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Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Rudnicka L. HPV Infections-Classification, Pathogenesis, and Potential New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7616. [PMID: 39062859 PMCID: PMC11277246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, more than 400 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified. Despite the creation of effective prophylactic vaccines against the most common genital HPVs, the viruses remain among the most prevalent pathogens found in humans. According to WHO data, they are the cause of 5% of all cancers. Even more frequent are persistent and recurrent benign lesions such as genital and common warts. HPVs are resistant to many disinfectants and relatively unsusceptible to external conditions. There is still no drug available to inhibit viral replication, and treatment is based on removing lesions or stimulating the host immune system. This paper presents the systematics of HPV and the differences in HPV structure between different genetic types, lineages, and sublineages, based on the literature and GenBank data. We also present the pathogenesis of diseases caused by HPV, with a special focus on the role played by E6, E7, and other viral proteins in the development of benign and cancerous lesions. We discuss further prospects for the treatment of HPV infections, including, among others, substances that block the entry of HPV into cells, inhibitors of viral early proteins, and some substances of plant origin that inhibit viral replication, as well as new possibilities for therapeutic vaccines.
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2
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Skelin J, Tomaić V. Comparative Analysis of Alpha and Beta HPV E6 Oncoproteins: Insights into Functional Distinctions and Divergent Mechanisms of Pathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:2253. [PMID: 38005929 PMCID: PMC10674601 DOI: 10.3390/v15112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represent a diverse group of DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells of mucosal and cutaneous tissues, leading to a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes. Among various HPVs, alpha (α) and beta (β) types have garnered significant attention due to their associations with human health. α-HPVs are primarily linked to infections of the mucosa, with high-risk subtypes, such as HPV16 and HPV18, being the major etiological agents of cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. In contrast, β-HPVs are predominantly associated with cutaneous infections and are commonly found on healthy skin. However, certain β-types, notably HPV5 and HPV8, have been implicated in the development of non-melanoma skin cancers in immunocompromised individuals, highlighting their potential role in pathogenicity. In this review, we comprehensively analyze the similarities and differences between α- and β-HPV E6 oncoproteins, one of the major drivers of viral replication and cellular transformation, and how these impact viral fitness and the capacity to induce malignancy. In particular, we compare the mechanisms these oncoproteins use to modulate common cellular processes-apoptosis, DNA damage repair, cell differentiation, and the immune response-further shedding light on their shared and distinct features, which enable them to replicate at divergent locations of the human body and cause different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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3
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Bhavsar‐Bhakta P, Hamza M, Mehravaran S, Krishnan B, He Q, Tyring S, Rady P, Rivero G, Cohen DN, Sosa IR. The contribution of human papilloma virus infection to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. EJHAEM 2021; 2:228-235. [PMID: 35845291 PMCID: PMC9176019 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a B-cell malignancy characterized by impaired humoral and cellular immunity, are at increased risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide and it has been associated with various malignancies, including cSCC. Impaired cell-mediated immunity is considered a primary risk factor in HPV-induced cSCC. We examined cSCC lesions from CLL patients with consensus review and HPV genetic analysis to further characterize the relationship between HPV and prevalence of cutaneous malignancy in this population. Eleven patients with CLL contributed 35 cSCCs. Treatment with chemotherapy shortened the latency time to first cSCC. HPV was detected in 54% of the lesions. Among the HPV-positive cSCC lesions, 84% of the lesions contained alpha-genus HPV, 42% contained beta-genus HPV, and 26% of the lesions contained both genera. There was a significant association between HPV-containing lesions and peritumoral lymphocytic inflammation, suggesting this as a future area for further characterization. The majority of the lesions, including those with alpha-genus HPV, occurred in sun-exposed areas, such as the scalp and face. These findings may lead to practice-changing recommendations for skin cancer, including the use of vaccinations to reduce HPV-associated skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mugahed Hamza
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Sepideh Mehravaran
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Bhuvaneswari Krishnan
- The Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center at Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Qin He
- Department of DermatologyMcGovern Medical SchoolHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Steven Tyring
