1
|
Reactive saccade adaptation boosts orienting of visuospatial attention. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13430. [PMID: 32778710 PMCID: PMC7417993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention and saccadic eye movements are critical components of visual perception. Recent studies proposed the hypothesis of a tight coupling between saccadic adaptation (SA) and attention: SA increases the processing speed of unpredictable stimuli, while increased attentional load boosts SA. Moreover, their cortical substrates partially overlap. Here, we investigated for the first time whether this coupling in the reactive/exogenous modality is specific to the orienting system of attention. We studied the effect of adaptation of reactive saccades (RS), elicited by the double-step paradigm, on exogenous orienting, measured using a Posner-like detection paradigm. In 18 healthy subjects, the attentional benefit—the difference in reaction time to targets preceded by informative versus uninformative cues—in a control exposure condition was subtracted from that of each adaptation exposure condition (backward and forward); then, this cue benefit difference was compared between the pre- and post-exposure phases. We found that, the attentional benefit significantly increased for cued-targets presented in the left hemifield after backward adaptation and for cued-targets presented in the right hemifield after forward adaptation. These findings provide strong evidence in humans for a coupling between RS adaptation and attention, possibly through the activation of a common neuronal pool.
Collapse
|
2
|
Souto D, Schütz AC. Task-relevance is causal in eye movement learning and adaptation. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
3
|
Nicolas J, Bidet-Caulet A, Pélisson D. Inducing oculomotor plasticity to disclose the functional link between voluntary saccades and endogenous attention deployed perifoveally. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17770. [PMID: 31780727 PMCID: PMC6882914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To what extent oculomotor and attention systems are linked remains strongly debated. Previous studies suggested that saccadic adaptation, a well-studied model of oculomotor plasticity, and orienting of attention rely on overlapping networks in the parietal cortex and can functionally interact. Using a Posner-like paradigm in healthy human subjects, we demonstrate for the first time that saccadic adaptation boosts endogenous attention orienting. Indeed, the discrimination of perifoveal targets benefits more from central cues after backward adaptation of leftward voluntary saccades than after a control saccade task. We propose that the overlap of underlying neural networks actually consists of neuronal populations co-activated by oculomotor plasticity and endogenous attention deployed perifoveally. The functional coupling demonstrated here plaids for conceptual models not belonging to the framework of the premotor theory of attention as the latter has been rejected precisely for this voluntary/endogenous modality. These results also open new perspective for rehabilitation of visuo-attentional deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Nicolas
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team (ImpAct), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, 69500, Bron, France. .,Brain Dynamics and Cognition (Dycog Team), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, 69500, Bron, France. .,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France.
| | - Aurélie Bidet-Caulet
- Brain Dynamics and Cognition (Dycog Team), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, 69500, Bron, France.,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team (ImpAct), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, 69500, Bron, France.,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69000, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nicolas J, Bompas A, Bouet R, Sillan O, Koun E, Urquizar C, Bidet-Caulet A, Pélisson D. Saccadic Adaptation Boosts Ongoing Gamma Activity in a Subsequent Visuoattentional Task. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:3606-3617. [PMID: 30295717 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention and saccadic adaptation (SA) are critical components of visual perception, the former enhancing sensory processing of selected objects, the latter maintaining the eye movements accuracy toward them. Recent studies propelled the hypothesis of a tight functional coupling between these mechanisms, possibly due to shared neural substrates. Here, we used magnetoencephalography to investigate for the first time the neurophysiological bases of this coupling and of SA per se. We compared visual discrimination performance of 12 healthy subjects before and after SA. Eye movements and magnetic signals were recorded continuously. Analyses focused on gamma band activity (GBA) during the pretarget period of the discrimination and the saccadic tasks. We found that GBA increases after SA. This increase was found in the right hemisphere for both postadaptation saccadic and discrimination tasks. For the latter, GBA also increased in the left hemisphere. We conclude that oculomotor plasticity involves GBA modulation within an extended neural network which persists after SA, suggesting a possible role of gamma oscillations in the coupling between SA and attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Nicolas
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 16, Ave. Doyen Lépine, France.,DyCog Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 95 bd. Pinel, France
| | - Aline Bompas
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, UK
| | - Romain Bouet
- DyCog Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 95 bd. Pinel, France
| | - Olivier Sillan
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 16, Ave. Doyen Lépine, France
| | - Eric Koun
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 16, Ave. Doyen Lépine, France
| | - Christian Urquizar
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 16, Ave. Doyen Lépine, France
| | - Aurélie Bidet-Caulet
