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Wang Z, Zhai Y, Wang T, Peng C, Li S, Wang B, Liu X, Li C. Effect of temperature on the sulfur fate during hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114067. [PMID: 32014751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To understand the effect of reaction temperature on sulfur during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sewage sludge (SS), seven group of temperature (180-300 °C) were chosen to investigate the distributions and evolution of sulfur-containing compounds in hydrochar and the liquid products. Elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-Ray powder diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the distribution of sulfur in hydrochar. The concentrations of sulfate ions and sulfide were determined in the liquid sample. The experimental results showed that as the temperature increased, the O/C ratio decreased because of the improved carbonization degree of SS. After hydrothermal carbonization, 90% of the sulfur in SS remained in hydrochar. As the temperature increased, the amount of sulfur in the liquid, mainly in the form of sulfate ions, tended to decrease. However, the experimental results for the gas phase were the opposite of the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexian Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Yunbo Zhai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Tengfei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Chuan Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shanhong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Caiting Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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Zhang L, Huang Y, Duan F. Pore structure and fractal analysis for char of sludge blended with calcium magnesium acetate during pyrolysis process. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Yaji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment; Southeast University; Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Feng Duan
- School of Energy and Environment; Anhui University of Technology; Maanshan 243002 Anhui Province China
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Chiang HL, Lin KH, Chiu HH. Emission factor of exhaust gas constituents during the pyrolysis of zinc chloride immersed biosolid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5781-5789. [PMID: 23471775 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis enables ZnCl2 immersed biosolid to be reused, but some hazardous air pollutants are emitted during this process. Physical characteristics of biosolid adsorbents were investigated in this work. In addition, the constituents of pyrolytic exhaust were determined to evaluate the exhaust characteristics. Results indicated that the pyrolytic temperature was higher than 500 °C, the specific surface area was >900 m(2)/g, and the total pore volume was as much as 0.8 cm(3)/g at 600 °C. For non-ZnCl2 immersed biosolid pyrolytic exhaust, VOC emission factors increased from 0.677 to 3.170 mg-VOCs/g-biosolid with the pyrolytic temperature increase from 400 to 700 °C, and chlorinated VOCs and oxygenated VOCs were the dominant fraction of VOC groups. VOC emission factors increased about three to seven times, ranging from 1.813 to 21.448 mg/g for pyrolytic temperatures at 400-700 °C, corresponding to the mass ratio of ZnCl2 and biosolid ranging from 0.25-2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Lung Chiang
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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Smith KM, Fowler GD, Pullket S, Graham NJD. Sewage sludge-based adsorbents: a review of their production, properties and use in water treatment applications. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:2569-94. [PMID: 19375772 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The imposition of more stringent legislation governing the disposal and utilisation of sewage sludge, coupled with the growth in its generation and the loss of traditionally accepted disposal routes, has prompted a drive for alternative uses for sewage sludge. One option that exhibits special promise, due to its potential to valorise the sludge, is the conversion of the sludge into adsorbents. This paper seeks to review the published research in this field: it covers the means of production, the characteristics and the potential applications of sewage sludge-based adsorbents (SBAs). The literature has indicated that chemical activation utilising alkali metal hydroxides is the most effective technique for producing high surface area SBAs. In addition, acid washing is highly effective at raising the BET surface area of SBAs, especially when coupled with physical activation. Due to their relatively low microporosity, the phenol uptake of SBAs produced by physical activation is low, but through a combination of their favourable surface chemistry and relatively high mesoporosity, the best of these adsorbents can attain high uptakes of organic dyes. The SBAs produced by carbonisation, through their high cation exchange capacity, generally exhibit a high metal cation capacity. For further research, the following investigations are recommended: the utilisation of alternative chemical activation reagents; the optimisation of the most effective chemical activation techniques; the combined utilisation of different activation and surface chemistry modification techniques to produce application-specific adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Smith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Hsiu-Mei