Immunologic/methods
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/pathology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-15/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Isoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Isoantibodies/blood
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- X G Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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8
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Baan CC, Knoop CJ, Holweg CT, van Gelder T, Metselaar HJ, Niesters HG, Zondervan PE, Balk AH, Weimar W. The macrophage-derived T-cell growth factor interleukin-15 is present in interleukin-2-independent rejection after clinical heart and liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:2726-8. [PMID: 10578266 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(99)00541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
Gene targeting, the manipulation of gene in the mouse genome using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, is a powerful experimental tool that has been widely utilized in a number of disciplines. The ability to precisely alter genes in this way provides an avenue for investigating the role of a gene product in normal and pathological processes in the intact animal, with a precision and efficacy not possible using pharmacological agents, antibodies or engineered proteins. In transplant research, gene targeting provides a unique tool for discriminating the contributions of gene expression in donor versus recipient tissues. This review focuses on several areas in transplantation research where gene targeting has made useful contributions. These include studies of the role of donor and recipient multiple histocompatibility complex antigens in regulating rejection responses, the role of CD4+ T cell in mediating acute rejection, and the functions of cytokines during rejection and tolerance induction. These studies highlight the unique advantages of gene targeting in studies of complex processes in whole animals and illustrate the contributions of this technique to understanding the pathogenesis of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Mannon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
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10
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Waldmann TA, Tagaya Y. The multifaceted regulation of interleukin-15 expression and the role of this cytokine in NK cell differentiation and host response to intracellular pathogens. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17:19-49. [PMID: 10358752 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a 14- to 15-kDa member of the 4 alpha-helix bundle family of cytokines. IL-15 expression is controlled at the levels of transcription, translation, and intracellular trafficking. In particular, IL-15 protein is posttranscriptionally regulated by multiple controlling elements that impede translation, including 12 upstream AUGs of the 5' UTR, 2 unusual signal peptides, and the C-terminus of the mature protein. IL-15 uses two distinct receptor and signaling pathways. In T and NK cells the IL-15 receptor includes IL-2/15R beta and gamma c subunits, which are shared with IL-2, and an IL-15-specific receptor subunit, IL-15R alpha. Mast cells respond to IL-15 with a receptor system that does not share elements with the IL-2 receptor but uses a novel 60- to 65-kDa IL-15RX subunit. In mast cells IL-15 signaling involves Jak2/STAT5 activation rather than the Jak1/Jak3 and STAT5/STAT3 system used in activated T cells. In addition to its other functional activities in immune and nonimmune cells, IL-15 plays a pivotal role in the development, survival, and function of NK cells. Abnormalities of IL-15 expression have been described in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease and in diseases associated with the retroviruses HIV and HTLV-I. New approaches directed toward IL-15, its receptor, or its signaling pathway may be of value in the therapy of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Waldmann
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Humanized monoclonal antibodies that recognize the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor (e.g. daclizumab) have been used to prevent allograft rejection, since this chain is expressed by T cells participating in allograft rejection but not by resting T cells. In a randomized trial, when added to standard cyclosporin-based immunosuppression, daclizumab significantly reduced the frequency of acute rejection of renal transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Waldmann
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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12
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Li XC, Schachter AD, Zand MS, Li Y, Zheng XX, Harmon WE, Strom TB. Differential expression of T-cell growth factors in rejecting murine islet and human renal allografts: conspicuous absence of interleukin (IL)-9 despite expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15. Transplantation 1998; 66:265-8. [PMID: 9701276 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199807270-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15, all T-cell growth factors (TCGFs), utilize the common IL-2 receptor gammac chain as a critical signaling component in their receptor complexes. We have bred IL-2-/- and IL-4-/- double knockout (DKO) mice and showed vigorous islet allograft rejection by DKO hosts. The identity of TCGFs that support the IL-2- and IL-4-independent allograft rejection is unclear. METHODS We analyzed IL-9 gene expression in rejecting islet allografts in wild-type and in DKO mice, as well as in human renal transplant biopsy specimens, by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and compared the expression of IL-9 with that of other TCGFs. RESULTS IL-9 gene expression was not detected in rejecting murine islet allografts in either wild-type or DKO recipient mice despite robust expression of other TCGFs, including IL-7 and IL-15. IL-9 transcripts were also not expressed in any of the human renal transplant biopsies obtained 4 to 251 days after transplantation, regardless of the presence or absence of histological evidence of rejection. Despite expression of IL-9 by DKO splenic cells upon in vitro mitogenic stimulation, IL-9 alone was unable to stimulate the proliferation of concanavalin A-activated splenic leukocytes harvested from DKO mice. CONCLUSION IL-9 is conspicuously absent despite vigorous expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15 genes during acute allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Li
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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13
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Baan CC, Holweg CHJ, Gelder T, Knoop CJ, Niesters HGM, Zondervan P, Mochtar B, Balk AHMM, Weimar W. Redundancy of the cytokine network in the development of rejection after clinical heart transplantation. Transpl Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.1998.tb01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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