- Department of DermatologyMcGovern Medical SchoolHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Peter Rady
- Department of DermatologyMcGovern Medical SchoolHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Gustavo Rivero
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- The Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center at Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Daniel N. Cohen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- Bristol Myers SquibbLawrencevilleNew JerseyUSA
| | - Iberia Romina Sosa
- The Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center at Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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4
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Protasova MS, Gusev FE, Grigorenko AP, Kuznetsova IL, Rogaev EI, Andreeva TV. Quantitative Analysis of L1-Retrotransposons in Alzheimer's Disease and Aging. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:962-971. [PMID: 28941465 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917080120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
LINE1 retrotransposons are members of a class of mobile genetic elements capable of retrotransposition in the genome via a process of reverse transcription. LINE1 repeats, integrating into different chromosomal loci, affect the activity of genes and cause different genomic mutations. Somatic variability of the human genome is linked to the activity of some subfamilies of LINE1, in particular, a high level of LINE1 retrotranspositions has been observed in brain tissues. However, the contribution of LINE1 to genomic variability during normal aging and in age-related neurodegenerative diseases is poorly understood. We conducted quantitative real-time PCR analysis of active subfamilies of LINE1 repeats (aL1) using genomic DNA extracted from brain specimens of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and individuals without neuropsychiatric pathologies, as well as DNA extracted from blood specimens of individuals of different ages (healthy and AD subjects). Inter-individual quantitative variations of active families of aL1 repeats in the genome were observed. No significant age-dependent differences were identified. Likewise, no difference of aL1 copy number in brain and blood were indicated between AD patients and the aged-matched control group without dementia. These data imply that aging and the AD-associated neurodegenerative process are not the major factors contributing to the retrotransposition processes of active LINE1 repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Protasova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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5
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Bolatti EM, Chouhy D, Casal PE, Pérez GR, Stella EJ, Sanchez A, Gorosito M, Bussy RF, Giri AA. Characterization of novel human papillomavirus types 157, 158 and 205 from healthy skin and recombination analysis in genus γ-Papillomavirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 42:20-9. [PMID: 27108808 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gammapapillomavirus (γ-PV) is a diverse and rapidly expanding genus, currently consisting of 79 fully characterized human PV (HPV) types. In this study, three novel types, HPV157, HPV158 and HPV205, obtained from healthy sun-exposed skin of two immunocompetent individuals, were amplified by the "Hanging droplet" long PCR technique, cloned, sequenced and characterized. HPV157, HPV158 and HPV205 genomes comprise 7154-bp, 7192-bp and 7298-bp, respectively, and contain four early (E1, E2, E6 and E7) and two late genes (L1 and L2). Phylogenetic analysis of the L1 ORF placed all novel types within the γ-PV genus: HPV157 was classified as a new member of species γ-12 while HPV158 and HPV205 belong to species γ-1. We then explored potential recombination events in genus γ-PV with the RDP4 program in a dataset of 74 viruses (71 HPV types with available full-length genomes and the 3 novel types). Two events, both located in the E1 ORF, met the inclusion criterion (p-values <0.05 with at least four methods) and persisted in different ORF combinations: an inter-species recombination in species γ-8 (major and minor parents: species γ-24 and γ-11, respectively), and an intra-species recombination in species γ-7 (recombinant strain: HPV170; major and minor parents: HPV-109 and HPV-149, respectively). These findings were confirmed by phylogenetic tree incongruence analysis. An additional incongruence was found in members of species γ-9 but it was not detected by the RDP4. This report expands our knowledge of the family Papillomaviridae and provides for the first time in silico evidence of recombination in genus γ-PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Bolatti
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Diego Chouhy
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Pablo E Casal
- Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Germán R Pérez
- Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Emma J Stella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Sanchez
- División de Dermatología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Mario Gorosito
- División de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Ramón Fernandez Bussy
- División de Dermatología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Adriana A Giri
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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6
