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Abraham CH, Sakyi-Badu G, Boadi-Kusi SB, Morny E, Darko-Takyi C, Ocansey S, Hope PKF, Dadzie AK, Aboagye MacCarthy A, Osei-Frimpong K, Nyarkoa Opoku E, Kwasi Abu E. Simulation of visual impairment in persons with normal vision for scientific research. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:442-456. [PMID: 38223917 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Simulation of visual impairment in healthy eyes has multiple applications in students' training, research and product development. However, due to the absence of an existing standard protocol, the method of simulation was left to the discretion of the researcher. This review aimed to outline the various methods of simulating visual impairment and categorising them. A scoping review of the relevant publications was conducted. Of the 1593 articles originally retrieved from the databases, 103 were included in the review. The characteristics of the participants, the method for simulation of the visual impairment in persons with normal vision and the level or type of visual impairment that was simulated were extracted from the papers. None of the methods of simulation can be judged as being superior to the others. However, electronic displays produced the most consistent form of visual impairment simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Halladay Abraham
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godfred Sakyi-Badu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Enyam Morny
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Charles Darko-Takyi
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Stephen Ocansey
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Albert Kofi Dadzie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Kwasi Abu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Shepard TG, Hou F, Bex PJ, Lesmes LA, Lu ZL, Yu D. Assessing reading performance in the periphery with a Bayesian adaptive approach: The qReading method. J Vis 2019; 19:5. [PMID: 31058991 PMCID: PMC6502069 DOI: 10.1167/19.5.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading is a crucial visual activity and a fundamental skill in daily life. Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) is a text-presentation paradigm that has been extensively used in the laboratory to study basic characteristics of reading performance. However, measuring reading function (reading speed vs. print size) is time-consuming for RSVP reading using conventional testing procedures. In this study, we develop a novel method, qReading, utilizing the Bayesian adaptive testing framework to measure reading function in the periphery. We perform both a psychophysical experiment and computer simulations to validate the qReading method. In the experiment, words are presented using an RSVP paradigm at 10° in the lower visual field. The reading function obtained from the qReading method with 50 trials exhibits good agreement (i.e., high accuracy) with the reading function obtained from a conventional method (method of constant stimuli [MCS]) with 186 trials (mean root mean square error: 0.12 log10 units). Simulations further confirm that the qReading method provides an unbiased measure. The qReading procedure also demonstrates excellent precision (half width of 68.2% credible interval: 0.02 log10 units with 50 trials) compared to the MCS method (0.03 log10 units with 186 trials). This investigation establishes that the qReading method can adequately measure the reading function in the normal periphery with high accuracy, precision, and efficiency, and is a potentially valuable tool for both research and clinical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Hou
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter J Bex
- Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Deyue Yu
- College of Optometry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
Purpose The long-term, low-resolution vision experienced by individuals affected by retinal disease that causes central vision loss (CVL) may change their perception of blur through adaptation. This study used a short-term adaptation paradigm to evaluate adaptation to blur and sharpness in patients with CVL. Methods A variation of Webster's procedure was used to measure the point of subjective neutrality (PSN). The image that appeared normal after adaptation to each of seven blur and sharpness levels (PSN) was measured in 12 patients with CVL (20/60 to 20/320) and 5 subjects with normal sight (NS). Patients with CVL used a preferred retinal locus to view the images. Small control studies investigated the effects of long-term and medium-term (1 hour) defocus and diffusive blur. Results Adaptation was reliably measured in patients with CVL and in the peripheral vision of NS subjects. The shape of adaptation curves was similar in patients with CVL and both central and peripheral vision of NS subjects. No statistical correlations were found between adaptation and age, visual acuity, retinal eccentricity, or contrast sensitivity. Long-term blur experience by a non-CVL myopic participant caused a shift in the adaptation function. Conversely, medium-term adaptation did not cause a shift in the adaptation function. Conclusions Blur and sharp short-term adaptation occurred in peripheral vision of normal and diseased retinas. In most patients with CVL, neither adaptation nor blur perception was affected by long-term attention to peripheral low-resolution vision. The impact of blur/sharp adaptation on the benefit of image enhancement techniques for patients with CVL is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuensanta A Vera-Diaz
- New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 3Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Russell L Woods
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 3Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Eli Peli
- New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 3Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Primativo S, Spinelli D, Zoccolotti P, De Luca M, Martelli M. Perceptual and Cognitive Factors Imposing "Speed Limits" on Reading Rate: A Study with the Rapid Serial Visual Presentation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153786. [PMID: 27088226 PMCID: PMC4835101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Adults read at high speed, but estimates of their reading rate vary greatly, i.e., from 100 to 1500 words per minute (wpm). This discrepancy is likely due to different recording methods and to the different perceptual and cognitive processes involved in specific test conditions. The present study investigated the origins of these notable differences in RSVP reading rate (RR). In six experiments we investigated the role of many different perceptual and cognitive variables. The presence of a mask caused a steep decline in reading rate, with an estimated masking cost of about 200 wpm. When the decoding process was isolated, RR approached values of 1200 wpm. When the number of stimuli exceeded the short-term memory span, RR decreased to 800 wpm. The semantic context contributed to reading speed only by a factor of 1.4. Finally, eye movements imposed an upper limit on RR (around 300 wpm). Overall, data indicate a speed limit of 300 wpm, which corresponds to the time needed for eye movement execution, i.e., the most time consuming mechanism. Results reconcile differences in reading rates reported by different laboratories and thus provide suggestions for targeting different components of reading rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Primativo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SP); (MM)
| | - Donatella Spinelli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- University of Rome «Foro Italico», Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Zoccolotti
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marialuisa Martelli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (SP); (MM)
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Benedetto S, Carbone A, Pedrotti M, Le Fevre K, Bey LAY, Baccino T. Rapid serial visual presentation in reading: The case of Spritz. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sheffield EG, Starling M, Schwab D. Bringing text display digital radio to consumers with hearing loss. JOURNAL OF DEAF STUDIES AND DEAF EDUCATION 2011; 16:537-552. [PMID: 21422121 DOI: 10.1093/deafed/enr011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Radio is migrating to digital transmission, expanding its offerings to include captioning for individuals with hearing loss. Text display radio requires a large amount of word throughput with minimal screen display area, making good user interface design crucial to its success. In two experiments, we presented hearing, hard-of-hearing, and deaf consumers with National Public Radio stories converted to text and examined their preferences for and reactions to midsized and small radio text displays. We focused on physical display attributes such as text color, font style, line length, and scrolling type as well as emergency alert messages and emergency prompts for drivers, announcer identification schemes, and synchronization of audio and text. Results suggest that midsized, Global Positioning System (GPS)-style displays were well liked, synchronization of audio and text was important to comprehension and retrieval of story details, identification of announcers was served best with a combination of name change in parenthesis and color change, and a mixture of color and flashing symbols was preferred for emergency alerting.
