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Adeyinka GC, Moodley B. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between aqueous solution and modeled individual soil particle grain sizes. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:100-110. [PMID: 30528001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The significance of soil mineral properties and secondary environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, ionic strength and time in the partitioning of eight selected polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners between aqueous solution and soil particles with different grain sizes was studied. The mineral properties of a model soil sample were determined, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption-desorption isotherms were employed to observe the surface characteristics of the individual modeled soil particles. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the sorption of PCBs onto soil particles of different sizes. The results revealed that the sorption of PCB congeners onto the soil was dependent on the amount of soil organic matter, surface area, and pore size distribution of the various individual soil particles. Low pH favored the sorption of PCBs, with maximum sorption occurring between pH6.5 and 7.5 with an equilibration period of 8hr. Changes in the ionic strength were found to be less significant. Low temperature favored the sorption of PCBs onto the soil compared to high temperatures. Thermodynamic studies showed that the partition coefficient (Kd) decreased with increasing temperature, and negative and low values of ΔH° indicated an exothermic physisorption process. The data generated is critical and will help in further understanding remediation and cleanup strategies for polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbadebo Clement Adeyinka
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
| | - Brenda Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa.
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2
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Silva-Barni MF, Smedes F, Fillmann G, Miglioranza KSB. Passive sampling of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls along the Quequén Grande River watershed, Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:340-349. [PMID: 30520101 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water monitoring is of great importance, especially for water bodies in agricultural or industrial areas. Grab sampling is a widely used technique for aquatic monitoring but represents only a snapshot of the contaminant levels at a specific point in time. Passive sampling, on the other hand, is an integrative technique that provides an average concentration of contaminants representative of its deployment period. Thus, the current contamination by organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and some currently used pesticides was assessed along the Quequén Grande River watershed (Argentina) using the integrative silicone rubber passive sampling technique in a year-long study. Silicone rubber samplers were deployed at 6 sampling sites selected according to different land uses (agricultural-livestock production, agricultural and urban activities) during 3 periods in 2014 and 2015. The organochlorine pesticides were dominated by endosulfan (sum of α-, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate = 0.15-23.4 ng/L). The highest endosulfan levels were registered during the pesticide application period (December-March), exceeding the international water quality guidelines for protecting freshwater biota (3 ng/L). Compared with previous reports, no reductions in endosulfan levels were observed at the Quequén Grande River watershed. These results would suggest the illegal use of remaining stocks because water sampling was carried out after endosulfan was banned in Argentina. Chlorpyrifos was the second major pesticide found in water (0.02-4.3 ng/L), associated with its widespread usage on soybean crops. A reduction in levels of legacy pesticides (heptachlors, DDTs, dieldrin, and chlordanes) was evident compared with previous reports from 2007. Levels of PCBs were very low, indicating that probably only minor diffuse sources were still available along the Quequén Grande River watershed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:340-349. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Silva-Barni
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karina Silvia Beatriz Miglioranza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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3
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Nellier YM, Perga ME, Cottin N, Fanget P, Naffrechoux E. Particle-Dissolved Phase Partition of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in High Altitude Alpine Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9620-9628. [PMID: 26189929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) partitioning between the dissolved and particulate phases in two high altitude alpine lakes was determined by the quantity, size structure, or composition of suspended particles. Within- and between-lakes differences in water-particulate phase partition coefficient (Kp) were not related to total suspended matter, phytoplankton biomass, or taxonomic composition. Yet, a seasonal relationship between Kp and Kow was detected for both lakes, revealing equilibrium of PCBs partition when lakes were ice covered. On the contrary, PCBs partitioning between particles and water appeared kinetically limited during the open water season. Partition is therefore mainly governed by thermodynamic laws during the ice-covered period, while none of the tested physical or biological parameters seemed to explain the distribution of these particle-reactive contaminants in the open water period. PCBs were always mainly associated with particulate matter, but partitioning within different particulate size-fractions varied between seasons and between years during open water periods. When ice cover is absent, PCBs were mainly adsorbed on microplankton, the largest phytoplanktonic size fraction, which is the least likely to get grazed by pelagic microconsumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann-Michel Nellier
- †University Savoie Mont-Blanc, LCME (Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Environment), 73000 Chambéry, France
- §University Savoie Mont-Blanc, UMR 42 CARRTEL, 73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Marie-Elodie Perga
- ‡INRA (French National Institute for Agronomical Research), UMR 42 CARRTEL (Alpine Research Centre for Lakes and Food webs), 74200 Thonon les Bains, France
- §University Savoie Mont-Blanc, UMR 42 CARRTEL, 73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Nathalie Cottin
- †University Savoie Mont-Blanc, LCME (Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Environment), 73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Philippe Fanget
- †University Savoie Mont-Blanc, LCME (Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Environment), 73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Emmanuel Naffrechoux
