1
|
Jiang LG, Cheng LY, Kong SH, Yang Y, Shen YJ, Chen C, Deng XH, Liu SZ, Chao L. Toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) on human sperm motility. Asian J Androl 2017; 19:561-566. [PMID: 27624986 PMCID: PMC5566850 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.186876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are common environmental contaminants that represent a considerable risk to reproductive toxicity in exposed human populations. Although some experimental studies have suggested an association between the levels of PCBs and semen quality, the direct effects of PCBs on human sperm parameters remain largely unexplored. To this aim, a short-term in vitro incubation experiment that better imitated the putative exposure of sperm to Aroclor 1254 (a commercial PCB mixture) in male reproduction tissue was conducted. Human sperm were incubated with various concentrations (0, 1, 5, or 25 mg l-1) of Aroclor 1254 for different amounts of time (3 and 6 h) in vitro. Sperm motility parameters were analyzed with computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The proportion of sperm with high mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected to explore the probable cause of sperm impairment. Human sperm exposed to continuous Aroclor 1254 exhibited: (i) reduced sperm motility and kinematic parameters, (ii) a proportion of sperm with high ΔΨm that decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), and (iii) increased levels of ROS compared with controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Aroclor 1254 can decrease sperm motility, which may culminate in increased ROS and general mitochondrial dysfunction, thus affecting the fertilization potential of sperm. Our findings suggest a broader understanding of the effect of Aroclor 1254 on human sperm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gang Jiang
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Lai-Yang Cheng
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shu-Hui Kong
- College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-Jun Shen
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Deng
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Lan Chao
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pizarro-Aránguiz N, Galbán-Malagón CJ, Ruiz-Rudolph P, Araya-Jordan C, Maddaleno A, San Martin B. Occurrence, variability and human exposure to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in dairy products from Chile during the 2011-2013 survey. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 126:78-87. [PMID: 25592463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Levels, congener profiles of PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs and human exposure for these xenobiotics never have been reported in Chile. For that purpose 102 raw cow milk samples were collected from seven different regions of Chile during 2011 until 2013. The highest mean level for PCDD/Fs, corresponds to 0.32 pg WHO-TEQ2005 g(-1) fat (2012) and for DL-PCBs 0.17 pg WHO-TEQ2005 g(-1) fat (2011), using the upper bound approach. Penta and tetra chlorinated congeners dominated PCDD/Fs profiles in a WHO-TEQ2005 basis during the survey. In the case of DL-PCBs, PCB 126 dominated the profiles with 89%. Statistical analysis showed significant difference among years only in DL-PCBs residues. Also dietary intake was estimated, and the highest level for total sum of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs for adult was 0.16 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1) b.w d(-1) (2011) and for children correspond to 0.65 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1) b.wd(-1) (2011). Concentrations and dietary intake for the studied compounds in milk and butter samples were below international and national regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Pizarro-Aránguiz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - C J Galbán-Malagón
- Sustainability Research Centre, Ecology and Natural Resources Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Ruiz-Rudolph
- School of Public Health, Medicine Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Araya-Jordan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - A Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - B San Martin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu S, Jiang L, Meng X, Han X, Cheng D, Zhang T, Miao Y. Effects of Aroclor 1254 on in vivo oocyte maturation in the mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102064. [PMID: 25013911 PMCID: PMC4094510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are stable, lipophilic compounds that accumulate in the environment and in the food chain. Though some studies provided evidence that PCBs had adverse effects on reproductive function, most of these results were from in vitro models. Therefore we investigated the effect of Aroclor 1254 (a commercial PCBs mixture) treatments on in vivo maturation and developmental potential of mouse oocytes. In the present study, female ICR mice were treated with different doses (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) of Aroclor 1254 (a commercial PCB mixture) once every 72 hours by intraperitoneal injection for 9 days. After three treatments of Aroclor 1254, the mice were superovulated to collect oocytes one day after the last exposure. The effects of Aroclor 1254 on oocyte maturation, fertilization, and preimplantation embryonic development were investigated. Immunofluorescence-stained oocytes were observed under a confocal microscope to assess the effects of Aroclor 1254 on spindle morphology. Parthenogenic activation and the incidence of cumulus apoptosis in cumulus-oocyte complexes were observed as well. Oocytes exposed to different doses of Aroclor 1254 in vivo were associated with a significant decrease in outgrowth potential, abnormal spindle configurations, and the inhibition of parthenogenetic activation of ovulated oocytes. Furthermore, the incidence of apoptosis in cumulus cells was increased after exposed to Aroclor 1254. These results may provide reference for the treatment of reproductive diseases such as infertility or miscarriage caused by environmental contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ShuZhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - LiGang Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - XiaoQian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - XiaoYing Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - TianLiang Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - YiLiang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roszko M, Szymczyk K, Rzepkowska M, Jędrzejczak