- DyCog Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 95 bd. Pinel, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS-UMR5292, University Lyon1, 16, Ave. Doyen Lépine, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mikula L, Jacob M, Tran T, Pisella L, Khan AZ. Spatial and temporal dynamics of presaccadic attentional facilitation before pro- and antisaccades. J Vis 2019; 18:2. [PMID: 30326049 DOI: 10.1167/18.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The premotor theory of attention and the visual attention model make different predictions about the temporal and spatial allocation of presaccadic attentional facilitation. The current experiment investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics of presaccadic attentional facilitation during pro- and antisaccade planning; we investigated whether attention shifts only to the saccade goal location or to the target location or elsewhere, and when. Participants performed a dual-task paradigm with blocks of either anti- or prosaccades and also discriminated symbols appearing at different locations before saccade onset (measure of attentional allocation). In prosaccades blocks, correct prosaccade discrimination was best at the target location, while during errors, discrimination was best at the location opposite to the target location. This pattern was inversed in antisaccades blocks, although discrimination remained high opposite to the target location. In addition, we took the benefit of a large range of saccadic landing positions and showed that performance across both types of saccades was best at the actual saccade goal location (where the eye will actually land) rather than at the instructed position. Finally, temporal analyses showed that discrimination remained highest at the saccade goal location, from long before to closer to saccade onset, increasing slightly for antisaccades closer to saccade onset. These findings are in line with the premises of the premotor theory of attention, showing that attentional allocation is primarily linked both temporally and spatially to the saccade goal location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mikula
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,ImpAct team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Bron, France
| | - Marilyn Jacob
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Trang Tran
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laure Pisella
- ImpAct team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Bron, France
| | - Aarlenne Z Khan
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Casteau S, Smith DT. Associations and Dissociations between Oculomotor Readiness and Covert Attention. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:vision3020017. [PMID: 31735818 PMCID: PMC6802773 DOI: 10.3390/vision3020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that covert mental processes such as spatial attention are fundamentally dependent on systems that control overt movements of the eyes has had a profound influence on theoretical models of spatial attention. However, theories such as Klein’s Oculomotor Readiness Hypothesis (OMRH) and Rizzolatti’s Premotor Theory have not gone unchallenged. We previously argued that although OMRH/Premotor theory is inadequate to explain pre-saccadic attention and endogenous covert orienting, it may still be tenable as a theory of exogenous covert orienting. In this article we briefly reiterate the key lines of argument for and against OMRH/Premotor theory, then evaluate the Oculomotor Readiness account of Exogenous Orienting (OREO) with respect to more recent empirical data. These studies broadly confirm the importance of oculomotor preparation for covert, exogenous attention. We explain this relationship in terms of reciprocal links between parietal ‘priority maps’ and the midbrain oculomotor centres that translate priority-related activation into potential saccade endpoints. We conclude that the OMRH/Premotor theory hypothesis is false for covert, endogenous orienting but remains tenable as an explanation for covert, exogenous orienting.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wick FA, Garaas TW, Pomplun M. Saccadic Adaptation Alters the Attentional Field. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:568. [PMID: 27899887 PMCID: PMC5110509 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently unknown whether changes to the oculomotor system can induce changes to the distribution of spatial attention around a fixated target. Previous studies have used perceptual performance tasks to show that adaptation of saccadic eye movements affects dynamic properties of visual attention, in particular, attentional shifts to a cued location. In this study, we examined the effects of saccadic adaptation on the static distribution of visual attention around fixation (attentional field). We used the classic double step adaptation procedure and a flanker task to test for differences in the attentional field after forward and backward adaptation. Reaction time (RT) measures revealed that the shape of the attentional field changed significantly after backward adaptation as shown through altered interference from distracters at different eccentricities but not after forward adaptation. This finding reveals that modification of saccadic amplitudes can affect metrics of not only dynamic properties of attention but also its static properties. A major implication is that the neural mechanisms underlying fundamental selection mechanisms and the oculomotor system can reweight each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz A Wick
- Visual Attention Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston MA, USA
| | - Tyler W Garaas
- Visual Attention Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston MA, USA
| | - Marc Pomplun