- †University Savoie Mont-Blanc, LCME (Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Environment), 73000 Chambéry, France
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4
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Zhang H, Bayen S, Kelly BC. Multi-residue analysis of legacy POPs and emerging organic contaminants in Singapore's coastal waters using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:219-232. [PMID: 25863512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) based method was developed for determination of 86 hydrophobic organic compounds in seawater. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was employed for sequestration of target analytes in the dissolved phase. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and florisil chromatography were utilized for determination of concentrations in suspended sediments (particulate phase). The target compounds included multi-class hydrophobic contaminants with a wide range of physical-chemical properties. This list includes several polycyclic and nitro-aromatic musks, brominated and chlorinated flame retardants, methyl triclosan, chlorobenzenes, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Spiked MilliQ water and seawater samples were used to evaluate the method performance. Analyte recoveries were generally good, with the exception of some of the more volatile target analytes (chlorobenzenes and bromobenzenes). The method is very sensitive, with method detection limits typically in the low parts per quadrillion (ppq) range. Analysis of 51 field-collected seawater samples (dissolved and particulate-bound phases) from four distinct coastal sites around Singapore showed trace detection of several polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and other legacy POPs, as well as several current-use emerging organic contaminants (EOCs). Polycyclic and nitro-aromatic musks, bromobenzenes, dechlorane plus isomers (syn-DP, anti-DP) and methyl triclosan were frequently detected at appreciable levels (2-20,000pgL(-1)). The observed concentrations of the monitored contaminants in Singapore's marine environment were generally comparable to previously reported levels in other coastal marine systems. To our knowledge, these are the first measurements of these emerging contaminants of concern in Singapore or Southeast Asia. The developed method may prove beneficial for future environmental monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants in marine environments. Further, the study provides novel information regarding several potentially hazardous contaminants of concern in Singapore's marine environment, which will aid future risk assessment initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Antarctic ice-free areas: Influence of local sources on lakes and soils. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Nellier YM, Perga ME, Cottin N, Fanget P, Malet E, Naffrechoux E. Mass budget in two high altitude lakes reveals their role as atmospheric PCB sinks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:203-213. [PMID: 25546458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A mass budget of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was constructed for two altitude lakes located in the French Alps to (i) quantify inward and outward PCB flux over the entire year of 2012, (ii) hierarchize the dominant pathways of PCB transfers, and (iii) evaluate to what extent these pathways vary between both lakes. The annual PCB inputs were similar, and the glacial runoff and sediment-to-water exchange were negligible sources of PCBs to the water column relative to atmospheric deposition. The annual inputs were primarily introduced by snow deposition and transferred into the lakes during the few weeks of spring thaw. While the dominant deposition pathways were similar, the main processes by which the water column lost pollutants differed between the two lakes. Despite these differences, the mass budget revealed that PCB inputs exceeded outputs for both studied lakes and that the lakes acted as atmospheric PCB sinks for the surrounding mountain environment. The differences in the PCB distribution between the key compartments (sediment and water column) are most likely due to differences in the lacustrine internal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann-Michel Nellier
- Univ. Savoie, LCME, F-73000 Chambery, France; INRA, CARRTEL, F-74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
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7
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Catalan J. Tracking Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Trace Metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Organohalogen Compounds Using Lake Sediments of Mountain Regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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8
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Date Y, Aota A, Sasaki K, Namiki Y, Matsumoto N, Watanabe Y, Ohmura N, Matsue T. Label-Free Impedimetric Immunoassay for Trace Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Insulating Oil. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2989-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4035289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumoto Date
- Environmental
Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko City, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Arata Aota
- Environmental
Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko City, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sasaki
- Environmental
Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko City, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Yukie Namiki
- Abiko Office of
Electric Power Engineering Systems Co., Ltd., 1646 Abiko, Abiko City, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Norio Matsumoto
- Environmental
Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko City, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Watanabe
- Environmental
Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko City, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohmura
- Environmental
Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko City, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Tohoku
University,
The World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Advanced
Institute for Material Research (WPI-AIMR), 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577 Japan
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9