R. Seasonal variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congener profiles in butter in Poland: dietary risk evaluation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:182-199. [PMID: 24380619 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.858514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Various statistical methods have been employed to analyse in details seasonal diversification of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)/polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener profiles found in butter fat. The variability of the PCB/PBDE congener profiles indicates the presence of various sources of the milk fat contamination. The obtained results suggest that the environmental chemical background has the highest share in the contamination sources pattern. Ion trap mass spectrometry coupled to high-resolution gas chromatography with semi-permeable membrane dialysis sample cleanup was used for determination of PCBs and PBDEs in milk fat. Determined butter fat PCB profiles were similar to the profiles characteristic for Aroclor 1254 technical mixture. Our data indicate that dietary intake of PCB/PBDE with milk and milk products may be estimated to be about 717.5 pg kg b.w.(-1) day(-1) for six-indicator PCBs, 0.329 (equivalent toxicity, TEQ) pg kg b.w.(-1) day(-1) for 12 DL PCBs and 50 pg kg b.w.(-1) day(-1) for PBDEs (sum of 14 congeners).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Roszko
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka , Warsaw , Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roszko M, Obiedziński M, Szymczyk K, Rzepkowska M, Szterk A, Jędrzejczak R. Seasonal and geographical variations in levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in Polish butter fat used as an indicator of environmental contamination. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:181-201. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.721012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
6
|
Beyer A, Biziuk M. Methods for determining pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in food samples--problems and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 48:888-904. [PMID: 18949592 DOI: 10.1080/10408390701761878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of residual amounts of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food samples requires the use of specific techniques regarding sample preparation as well as instrumental analysis which should be characterized by a very low detection limit. A problem associated with the use of pesticides and PCBs is the need for controlling their residues in the environment, particularly in food, as these chemicals show a propensity to accumulate. The analysis of food samples for the presence of pesticides and PCBs brings on many difficulties because of the specificity of sample preparation consisting of multistep purification procedures of samples that contain trace amounts of an analyte. Concentration determinations of pollutants that easily dissolve in complex matrices, particularly in the presence of a large apportionment of interfering substances, pose a big challenge. Therefore, the basic step in food analysis for the presence of pesticides and PCBs is sample preparation which mainly consists of analyte enrichment and the removal of interfering substances. But all steps of the analytical procedure that include sample collection and preparation, extraction of analytes from matrix, extract purification, and final determination, are very significant; their precision and correct application have a decisive effect on the final result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Beyer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beyer A, Biziuk M. Applications of sample preparation techniques in the analysis of pesticides and PCBs in food. Food Chem 2008; 108:669-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
8
|
Santos JS, Xavier AAO, Ries EF, Costabeber I, Emanuelli T. Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in cheese from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:1544-50. [PMID: 16765413 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are among the most toxic environmental pollutants. Food, especially animal based, has been described as the major source for human exposure to PCBs. We investigated PCB levels (congeners 10, 28, 52, 153, 138, and 180) in cheese from 14 cities of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The fat was extracted using sodium sulfate and petroleum ether, and PCBs purification was conducted using florisil and hexane. The identification and quantification were made in a gas chromatograph with microelectron capture detector (GC-microECD). PCB congeners were found (lower bound data as ngg(-1) fat) in the following rank: 52 (15.75)>180 (4.91)>28 (3.43)>153 (3.00)>10 (2.38)>138 (1.37). Summation operatorPCB contamination ranged from 0 to 78.32 ngg(-1) fat. Differences in PCB levels between industrialized (33.32 ngg(-1) fat) and homemade (26.58 ngg(-1) fat) cheese and between two different regions (36.19 vs. 26.95 ngg(-1) fat) were not statistically significant. For university students, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of PCBs from cheese ranged from 0 to 3.13 pgkg(-1) b.w. EDI was significantly higher for industrialized than homemade cheese, and for cheese from Mountain/Porto Alegre region than from Santa Maria/South/Western region. No sample exceeded maximum level of PCBs allowed in dairy products in the European Community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Valsamaki VI, Boti VI, Sakkas VA, Albanis TA. Determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in chicken eggs by matrix solid phase dispersion. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 573-574:195-201. [PMID: 17723524 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue method for the determination of 20 organochlorine pesticides (aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, delta-BHC, alpha-chlordane, gamma-chlordane, 4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDD, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, endrin aldehyde, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin ketone and methoxychlor) and eight PCB congeners (PCB 20, 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) in chicken eggs has been developed and validated. The samples were extracted by a simple and fast matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) method using Florisil as the sorbent material and dichloromethane/hexane (1:1) as the eluting system. Further purification of the extracts was conducted using a conventional clean-up procedure with concentrated sulphuric acid. Determination and quantitation of PCBs and OCs residues was carried out using a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). A mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS) in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used for confirmation purposes. The method detection limits were <0.7 ng g(-1) for all PCBs and OCs and the relative standard deviations for analyses of samples fortified over the range of 10-200 ng g(-1) were <8%. All compounds provided average recoveries (spiked at five concentration levels) ranging from 82% to 110%. The proposed method was used to analyze 30 commercial products taken from local markets in the course of a 3-month sampling campaign.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V I Valsamaki