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Effects of yellow filters on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and reading under conditions of forward light scatter. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 249:709-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Woo S, Bedell HE. Beating the beat: reading can be faster than the frequency of eye movements in persons with congenital nystagmus. Optom Vis Sci 2006; 83:559-71. [PMID: 16909075 DOI: 10.1097/01.opx.0000230272.10471.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of text has been reported to foster higher reading rates than presentation in a continuous text (CT) format, possibly because scanning eye movements are minimized. We investigated how this might be relevant for persons with congenital nystagmus (CN). METHODS We evaluated whether reading rates differ in persons with CN for RSVP versus CT presentation of single sentences under otherwise similar conditions. In a second experiment, we presented unrelated words to observers with CN in RSVP format while measuring their eye movements to determine whether reading can occur during the high-velocity, nonfoveating periods of the CN wave form. Both sentences and random words were selected from the MNRead corpus and displayed at 2x, 4x, or 8x the threshold word size on a 21-inch computer monitor. RESULTS Subjects with CN have virtually equivalent maximum reading speeds of 449 and 448 words per minute, respectively, for RSVP and CT presentation of sentences. Typically, reading rates were faster than the frequency of CN, which suggests that subjects could read during the nonfoveating periods of the nystagmus waveform. This finding was confirmed using random words that, unlike those in sentences, cannot be inferred from contextual cues. Examination of eye movements recorded during reading indicated that random words are read correctly with 47% to 65% accuracy (depending on word size) during the nonfoveating periods of the CN waveform. CONCLUSION A clinical implication of these results is that reading performance in persons with CN should be facilitated by large text sizes that remain legible during a greater fraction of the CN waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Woo
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Reading is a dynamic task involving both linguistic and visual analysis. In this study, we asked how two types of linguistic information--characters used in segmenting words from one another, and sentence context--differ in their usefulness for people with normal and low vision. Given evidence for age-related differences in some forms of cognitive processing, we also investigated the effect of age. METHODS There were four groups of 10 participants: vision status (normal, low) crossed with age (young, <35 years; old, >65 years). Reading speeds were compared for regularly spaced text and text in which the spaces were removed, a manipulation intended to eliminate local cues for text segmentation and force attention to clusters of letters or whole words. We also evaluated the effect of sentence context by comparing reading speeds for regular sentences and sentences in which word order was scrambled. RESULTS Removal of spaces had a greater impact on low vision than normal vision, reducing average speeds to 45% and 66% of speeds for regularly spaced text, respectively. We interpret this to mean that people with low vision have less access to spatially distributed linguistic regularities of text such as prefixes, suffixes, or word length. Removal of sentence context through scrambling had a greater impact on normal vision than low vision, reducing mean reading speed to 53% and 66%, respectively. Finally, comparison of our young and old readers showed no major differences in the use of sentence context or in the impact of removing spaces between words. CONCLUSIONS People with low vision appear to rely more on spacing information in sentences, whereas people with normal vision appear to make better use of sentence context, irrespective of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Sass
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Shieh KK, Hsu SH, Lin YC. Dynamic Chinese text on a single-line display: effects of presentation mode. Percept Mot Skills 2005; 100:1021-35. [PMID: 16158689 DOI: 10.2466/pms.100.3c.1021-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are many technologies with which users must read text from small-screen electronic devices. So, understanding the constraints and optimization of humans' use of these devices is important. In the present study, the optimal ways to display Chinese text on a single-line display were explored. 64 Chinese-speaking Taiwanese undergraduates participated in a 4x2 mixed design in which the presentation mode was a between-subjects factor and the text difficulty was a within-subjects factor. Four presentation modes in which two presentation formats, i.e., leading and rapid serial visual presentation, combined with two text layouts, i.e., convention and Interword spacing, were investigated. Chinese texts of High Difficulty and Low Difficulty were compared. The results showed that the leading format with Interword spacing resulted in greater reading efficiency and faster preferred reading speed than other presentation modes. Although the reading efficiency and preferred reading speed for Low Difficulty materials were significantly greater than for High Difficulty materials, the interaction between the presentation mode and text difficulty was not significant. The applications for presenting moving Chinese text on a single-line display are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong-King Shieh
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
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SHIEH KONGKING. DYNAMIC CHINESE TEXT ON A SINGLE-LINE DISPLAY: EFFECTS OF PRESENTATION MODE. Percept Mot Skills 2005. [DOI: 10.2466/pms.100.3.1021-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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