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Kocjan BJ, Bzhalava D, Forslund O, Dillner J, Poljak M. Molecular methods for identification and characterization of novel papillomaviruses. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:808-16. [PMID: 26003284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PV) are a remarkably heterogeneous family of small DNA viruses that infect a wide variety of vertebrate species and are aetiologically linked with the development of various neoplastic changes of the skin and mucosal epithelia. Based on nucleotide similarity, PVs are hierarchically classified into genera, species and types. Novel human PV (HPV) types are given a unique number only after the whole genome has been cloned and deposited with the International HPV Reference Center. As of 9 March 2015, 200 different HPV types, belonging to 49 species, had been recognized by the International HPV Reference Center. In addition, 131 animal PV types identified from 66 different animal species exist. Recent advances in molecular techniques have resulted in an explosive increase in the identification of novel HPV types and novel subgenomic HPV sequences in the last few years. Among PV genera, the γ-PV genus has been growing most rapidly in recent years with 80 completely sequenced HPV types, followed by α-PV and β-PV genera that have 65 and 51 recognized HPV types, respectively. We reviewed in detail the contemporary molecular methods most often used for identification and characterization of novel PV types, including PCR, rolling circle amplification and next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, we present a short overview of 12 and 10 novel HPV types recently identified in Sweden and Slovenia, respectively. Finally, an update on the International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Bzhalava
- International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Forslund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Dillner
- International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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de Villiers EM. Cross-roads in the classification of papillomaviruses. Virology 2013; 445:2-10. [PMID: 23683837 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acceptance of an official classification for the family Papillomaviridae based purely on DNA sequence relatedness, was achieved as late as 2003. The rate of isolation and characterization of new papillomavirus types has greatly depended on and subjected to the development of new laboratory techniques. Introduction of every new technique led to a temporarily burst in the number of new isolates. In the following, the bumpy road towards achieving a classification system combined with the controversies of implementing and accepting new techniques will be summarized. An update of the classification of the 170 human papillomavirus (HPV) types presently known is presented. Arguments towards the implementation of metagenomic sequencing for this rapidly growing family will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel-Michele de Villiers
- Division for the Characterization of Papillomaviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Antonsson A, Michael KM, Pawlita M, Lehmann MD, Nindl I. Detection and typing of cutaneous human papillomavirus types--a comparison of three different methods. J Virol Methods 2012; 189:305-10. [PMID: 23124002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) may play a role in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. HPV copy numbers in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are very low and hence sensitive and reliable detection methods are important, particularly to examine the natural history of cutaneous HPV. In the present study, the presence of cutaneous HPV types was examined in 194 skin swabs and in a subgroup of 91 skin swabs, and compared using three different PCR based methods: (i) beta/gamma cutaneous HPV PCR reverse-line-blotting (BGC-PCR RLB), (ii) multiplex cutaneous papillomavirus genotyping (McPG) and (iii) FAP PCR. The HPV prevalence was 75% (68/91) with BGC-PCR RLB, 64% (124/194) with McPG and 72% (139/194) with FAP PCR. The agreement for the detection of HPV between the three methods in the subset of 91 samples was 73% (66/91; kappa=0.34) for BGC-PCR RLB and McPG, 75% (68/91; kappa=0.32) for BGC-PCR RLB and FAP PCR, and 69% (63/91; kappa=0.25) for McPG and FAP PCR. For McPG and FAP PCR, 194 specimens were tested in total, with an overall agreement of 66% (129/194; kappa=0.24) for the detection of HPV. The concordance between the three methods was moderate, which could be explained by different HPV types detectable with each method; the high number of multiple infections and the low viral copy number in human skin. Overall, many cutaneous HPV types were identified and multiple HPV types were found frequently in the human skin swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Antonsson
- Department of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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9