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Figueiredo K, Mäenpää K, Leppänen MT, Kiljunen M, Lyytikäinen M, Kukkonen JVK, Koponen H, Biasi C, Martikainen PJ. Trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in a boreal lake ecosystem: testing of bioaccumulation models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:690-8. [PMID: 23959220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fate of persistent organic chemicals in the environment is fundamental information for the successful protection of ecosystems and humans. A common dilemma in risk assessment is that monitoring data reveals contaminant concentrations in wildlife, while the source concentrations, route of uptake and acceptable source concentrations remain unsolved. To overcome this problem, different models have been developed in order to obtain more precise risk estimates for the food webs. However, there is still an urgent need for studies combining modelled and measured data in order to verify the functionality of the models. Studies utilising field-collected data covering entire food webs are particularly scarce. This study aims to contribute to tackling this problem by determining the validity of two bioaccumulation models, BIOv1.22 and AQUAWEBv1.2, for application to a multispecies aquatic food web. A small boreal lake, Lake Kernaalanjärvi, in Finland was investigated for its food web structure and concentrations of PCBs in all trophic levels. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were used to measure the bioaccumulation potential of PCBs, and the site-specific environmental parameters were used to compare predicted and observed concentrations. Site-specific concentrations in sediment pore water did not affect the modelling endpoints, but accurate site-specific measurements of freely dissolved concentrations in water turned out to be crucial for obtaining realistic model-predicted concentrations in biota. Numerous parameters and snapshot values affected the model performances, bringing uncertainty into the process and results, but overall, the models worked well for a small boreal lake ecosystem. We suggest that these models can be optimised for different ecosystems and can be useful tools for estimating the bioaccumulation and environmental fate of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Figueiredo
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
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10
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SHI JW, ZHAO YG, FU ZJ, LI JG, WANG YF, YANG TC. Development of a Screening Method for the Determination of PCBs in Water Using QuEChERS Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:167-73. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei SHI
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yong-Gang ZHAO
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Ji-Ge LI
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yu-Fei WANG
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Tian-Chi YANG
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Poison Research and Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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11
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Xiao H, Kang S, Zhang Q, Han W, Loewen M, Wong F, Hung H, Lei YD, Wania F. Transport of semivolatile organic compounds to the Tibetan Plateau: Monthly resolved air concentrations at Nam Co. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Gdaniec-Pietryka M, Wolska L, Namieśnik J. Physical speciation of polychlorinated biphenyls in the aquatic environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Chapter 15 Techniques for quantitatively evaluating aquatic passive sampling devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)48015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Lehmann L, Esch HL, Kirby PA, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 4-monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3) induces mutations in the livers of transgenic Fisher 344 rats. Carcinogenesis 2006; 28:471-8. [PMID: 16950798 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgl157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
4-monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3) is found in small amounts in commercial PCB mixtures, indoor and outdoor air, and in food. In contrast to highly chlorinated congeners that are more resistant to metabolic attack, PCB3 is more readily converted by xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes to monohydroxy-PCBs and further to dihydroxy-metabolites, which can be oxidized to quinones. Our recent studies demonstrated the initiating action of PCB3 in the livers of male rats. Therefore we hypothesized that PCB3 and/or its metabolite(s) are mutagenic in rat livers in vivo. To investigate the mutagenicity and the types of mutations generated by PCB3, male Fischer 344 BigBlue rats, transgenic for the lacI gene, were injected intraperitoneally with PCB3 (600 micromol/kg), 4-hydroxy-PCB3 (4-HO-PCB3, 400 micromol/kg), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC, 300 micromol/kg, positive control) and corn oil (negative control) once per week, for 4 weeks. Animals were killed 17 days after the last injection and the mutant frequency of the liver lacI gene determined. 3-MC induced a 4-fold increase of the mutant frequency of the lacI gene in the liver. The mutant frequency in PCB3-treated animals was also significantly elevated. In contrast, 4-HO-PCB3 induced a non-significant doubling of the mutant frequency. The mutation spectrum of solvent control mutants was characterized by transitions, whereas in 3-MC-animals, transversion and frameshift mutations predominated. The PCB3-induced mutation spectrum was similar to that of the 3-MC-induced mutants. In contrast, the mutation spectrum of the 4-HO-PCB3 group hardly differed from that of the control animals. This study demonstrates for the first time the mutagenicity of a PCB in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leane Lehmann
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Section of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Karlsruhe (TH) Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Meijer SN, Dachs J, Fernandez P, Camarero L, Catalan J, Del Vento S, van Drooge B, Jurado E, Grimalt JO. Modelling the dynamic air-water-sediment coupled fluxes and occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls in a high altitude lake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 140:546-60. [PMID: 16466669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The BIODEP model in terms of atmosphere-lake interactions was developed. The model was applied to an oligotrophic, dimictic high altitude lake (Lake Redo, Pyrenees) for a range of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. High altitude lakes, which receive their contaminant inputs uniquely from the atmosphere through long-range atmospheric transport, provide ideal controlled environments for the study of the interactions between atmospheric depositional and water column biogeochemical processes. The BIODEP model was able to predict dissolved water concentrations and PCB accumulation in the lake sediment within a factor of 2. This shows that the BIODEP model captures the essential processes driving the sink of POPs in high altitude lakes and that POP occurrence in the lake is driven by direct atmospheric inputs with limited influence from the watershed. An important seasonal variability in water column concentrations is predicted which should have important implications in sampling strategies. Furthermore, it is shown that diffusive air-water exchange dominated the PCB dynamics in the lake, especially for the less chlorinated biphenyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N Meijer
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Barcelona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034 Catalunya, Spain.