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Żwir-Ferenc A, Biziuk M. An Analysis of Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Biological Samples and Foods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340490475894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
Schellin M, Popp P. Membrane-assisted solvent extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls in river water and other matrices combined with large volume injection–gas chromatography–mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1020:153-60. [PMID: 14661740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-assisted solvent extraction was applied to the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aqueous samples. The apparatus of membrane-assisted solvent extraction consisted of a 20 ml headspace vial which was filled with 15 ml of the aqueous sample. The membrane bag was placed into the vial and the extraction took place in an agitator. After extraction, the analytes were transferred into the inlet of a gas chromatograph by large volume injection. A mass-selective detector was used. The whole procedure was fully automated. The work included optimization of the extraction conditions (stirring rate and extraction time) and the influence of matrix effects like salt addition and the presence of organic solvents was studied. Calibration was performed using injection volumes of 100 and 400 microl. Several parameters like linearity and reproducibility of the procedure were determined. At optimized conditions detection limits in the ng/l range were achieved. The effectiveness of the method towards real samples was tested by analyzing river water, white wine and apple juice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Schellin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig/Halle, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Santillo D, Fernandes A, Stringer R, Alcock R, Rose M, White S, Jones K, Johnston P. Butter as an indicator of regional persistent organic pollutant contamination: further development of the approach using polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2003; 20:281-90. [PMID: 12623654 DOI: 10.1080/0265203021000057494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential for use of butter as a widely available, relatively uniform lipid-rich matrix for the determination of spatial distributions of persistent organic pollutants has already been demonstrated. The present study determines the contributions to toxicity equivalence (TEQ) from polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using butter samples from 24 countries world wide. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs ranged from 0.07 to 5.69 pg SigmaWHO-TEQ g(-1) lipid. For most samples, PCDD/F TEQ fell within ranges reported for European dairy products over the last decade (0.3-2 pg x g(-1) lipid I-TEQ), though a single sample from Spain was a notable exception. Other than this sample, the highest values were recorded for samples from the Netherlands and Italy, with those from India, China and Tunisia also being relatively high. The contribution from non-ortho-PCBs was particularly significant in samples from Germany, Austria, Italy, the Czech Republic, Tunisia, India and Argentina. Although overall TEQs were generally highest in European and Mediterranean butters, elevated levels were also apparent in industrializing regions of Asia (India, China) and Latin America (Argentina). More detailed regional studies would be necessary to identify likely dioxin and PCB sources in each case. Nevertheless, this study supports the utility of butter as a monitoring matrix that may be especially applicable in regions for which monitoring programmes are currently lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Santillo
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Agudo
- Servicio de Epidemiología, Instituto Catalán de Oncología, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Focant JF, Eppe G, Pirard C, Massart AC, André JE, De Pauw E. Levels and congener distributions of PCDDs, PCDFs and non-ortho PCBs in Belgian foodstuffs--assessment of dietary intake. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 48:167-179. [PMID: 12117051 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Congener-specific analyses of 7 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 10 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and 4 non-ortho (coplanar) polychlorinated biphenyls (cPCBs) were performed on 197 foodstuffs samples of animal origin from Belgium during years 2000 and 2001. All investigated matrices (except horse) present background levels lower than the Belgian non-commercialization value of 5 pg TEQ/g fat. Pork was the meat containing the lowest concentration of both PCDD/Fs and cPCBs. The mean background concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxicity equivalent in milk was 1.1 pg/g of fat, with a congener distribution typical of non-contaminated milk. The relative contribution of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF to the PCDD/Fs TEQ was 85+/-7.9% for all investigated matrices. The cPCBs contribution to the total TEQ was 47+/-19.0% for products of terrestrial species and 69+/-20.0% for aquatic species. Once the contribution of cPCBs was added to the TEQ, few foodstuffs such as horse, sheep, beef, eggs and cheese presented levels above the future European guidelines that currently only include PCDD/Fs but will be re-evaluated later in order to include 'dioxin-like' PCBs. Based on levels measured in the samples, the estimation of the dietary intake was 65.3 pg WHO-TEQ/day for PCDD/Fs only (1.00 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day, for a 65 kg person) and 132.9 pg WHO-TEQ/day if cPCBs were included (2.04 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day, for a 65 kg person). Meat (mainly beef), dairy products, and fish each account for roughly one third of the intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Focant