- Visual Attention Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schütz AC, Souto D. Perceptual task induces saccadic adaptation by target selection. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:566. [PMID: 26539095 PMCID: PMC4611985 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of saccades can be induced by different error signals, such as retinal position errors, prediction errors, or reinforcement learning. Recently, we showed that a shift in the spatial goal of a perceptual task can induce saccadic adaptation, in the absence of a bottom-up position error. Here, we investigated whether this top-down effect is mediated by the visibility of the task-relevant object, by reinforcement due to the feedback about the perceptual judgment or by a target selection mechanism. Participants were asked to discriminate visual stimuli arranged in a vertical compound. To induce adaptation, the discrimination target was presented at eccentric locations in the compound. In the first experiment, we compared adaptation with an easy and difficult discrimination. In the second experiment, we compared adaptation when feedback about the perceptual task was valid and when feedback was provided but was unrelated to performance. In the third experiment, we compared adaptation with instructions to fixate one of the elements in the compound-target selection-to the perceptual task condition-target selection and discrimination. To control for a bottom-up stimulus effect, we ran a fourth experiment in which the only instruction was to look at the compound. The saccade amplitude data were fitted by a two-state model distinguishing between an immediate and a gradual error correction process. We replicated our finding that a perceptual task can drive adaptation of saccades. Adaptation showed no effect of feedback reliability, nor an effect of the perceptual task beyond target selection. Adaptation was induced by a top-down signal since it was absent when there was no target selection instruction and no perceptual task. The immediate error correction was larger for the difficult than for the easy condition, suggesting that task difficulty affects mainly voluntary saccade targeting. In addition, the repetition of experiments one week later increased the magnitude of the gradual error correction. The results dissociate two distinct components of adaptation: an immediate and a gradual error correction. We conclude that perceptual-task induced adaptation is most likely due to top-down target selection within a larger object.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Schütz
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Gießen, Germany ; Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - David Souto
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Gießen, Germany ; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Habchi O, Rey E, Mathieu R, Urquizar C, Farnè A, Pélisson D. Deployment of spatial attention without moving the eyes is boosted by oculomotor adaptation. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:426. [PMID: 26300755 PMCID: PMC4523790 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates developed sophisticated solutions to select environmental visual information, being capable of moving attention without moving the eyes. A large body of behavioral and neuroimaging studies indicate a tight coupling between eye movements and spatial attention. The nature of this link, however, remains highly debated. Here, we demonstrate that deployment of human covert attention, measured in stationary eye conditions, can be boosted across space by changing the size of ocular saccades to a single position via a specific adaptation paradigm. These findings indicate that spatial attention is more widely affected by oculomotor plasticity than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ouazna Habchi
- Integrative, Multisensory, Perception, Action and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unit 1028, CNRS Unit 5292, Bron, France and Lyon I University Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Rey
- Integrative, Multisensory, Perception, Action and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unit 1028, CNRS Unit 5292, Bron, France and Lyon I University Lyon, France
| | - Romain Mathieu
- Integrative, Multisensory, Perception, Action and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unit 1028, CNRS Unit 5292, Bron, France and Lyon I University Lyon, France
| | - Christian Urquizar
- Integrative, Multisensory, Perception, Action and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unit 1028, CNRS Unit 5292, Bron, France and Lyon I University Lyon, France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- Integrative, Multisensory, Perception, Action and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unit 1028, CNRS Unit 5292, Bron, France and Lyon I University Lyon, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- Integrative, Multisensory, Perception, Action and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Unit 1028, CNRS Unit 5292, Bron, France and Lyon I University Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Salient distractors can induce saccade adaptation. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:585792. [PMID: 24876947 PMCID: PMC4021686 DOI: 10.1155/2014/585792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When saccadic eye movements consistently fail to land on their intended target, saccade accuracy is maintained by gradually adapting the movement size of successive saccades. The proposed error signal for saccade adaptation has been based on the distance between where the eye lands and the visual target (retinal error). We studied whether the error signal could alternatively be based on the distance between the predicted and actual locus of attention after the saccade. Unlike conventional adaptation experiments that surreptitiously displace the target once a saccade is initiated towards it, we instead attempted to draw attention away from the target by briefly presenting salient distractor images on one side of the target after the saccade. To test whether less salient, more predictable distractors would induce less adaptation, we separately used fixed random noise distractors. We found that both visual attention distractors were able to induce a small degree of downward saccade adaptation but significantly more to the more salient distractors. As in conventional adaptation experiments, upward adaptation was less effective and salient distractors did not significantly increase amplitudes. We conclude that the locus of attention after the saccade can act as an error signal for saccade adaptation.