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Ekström J, Bzhalava D, Svenback D, Forslund O, Dillner J. High throughput sequencing reveals diversity of Human Papillomaviruses in cutaneous lesions. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2643-50. [PMID: 21630257 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There are at least 120 completely characterized human papillomavirus (HPV) types and putative new types are continuously found. Both squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC) and other skin lesions commonly contain multiple cutaneous HPV types. The objective of this study was to achieve an improved resolution of the diversity of HPV types in lesions such as SCCs, actinic keratoses (AKs) and keratoacanthomas (KAs). Fresh frozen biopsies from 37 SCC lesions, 36 AK lesions and 92 KA lesions and swab samples from the top of the lesion from 86 SCCs and 92 AKs were amplified using the general HPV primers FAP and mixed to three pools followed by high throughput sequencing. We obtained 2196 reads with homology to HPV. In the pool of SCC/AK biopsies 48 different HPV types were found. Eighty-three types were found in the pool of SCC/AK swab samples and 64 types in the KA biopsies, respectively. For 9 novel putative HPV types most of the amplimer sequence was obtained, whereas for an additional 35 novel putative HPV types only partial amplimer sequences were obtained. Most of the novel putative types belonged to the genus Gamma. In conclusion, high throughput sequencing was an effective means to identify both known and previously unknown HPV types in putatively HPV-associated lesions and has revealed an extended diversity of HPV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ekström
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skånes Universitetssjukhus, Malmö, Sweden
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10
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Kovanda A, Kocjan BJ, Luzar B, Bravo IG, Poljak M. Characterization of novel cutaneous human papillomavirus genotypes HPV-150 and HPV-151. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22529. [PMID: 21799888 PMCID: PMC3143161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA from two novel HPV genotypes, HPV-150 and HPV-151, isolated from hair follicles of immuno-competent individuals, was fully cloned, sequenced and characterized. The complete genomes of HPV-150 and HPV-151 are 7,436-bp and 7,386-bp in length, respectively. Both contain genes for at least six proteins, namely E6, E7, E1, E2, L2, L1, as well as a non-coding upstream regulatory region located between the L1 and E6 genes: spanning 416-bp in HPV-150 (genomic positions 7,371 to 350) and 322-bp in HPV-151 (genomic positions 7,213 to 148). HPV-150 and HPV-151 are phylogenetically placed within the Betapapillomavirus genus and are most closely related to HPV-96 and HPV-22, respectively. As in other members of this genus, the intergenic E2-L2 region is very short and does not encode for an E5 gene. Both genotypes contain typical zinc binding domains in their E6 and E7 proteins, but HPV-151 lacks the regular pRb-binding core sequence within its E7 protein. In order to assess the tissue predilection and clinical significance of the novel genotypes, quantitative type-specific real-time PCR assays were developed. The 95% detection limits of the HPV-150 and HPV-151 assays were 7.3 copies/reaction (range 5.6 to 11.4) and 3.4 copies/reaction (range 2.5 to 6.0), respectively. Testing of a representative collection of HPV-associated mucosal and cutaneous benign and malignant neoplasms and hair follicles (total of 540 samples) revealed that HPV-150 and HPV-151 are relatively rare genotypes with a cutaneous tropism. Both genotypes were found in sporadic cases of common warts and SCC and BCC of the skin as single or multiple infections usually with low viral loads. HPV-150 can establish persistent infection of hair follicles in immuno-competent individuals. A partial L1 sequence of a putative novel HPV genotype, related to HPV-150, was identified in a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin obtained from a 64-year old immuno-compromised male patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kovanda
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan J. Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Luzar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ignacio G. Bravo
- Unit of Infections and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- Genomics and Health Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP), Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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11
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Three novel papillomaviruses (HPV109, HPV112 and HPV114) and their presence in cutaneous and mucosal samples. Virology 2010; 397:331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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L1 retrotransposition in human neural progenitor cells. Nature 2009; 460:1127-31. [PMID: 19657334 DOI: 10.1038/nature08248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons have markedly affected the human genome. L1s must retrotranspose in the germ line or during early development to ensure their evolutionary success, yet the extent to which this process affects somatic cells is poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that engineered human L1s can retrotranspose in adult rat hippocampus progenitor cells in vitro and in the mouse brain in vivo. Here we demonstrate that neural progenitor cells isolated from human fetal brain and derived from human embryonic stem cells support the retrotransposition of engineered human L1s in vitro. Furthermore, we developed a quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction that detected an increase in the copy number of endogenous L1s in the hippocampus, and in several regions of adult human brains, when compared to the copy number of endogenous L1s in heart or liver genomic DNAs from the same donor. These data suggest that de novo L1 retrotransposition events may occur in the human brain and, in principle, have the potential to contribute to individual somatic mosaicism.