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liege, Sart-Tilman, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Olivero J, Ganey PE. Participation of Ca2+/calmodulin during activation of rat neutrophils by polychlorinated biphenyls. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:1125-32. [PMID: 11597581 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Ca2+ and Ca2+/calmodulin on the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-induced activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in rat neutrophils were examined. The commercial PCB mixture Aroclor 1242 induced activation of PLA2 and promoted an increase in the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Bromoenol lactone (BEL), an inhibitor of the Ca2+-independent PLA2 isoform (iPLA2) activated by PCBs, did not abrogate the increase in [Ca2+]i, suggesting that this change in Ca2+ concentration is not downstream from the activation of iPLA2. TMB-8 [8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate], a blocker of the release of intracellular Ca2+, decreased Aroclor 1242-induced stimulation of PLA2 with a maximal inhibition of 17% at 50 microM. These two results suggest little direct dependence between the PCB-induced activation of iPLA2 and increase in [Ca2+]i. Calmidazolium and W7 [N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide], two chemically distinct calmodulin inhibitors, inhibited Aroclor 1242-induced PLA2 activity, whereas trifluoperazine (TFP), another inhibitor of calmodulin, had no effect at noncytotoxic concentrations. Thus, activation of PLA2 is dependent, in part, on calmodulin. Furthermore, both TFP and Aroclor 1242 inhibited neutrophil degranulation stimulated by the bacterial peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. These results raise the possibility that some of the effects of PCBs on neutrophil function can be explained by effects on Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Olivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center and Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Concejero M, Ramos L, Jiménez B, Gómara B, Abad E, Rivera J, González MJ. Suitability of several carbon sorbents for the fractionation of various sub-groups of toxic polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. J Chromatogr A 2001; 917:227-37. [PMID: 11403473 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Feasibility of several sorbents, Amoco PX-21, Carbosphere, Carbopack B and C and 2-(1-pyrenyl) ethyldimethylsilylated silica gel (PYE), for the fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans was investigated. Selection was based on their suitability for quantitative isolation of the target compounds with special attention for the most toxic mono- and non-ortho-CBs to prevent coelution with other congeners during the final determination by gas chromatography. Cost-effectiveness in terms of solvent and time consumption as well as feasibility for routine analysis and automation were considered additional merits of the methods compared. Final evaluation of the procedures providing the best results was done by comparison of the results obtained from the analysis of real-life samples. The results showed that, among the sorbents tested, Carbopack B and PYE were the most suitable for routine analysis. In particular, these sorbents allowed a more reliable determination of the toxic congeners and, consequently, of the toxic equivalents of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin content in environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Concejero
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, I.Q.O.G. (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Benijts T, Vercammen J, Dams R, Tuan HP, Lambert W, Sandra P. Stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in human sperm. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 755:137-42. [PMID: 11393697 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was applied to the enrichment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from human sperm. The seven Ballschmiter PCBs were used as model compounds. The extracted PCBs were then thermally desorbed from the stir bar and analysed on-line by capillary gas chromatography (CGC) with mass spectrometric detection (MS). Method development started with the analysis of PCBs spiked in water. Methanol had to be added to the samples in order to reduce the influence of glass adsorption on recovery and reproducibility. Recoveries in water for all PCBs varied around 50-60% and were limited for low molecular mass (MM) PCBs by polarity changes in the sample due to methanol addition and for high MM PCBs by non-equilibrium conditions. Matrix suppression by the lipophilic medium lowered the recoveries in the sperm samples proportional with PCB polarity. The method was validated and although limits of detection (LOD) for the individual congeners were in the sub-ppt level (<pg/ml), the limit of quantification (LOQ) was set at 10 ppt (10 pg/ml).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Benijts
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Müller JF, Prange J, Gaus C, Moore MR, Päpke O. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in butter from different states in Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2001; 8:7-10. [PMID: 11360796 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Nine samples of butter from producers in various states of Australia were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Detectable concentrations of 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDD/Fs were found in all samples. The mean PCDD/F concentration expressed as 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents (TEQs) was 0.19 pg TEQ g-1 fat. The highest concentration (0.46 pg TEQ g-1 fat) was observable in a sample from Victoria which is the most densely populated state. Overall the results indicate that PCDD/F concentrations in dairy products from Australia are low in comparison to the levels in dairy products of industrialized countries on the Northern Hemisphere. As expected, this study provides evidence that the environmental and consequently the human body burden of PCDD/Fs to be relatively low in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Müller
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains 4108, Qld, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in commercial yoghurt samples in Spain. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|