Collapse
|
11
|
In memoriam: Josh Wallman, PhD, 1943-2012: editorial introducing the special issue of Experimental Eye Research in tribute to Josh Wallman. Exp Eye Res 2013; 114:1-5. [PMID: 23603612 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Saccade adaptation as a model of flexible and general motor learning. Exp Eye Res 2013; 114:6-15. [PMID: 23597598 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid point-to-point movements of the eyes called saccades are the most commonly made movement by humans, yet differ from nearly every other type of motor output in that they are completed too quickly to be adjusted during their execution by visual feedback. Saccadic accuracy remains quite high over a lifetime despite inevitable changes to the physical structures controlling the eyes, indicating that the oculomotor system actively monitors and adjusts motor commands to achieve consistent behavioral production. Indeed, it seems that beyond the ability to compensate for slow, age-related bodily changes, saccades can be modified following traumatic injury or pathology that affects their production, or in response to more short-term systematic alterations to post-saccadic visual feedback in a laboratory setting. These forms of plasticity rely on the visual detection of accuracy errors by a unified set of mechanisms that support the process known as saccade adaptation. Saccade adaptation has been mostly studied as a phenomenon in its own right, outside of motor learning in general. Here, we highlight the commonalities between eye and arm movement adaptation by reviewing the literature across these fields wherever there are compelling overlapping theories or data. Recent exciting findings are challenging previous interpretations of the underlying mechanisms of saccade adaptation with the incorporation of concepts including prediction, reinforcement and contextual learning. We review the emerging ideas and evidence with particular emphasis on the important contributions made by Josh Wallman in this sphere over the past 15 years.
Collapse
|
13
|
Madelain L, Herman JP, Harwood MR. Saccade adaptation goes for the goal. J Vis 2013; 13:9. [PMID: 23492925 PMCID: PMC3600986 DOI: 10.1167/13.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oculomotor system maintains saccade accuracy by adjusting saccades that are consistently inaccurate. Four experiments were performed to determine the relative contribution of background and target postsaccadic displacement. Unlike typical saccade adaptation experiments, we used natural image scenes and masked target and background displacements during the saccade to exclude motion signals from allowing detection of the displacements. We found that the background had no effect on saccade gain while the target drove gain changes. Only when the target was blanked after the saccade did we observe some adaptation in the direction of the background displacement. We conclude that target selection is critical to saccade adaptation, and operates effectively against natural image backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Madelain
- Laboratoire Ureca, UFR de Psychologie, Université Lille Nord de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - James P. Herman
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York City, NY, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Mark R. Harwood
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York City, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Garaas TW, Pomplun M. Distorted object perception following whole-field adaptation of saccadic eye movements. J Vis 2011; 11:2. [PMID: 21199894 DOI: 10.1167/11.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of an observer's saccadic eye movements to artificial post-saccadic visual error can lead to perceptual mislocalization of individual, transient visual stimuli. In this study, we demonstrate that simultaneous saccadic adaptation to a consistent error pattern across a large number of saccade vectors is accompanied by corresponding spatial distortions in the perception of persistent objects. To induce this adaptation, we artificially introduced several post-saccadic error patterns, which led to a systematic distortion in participants' oculomotor space and a corresponding distortion in their perception of the relative dimensions of a cross-figure. The results indicate a tight coupling between the oculomotor and visual-perceptual spaces that is not limited to misperception of individual visual locations but also affects metrics in the visual-perceptual space. This coupling suggests that our visual perception is continuously recalibrated by the post-saccadic error signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Garaas
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Collins T, Doré-Mazars K. Eye movement signals influence perception: Evidence from the adaptation of reactive and volitional saccades. Vision Res 2006; 46:3659-73. [PMID: 16750239 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Information about upcoming saccadic eye movements is used to orient visuo-spatial attention across the visual field. Different eye movement signals (intended or actual) could be used according to the intentionality of the saccade in preparation (Reactive or Volitional), and can be dissociated by saccadic adaptation. Gap 0 and overlap paradigms were contrasted to elicit the two saccade populations with different latencies and an asymmetric transfer of saccadic adaptation. Preparation of both saccade types caused a concomitant shift in the attentional focus (indexed by relative perceptual performance) to the actual, not intended, eye position. The attentional shift emerged progressively, earlier for V-saccades but reaching a maximal level around saccade onset for both saccade types. These results suggest that information about actual eye movements mediates the pre-saccadic shift of attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Collins