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13
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de Villiers EM, Gunst K. Characterization of seven novel human papillomavirus types isolated from cutaneous tissue, but also present in mucosal lesions. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1999-2004. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven novel human papillomavirus (HPV) types were isolated and characterized. HPV 94 is related most closely to HPV 10 and belongs to the genus Alphapapillomavirus, whereas HPV 98, HPV 99, HPV 100, HPV 104, HPV 105 and HPV 113 all belong to the genus Betapapillomavirus. These HPV types were isolated from and demonstrated in cutaneous tissue, but HPV 98, HPV 100, HPV 104 and HPV 113 were also detected in malignant oesophageal and oral lesions. The general prevalence of these HPV types in lesions is infrequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel-Michele de Villiers
- Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Gunst
- Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Schulz E, Gottschling M, Wibbelt G, Stockfleth E, Nindl I. Isolation and genomic characterization of the first Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) papillomavirus and its phylogenetic position within Pipapillomavirus, primarily infecting rodents. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2609-2614. [PMID: 19605590 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.012583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of papillomavirus (PV) types have been isolated from different rodent species, and most of them belong to the genus Pipapillomavirus. We isolated and sequenced the complete genome of a novel PV type (designated RnPV) from the oral cavity of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), as well as an L1 gene fragment from hair-follicle cells of the European beaver (Castor fiber). As inferred from amino acid sequence data, RnPV clustered within the beta+gamma+pi+Xi-PV supertaxon as a member of the genus Pipapillomavirus. The closest relatives of RnPV were McPV-2 and MmPV, and time estimates indicated that the genus Pipapillomavirus originated in the late Cenozoic era. The close relationship of RnPV to other murid PV types supports the hypothesis of co-divergence between members of the genus Pipapillomavirus and their hosts. However, the derived Neogene origin of the genus Pipapillomavirus is much younger than has been considered for the Rodentia as the primary hosts, indicating that alternative interpretations of the phylogenetic trees should be conceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schulz
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Department of Biology, Systematic Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wibbelt
- Institut für Zoo- und Wildtierforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Nindl
- DKFZ - Charité, Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité (HTCC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Blomberg J, Benachenhou F, Blikstad V, Sperber G, Mayer J. Classification and nomenclature of endogenous retroviral sequences (ERVs): problems and recommendations. Gene 2009; 448:115-23. [PMID: 19540319 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of many species are crowded with repetitive mobile sequences. In the case of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) there is, for various reasons, considerable confusion regarding names assigned to families/groups of ERVs as well as individual ERV loci. Human ERVs have been studied in greater detail, and naming of HERVs in the scientific literature is somewhat confusing not just to the outsider. Without guidelines, confusion for ERVs in other species will also probably increase if those ERVs are studied in greater detail. Based on previous experience, this review highlights some of the problems when naming and classifying ERVs, and provides some guidance for detecting and characterizing ERV sequences. Because of the close relationship between ERVs and exogenous retroviruses (XRVs) it is reasonable to reconcile their classification with that of XRVs. We here argue that classification should be based on a combination of similarity, structural features, (inferred) function, and previous nomenclature. Because the RepBase system is widely employed in genome annotation, RepBase designations should be considered in further taxonomic efforts. To lay a foundation for a phylogenetically based taxonomy, further analyses of ERVs in many hosts are needed. A dedicated, permanent, international consortium would best be suited to integrate and communicate our current and future knowledge on repetitive, mobile elements in general to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Blomberg
- Section of Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Academic Hospital, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Köhler A, Meyer T, Stockfleth E, Nindl I. High viral load of human wart-associated papillomaviruses (PV) but not beta-PV in cutaneous warts independent of immunosuppression. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:528-35. [PMID: 19519829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A broad spectrum of human papillomaviruses (HPV) has been detected in warts from immunocompetent patients and a much more diverse range from immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients (OTR). OBJECTIVES To determine the HPV types in warts from OTR, we assessed present infections of mucosal (alpha-PV), wart-associated (alpha-, micro- and nu-PV) and cutaneous HPV types (beta-/gamma-PV) in immunocompetent patients and OTR. Patients/methods Forty-one warts from 29 immunocompetent patients (non-OTR) and 53 warts from 33 OTR were analysed for DNA of human alpha-, beta-, gamma-, micro- and nu-PV. For frequent types viral load was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Compared with non-OTR prevalence of cutaneous HPV (79% vs. 49%, P < 0.01) and the number of multiple infections (62% vs. 17%, P < 0.0001) were significantly increased. The mean viral load of the wart-associated HPV was more than 10(5)-fold higher compared with human beta-PV in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The high load of wart-associated HPV suggests an active role of these viruses rather than cutaneous types in warts independent of immunosuppression; however, the substantial fraction of warts with low HPV genome copies remains to be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Köhler
- Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Hospital of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Handisurya A, Gambhira R, Schellenbacher C, Shafti-Keramat S, Forslund O, Favre M, Kirnbauer R. Serological relationship between cutaneous human papillomavirus types 5, 8 and 92. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:136-43. [PMID: 19088282 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.006189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of a possible association of cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types, especially members of the genus Betapapillomavirus, and the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is accumulating. Vaccination with virus-like particles (VLPs) consisting of self-assembled L1, the major capsid protein, has been introduced to control anogenital HPV infection. This study examined the serological relationship between betapapillomavirus (beta-PV) types 5 and 8 and the new type HPV-92, which has recently been isolated from a basal cell carcinoma containing a high number of viral genomes. Following expression by recombinant baculoviruses, the L1 protein of HPV-92 self-assembled into VLPs that elicited high-titre antibodies after immunization, similar to VLPs from HPV-5 and -8. Haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays were used as a surrogate method for the detection of virion-neutralizing antibodies, which correlates with protection from infection. Antisera raised against HPV-5 and -8 VLPs displayed HAI activity not only against the homologous type, but also against heterologous HPV types 5, 8 and 92, whereas HAI activity of antisera against HPV-92 VLP was restricted to the homologous type. The results of neutralization assays using HPV-5 pseudovirions were consistent with those from HAI assays. Cross-neutralizing immune responses by VLP vaccination against heterologous HPV types may provide broader protection against the multiplicity of HPV types detected in NMSC. If a close link to HPV infection can be conclusively established, these results may provide a basis for further evaluation of VLPs of beta-PVs as candidates for a prophylactic skin-type HPV vaccine, aimed at reducing the incidence of NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Handisurya
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Dahl JA, Reiner AH, Collas P. Fast genomic muChIP-chip from 1,000 cells. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R13. [PMID: 19208222 PMCID: PMC2688267 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-2-r13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A new method for rapid genome-wide μChIP-chip from as few as 1,000 cells. Genome-wide location analysis of histone modifications and transcription factor binding relies on chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. These assays are, however, time-consuming and require large numbers of cells, hindering their application to the analysis of many interesting cell types. We report here a fast microChIP (μChIP) assay for 1,000 cells in combination with microarrays to produce genome-scale surveys of histone modifications. μChIP-chip reliably reproduces data obtained by large-scale assays: H3K9ac and H3K9m3 enrichment profiles are conserved and nucleosome-free regions are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Arne Dahl
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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19
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Differences in transcriptional activity of cutaneous human papillomaviruses. Virus Res 2008; 137:213-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Andersson K, Waterboer T, Kirnbauer R, Slupetzky K, Iftner T, de Villiers EM, Forslund O, Pawlita M, Dillner J. Seroreactivity to cutaneous human papillomaviruses among patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer or benign skin lesions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:189-95. [PMID: 18199724 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPV) are common in nonmelanoma skin cancers, benign skin lesions, and healthy skin. Increased seroprevalences for cutaneous HPV among nonmelanoma skin cancer patients have been described. To determine whether antibodies to cutaneous HPV are related to presence of the virus and/or to skin disease, we collected serum and biopsies from both lesions and healthy skin from 434 nonimmunosuppressed patients (72 squamous cell carcinomas, 160 basal cell carcinomas, 81 actinic keratoses, and 121 benign lesions). Biopsies were analyzed for HPV DNA by PCR, cloning, and sequencing. Serum antibodies to the major capsid protein L1 of HPV 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 20, 24, 32, 36, 38, and 57 as well as to the oncoproteins E6 and E7 of HPV 8 and 38 were detected using a multiplexed fluorescent bead-based assay. Type-specific seroprevalence among patients with the same type of HPV DNA (sensitivity of serology) varied from 0% to at most 28%. Presence of HPV DNA and antibodies to the same HPV type was not significantly correlated. However, seropositivity to any HPV type was significantly more common among patients positive for HPV DNA of any HPV type (odds ratio, 1.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.55-2.34). Seroprevalences were similar among the different patient groups but was, for most HPV types, somewhat higher among squamous cell carcinoma patients than among basal cell carcinoma patients (P < 0.01). In conclusion, additional studies are required to clarify the biological meaning of seropositivity as a marker of cutaneous HPV infection and skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Andersson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, UMAS, Malmö, Sweden