C, Ting-Chien C, San-De P, Chiang HL. Adsorption characteristics of Orange II and Chrysophenine on sludge adsorbent and activated carbon fibers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 161:1384-1390. [PMID: 18539385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sludge adsorbent (SA) and commercial activated carbon fibers (ACFC and ACFT) were applied to Orange II and Chrysophenine (CH) adsorption (BET surface area: ACFC>ACFT>SA). ACFT was primarily in the micropore range, while SA was approximately 500 A (macropore) and 80 A (mesopore). The ACFC pore volume was high in both the mesopore and micropore regions. Measurement of the oxygen surface functional groups of the adsorbents using Boehm's titration method showed a similar distribution on the carbon fibers (mainly in the carbonyl group), while SA was mainly in the carboxyl, lactone and phenolic groups. The SA, ACFC and ACFT adsorption capacities of Orange II (30-80 mg/l) ranged from 83 to 270, 209-438, and 25-185 mg/g at temperatures ranging from 10 to 60 degrees C, respectively. CH concentration ranged from 30 to 80 mg/l, corresponding to SA and ACFC adsorption capacities of 39-191 and 48-374 mg/g over the defined temperature range, from 10 to 60 degrees C. CH adsorption on ACFT was low. The adsorption capacity of Orange II on ACFT was lower than on SA at 10 degrees C, but at higher temperatures the Orange II molecules were transported into the ACFT, producing an adsorption capacity similar to that of SA. Mass transfer increased with temperature, overcoming the adsorption energy barrier. Overall, SA and ACFC were more effective than ACFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang Hsiu-Mei
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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FANG JM, WANG ZQ, GONG WQ, YANG HG, MENG YW, ZHANG XZ. Ceramic Filter Balls Loaded withα-Fe2O3 and Their Application to NH3-N Wastewater Treatment. CHINESE J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200890086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mu Y, Yu HQ. Biological hydrogen production in a UASB reactor with granules. I: Physicochemical characteristics of hydrogen-producing granules. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:980-7. [PMID: 16615143 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-producing granules with an excellent settling ability were cultivated in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor treating a sucrose-rich synthetic wastewater. The physicochemical characteristics of granules were evaluated in this study. The mature granules had a diameter ranging from 1.0 to 3.5 mm and an average density of 1.036 +/- 0.005 g/mL, whereas they had good settling ability and a high settling velocity of 32-75 m/h. The low ratio of proteins/carbohydrates for the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the granules suggests that carbohydrates rather than proteins, might play a more important role in the formation of the H(2)-producing granules. The contact angle of the mature granules, 54 +/- 2 degrees , was larger than that of the seed sludge (38 +/- 2 degrees ), indicating that the microbial cells in the H(2)-producing granules had higher hydrophobicity. The granules had fractal nature with a fractal dimension of 1.78. Their porosities were in the range of 0-0.70, and increased with increasing granule size. The ratios between the observed and predicted settling velocities by Stokes' law were in a range of 1.00-1.50, and the fluid collection efficiency of the granules ranged from 0 to 0.19, indicating that their permeabilities were lower and that there was little advective flow through their interior. Experimental results also suggest that molecular diffusion appeared to play an important role in the mass transfer through the H(2)-producing granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Mu
- Lab of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Chao CG, Chiang HL, Chen CY. Pyrolytic kinetics of sludge from a petrochemical factory wastewater treatment plant--a transition state theory approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 49:431-437. [PMID: 12365840 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The pyrolysis of hydrocarbon-rich sludge in an oxygen-free environment can provide useful liquefaction products and residues. When applied to sewage sludge, energy and time costs are the major factors that affect the operation. Therefore, it is important to understand how the process is affected by temperature. The pyrolysis kinetics of sludge from a petrochemical factory wastewater treatment plant was studied to reveal the effects of temperature on the reaction rate and the magnitude of deltaH and deltaS of the reaction barrier. Oven-dried sludge samples were pyrolyzed in an isothermal reactor under six different temperatures. The residues were weighed at frequent intervals within a total 30-min experiment period. Data analysis indicated that a first order reaction model could describe the pyrolysis kinetics, across all experimental temperature ranges. When transition state theory was applied, the results indicated that the major reaction barrier came from the entropy term of the activation free energy. Therefore, increasing the pyrolysis temperature to overcome the reaction barrier yielded no apparent improvement, but strategies that reduced the entropy should significantly improve the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Guan Chao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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