- Université Paris Descartes and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Cognition et Comportement, FRE 2987, 71 Av Edouard Vaillant, Boulogne Billancourt Cedex, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
EGGERS SCOTTD, PENNINGTON NICKDE, WALKER MARKF, SHELHAMER MARK, ZEE DAVIDS. Short-Term Adaptation of the VOR: Non-Retinal-Slip Error Signals and Saccade Substitution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Ying SH, Zee DS. Phoria adaptation after sustained symmetrical convergence: influence of saccades. Exp Brain Res 2005; 171:297-305. [PMID: 16307245 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-0267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We recorded divergence eye movements after short (4 s) and long (36 s) periods of sustained symmetrical convergence (30 degrees) in nine normal human subjects using the search coil technique. Following the long period of convergence, alignment after the initial 1,250 ms of divergence was more converged than after the short period of convergence, showing short-term "phoria adaptation". The first 1,000 ms of divergence, however, could be slower, faster or relatively unchanged, depending upon the subject. A change in the timing and/or amplitude of associated saccades (which accelerate ongoing vergence) between the long and short stimuli accounted for much of the difference in the rate of divergence. The differences in saccade pattern during early divergence following the long and short periods of convergence may reflect changes in attentional focus (to near or to far).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Ying
- Department of Neurology, he Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Path 2-210, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Doré-Mazars K, Collins T. Saccadic adaptation shifts the pre-saccadic attention focus. Exp Brain Res 2005; 162:537-42. [PMID: 15818501 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-2221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The well-documented phenomenon of the spatial coupling between saccadic programming and the orienting of attention refers to the fact that visual attention is directed toward the location that the eyes are aiming for. However, the question remains open as to whether saccades and attention are two independent processes that can be directed concurrently toward a common goal, or whether their relationship is tighter, with the motor components of the saccade program influencing the selection of the position towards which visual attention is directed. To investigate this issue, an experiment was carried out in which the initial saccade goal was dissociated from the final executed motor vector. This was done by using a saccadic adaptation paradigm and a discrimination task. Results showed that best perceptual performance, which is taken to be an indicator of the locus of visual attention, followed the motor modifications arising from saccadic adaptation. This suggests that visual attention is directed toward the actual saccade landing position and that the perceptual system must have access to information regarding the motor vector before saccade execution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Doré-Mazars
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Psychologie Expérimentale, Université René Descartes Paris 5, UMR 8581 71 Av Edouard Vaillant, 92771 Boulogne Billancourt Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hopp JJ, Fuchs AF. The characteristics and neuronal substrate of saccadic eye movement plasticity. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 72:27-53. [PMID: 15019175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements are shifts in the direction of gaze that rapidly and accurately aim the fovea at targets of interest. Saccades are so brief that visual feedback cannot guide them to their targets. Therefore, the saccadic motor command must be accurately specified in advance of the movement and continually modified to compensate for growth, injury, and aging, which otherwise would produce dysmetric saccades. When a persistent dysmetria occurs in subjects with muscle weakness or neural damage or is induced in normal primates by the surreptitious jumping of a target forward or backward as a saccade is made to acquire the target, saccadic amplitude changes to reduce the dysmetria. Adaptation of saccadic amplitude or direction occurs gradually and is retained in the dark, thus representing true motor plasticity. Saccadic adaptation is more rapid in humans than in monkeys, usually is incomplete in both species, and is slower and less robust for amplitude increases than decreases. Adaptation appears to be motor rather than sensory. In humans, adaptation of saccades that would seem to require more sensory-motor processing does not transfer to saccades that seem to require less, suggesting the existence of distributed adaptation loci. In monkeys, however, transfer from more simple to more complex saccades is robust, suggesting a common adaptation site. Neurophysiological data from both species indicate that the oculomotor cerebellum is crucial for saccadic adaptation. This review shows that the precise, voluntary behaviors known as saccadic eye movements provide an alternative to simple reflexes for the study of the neuronal basis of motor learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Johanna Hopp
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Box 357290, 1959 NE Pacific St. HSB G-424, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|