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21
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Thomison J, Thomas LK, Shroyer KR. Human papillomavirus: molecular and cytologic/histologic aspects related to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:154-66. [PMID: 18206494 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is unique among human cancers because it was the first cancer discovered to be virtually solely attributable to the effects of an infectious agent. Numerous epidemiologic and laboratory studies have confirmed a strong causal association between human papillomavirus infection and the development of premalignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix, and human papillomavirus-mediated malignant transformation is an ideal model system for the study of virally mediated carcinogenesis. Neoplastic transformation of affected cervical epithelium appears to be a direct consequence of the unregulated overexpression of viral oncoproteins that have central roles in the normal viral replicative cycle. This review is focused on the mechanisms that regulate the normal papillomavirus life cycle and on the mechanisms that appear to have central roles in malignant transformation of the cervical mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Thomison
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80204, USA
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22
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Gorska-Flipot I, Sawick J, Gaboury LA, Krajinovic M, Labuda D, Brukner I, Rouleau D, Ghattas G, Franco EL, Coutlée F. Newly-isolated HPV97, related to HPV18 and 45 is frequently detected in HIV-positive men from the Montreal area. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1195-7. [PMID: 17960620 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Kullander J, Handisurya A, Forslund O, Geusau A, Kirnbauer R, Dillner J. Cutaneous human papillomavirus 88: remarkable differences in viral load. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:477-80. [PMID: 17935140 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A human papillomavirus (HPV) was cloned from a patient with multiple squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and identified as HPV88, recently categorized into a new species within the genus Gamma. The HPV88 viral load in an SCC of the index patient exceeded 1 million copies/cell. By contrast, a survey of 447 skin lesions (79 actinic keratoses, 73 seborrhoeic keratoses, 169 basal cell carcinomas and 126 SCCs) and 362 healthy skin biopsies found detectable HPV88 DNA in only 7 specimens. All these had very low viral loads (<1 copy/10(3) cells) implying extreme biological variability in viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kullander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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24
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Vasiljević N, Hazard K, Eliasson L, Ly H, Hunziker A, de Villiers EM, Norrild B, Dillner J, Forslund O. Characterization of two novel cutaneous human papillomaviruses, HPV93 and HPV96. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1479-1483. [PMID: 17412976 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel human papillomaviruses (HPVs), HPV93 and HPV96, with genomes of 7450 and 7438 bp, respectively, are described. The L1 open reading frame of HPV93 showed highest identity to HPV24 (79%) and that of HPV96 had highest identity to HPV92 (71%). Real-time PCR for HPV92, 93 and 96 on stripped biopsies from tumours and healthy skin from 269 immunocompetent patients found HPV DNA in 2.6% of tumours and in 0.4% of healthy skin samples. Double infections were observed in two tumours. HPV92 was detected in four, HPV93 in two and HPV96 in three tumours. The range of viral loads spanned from one copy per 45 cells to one copy per 10,000 cells. The E7 proteins of HPV92, 93 and 96 were found to bind the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). These results suggest a possible role for these HPV types in skin carcinogenesis that deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Vasiljević
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Kristina Hazard
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Linda Eliasson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Hoang Ly
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Hunziker
- Division for Tumorvirus Characterization, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Bodil Norrild
- The DNA Tumorvirus Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Pathology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ola Forslund
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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25
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Dang C, Koehler A, Forschner T, Sehr P, Michael K, Pawlita M, Stockfleth E, Nindl I. E6/E7 expression of human papillomavirus types in cutaneous squamous cell dysplasia and carcinoma in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155:129-36. [PMID: 16792764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA of cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types is frequently found in nonmelanoma skin cancer, and their E6 and E7 proteins can have transforming properties. OBJECTIVES To assess the biological activity of HPV types found in tumour tissues we examined HPV E6/E7 RNA expression and the antibody response to E6, E7 and L1 proteins. METHODS Thirty-one snap-frozen biopsies from six immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients representing seven squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), one basal cell carcinoma, four actinic keratoses (AKs), seven normal skin and 12 verrucae vulgaris (Vv) were analysed for 24 cutaneous HPV types by an L1 DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method. The presence of E6/E7 transcripts of HPV 5, 8, 9, 15 and 20 was investigated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. HPV DNA load was determined for HPV 8, 9 and 15 in 11 biopsies. Antibody response was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using affinity-purified, bacterially expressed complete viral proteins fused to glutathione S-transferase as antigens. RESULTS HPV DNA was detected in 25 of 31 tissue samples, indicating eight single and 17 multiple HPV infections. E6/E7 transcripts of HPV 8, 9 and 15 were found in low copy numbers in one SCC and three AKs, but not in normal skin or Vv. All four patients examined showed antibodies to cutaneous HPV antigens, but the antibody response did not correlate with E6/E7 expression detected in the tumour. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional activity of the E6/E7 oncogenes in AK and SCC suggests an active role of HPV in the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Charité, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Hospital of Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Weissenborn SJ, Nindl I, Purdie K, Harwood C, Proby C, Breuer J, Majewski S, Pfister H, Wieland U. Human papillomavirus-DNA loads in actinic keratoses exceed those in non-melanoma skin cancers. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:93-7. [PMID: 15982308 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest a role of cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPV) in non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) development. In this study viral DNA loads of six frequent HPV types were determined by quantitative, type-specific real-time-PCR (Q-PCR) in actinic keratoses (AK, n=26), NMSC (n=31), perilesional tissue (n=22), and metastases of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (n=8) which were previously shown to be positive for HPV5, 8, 15, 20, 24, or 36. HPV-DNA loads in AK, (partially microdissected) NMSC, and perilesional skin ranged between one HPV-DNA copy per 0.02 and 14,200 cell equivalents (median: 1 HPV-DNA copy per 344 cell equivalents; n=48). In 32 of the 79 HPV-positive skin biopsies and in seven of the eight metastases viral loads were even below the detection limit of Q-PCR. Low viral loads in NMSC were confirmed by in situ-hybridization showing only a few HPV-DNA-positive nuclei per section. Viral loads in SCC, basal cell carcinomas, and perilesional tissue were similar. But, viral loads found in AK were significantly higher than in SCC (p=0.035). Our data suggest that persistence of HPV is not necessary for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype of individual NMSC cells. Although a passenger state cannot be excluded, the data are compatible with a carcinogenic role of HPV in early steps of tumor development.
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27
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Yamaguchi T, Miwa Y, Eizuru Y. Candidate human papillomavirus (HPV) type 27b: Nucleotide sequence and heterogeneity with HPV 27. J Med Virol 2005; 77:113-5. [PMID: 16032718 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
More than 100 human papillomavirus (HPV) types have been reported as tumorigenic agents. HPV types 2 and 27 were identified in benign tumors and classified closely according to the sequence homology. An HPV type 2 related sequence was identified previously in an oral papilloma. However, the correct typing and sequencing was impossible at that time. A candidate HPV was cloned by the long-PCR technique from an oral papilloma and characterized by nucleotide sequence. This virus was basically HPV type 27, but there was some heterogeneity in comparison with the prototype. Most differences were nucleotide-sequence variations. Two of four-nucleotide insertions were frame shift, resulting in longer L1 protein than that of HPV 27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihei Yamaguchi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
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28
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de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology 2004; 324:17-27. [PMID: 15183049 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2031] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One hundred eighteen papillomavirus (PV) types have been completely described, and a yet higher number of presumed new types have been detected by preliminary data such as subgenomic amplicons. The classification of this diverse group of viruses, which include important human pathogens, has been debated for three decades. This article describes the higher-order PV taxonomy following the general criteria established by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), reviews the literature of the lower order taxa, lists all known "PV types", and interprets their phylogenetic relationship. PVs are a taxonomic family of their own, Papillomaviridae, unrelated to the polyomaviruses. Higher-order phylogenetic assemblages of PV types, such as the "genital human PVs", are considered a genus, the latter group, for example, the genus "Alpha-Papillomavirus". Lower-order assemblages of PV types within each genus are treated as species because they are phylogenetically closely related, but while they have distinct genomic sequences, they have identical or very similar biological or pathological properties. The taxonomic status of PV types, subtypes, and variants remains unchanged and is based on the traditional criteria that the sequence of their L1 genes should be at least 10%, 2-10%, and maximally 2% dissimilar from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel-Michele de Villiers
- Reference Center for Papillomaviruses, Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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