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16
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Grimalt JO, van Drooge BL. Polychlorinated biphenyls in mountain pine (Pinus uncinata) needles from Central Pyrenean high mountains (Catalonia, Spain). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2006; 63:61-7. [PMID: 16051360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) composition of pine needles of Pinus uncinata from the Pyrenean high mountains has been investigated. Samples from four altitudes (1750, 1950, 2150, and 2250 m above sea level) were collected in March 2002 and June 2002 in a central area near Lake Redon. The observed concentrations were similar to those found in pine trees from rural areas in Europe. A correlation between log-transformed PCB concentrations and reciprocal of absolute average air temperature was observed for all congeners studied except No. 28, the most volatile congener studied. The highest concentrations were found at the lowest temperatures. Phase-change enthalpies calculated from the slopes of the concentration-temperature dependencies showed a good agreement with the enthalpies of vaporization. The pine needle-atmosphere partition coefficients of the studied PCB congeners increased with higher degrees of compound chlorination and with lower average air temperatures. They exhibit a good linear relationship with log(K(oa)) but the temperature dependence was stronger for log(K(pa)) than log(K(oa)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Research (ICER-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Usenko S, Hageman KJ, Schmedding DW, Wilson GR, Simonich SL. Trace analysis of semivolatile organic compounds in large volume samples of snow, lake water, and groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:6006-15. [PMID: 16173557 DOI: 10.1021/es0506511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed for the trace analysis of a wide range of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) in 50-L high-elevation snow and lake water samples. The method was validated for 75 SOCs from seven different chemical classes (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, amides, triazines, polychlorinated biphenyls, thiocarbamates, and phosphorothioates) that covered a wide range of physical-chemical properties including 7 orders of magnitude of octanol-water partition coefficient (log K(ow) = 1.4-8.3). The SOCs were extracted using a hydrophobically and hydrophilically modified divinylbenzene solid-phase extraction device (modified Speedisk). The average analyte recovery from 50 L of reverse osmosis water, using the modified Speedisk, was 99% with an average relative standard deviation of 4.8%. Snow samples were collected from the field, melted, and extracted using the modified Speedisk and a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) remote sample adapter in the laboratory. Lake water was sampled, filtered, and extracted in situ using an Infiltrex 100 fitted with a 1-microm glass fiber filter to trap particulate matter and the modified Speedisk to trap dissolved SOCs. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization and electron capture negative ionization using isotope dilution and selective ion monitoring. Estimated method detection limits for snow and lake water ranged from 0.2 to 125 pg/L and 0.5-400 pg/L, respectively. U.S. historic and current-use pesticides were identified and quantified in snow and lake water samples collected from Rocky Mountain National Park, CO. The application of the analytical method to the analysis of SOCs in large-volume groundwater samples is also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Usenko
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-7301, USA
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Daly GL, Wania F. Organic contaminants in mountains. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:385-398. [PMID: 15707037 DOI: 10.1021/es048859u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of organic contaminants at high altitudes is motivated by the potential risk that they pose to humans living in, or depending on resources derived from, mountains and to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in alpine areas. Mountains are also ideal settings to study contaminant transport and behavior along gradients of climate and surface cover. Information on organic contaminants in mountains is compiled from the literature and synthesized, with a focus on atmospheric transport and deposition, contaminant dynamics in alpine lakes and aquatic organisms, and concentration differences with altitude. Diurnal mountain winds, in connection with enhanced deposition at higher elevations caused by low temperatures and high precipitation rates, conspire to make mid-latitude mountains become convergence zones for selected persistent organic chemicals. In particular, the more volatile constituents of contaminant mixtures seem to become enriched, relative to the less volatile constituents at higher altitudes. For selected contaminants, concentration inversions (i.e., concentrations that increase with elevation) have been observed. A notable difference between cold trapping in high latitudes and high altitudes is the likely importance of precipitation. High rates of snow deposition in mid- and high-latitude mountains may lead to a large contaminant release during snowmelt. Regions above the tree line often have little capacity to retain the released contaminants, suggesting the potential for a highly dynamic contaminant fate situation during the snow-free season with significant revolatilization and runoff. The chemical and environmental factors that control the orographic cold trapping of organic contaminants should be examined further by measuring and comparatively interpreting concentration gradients along several mountain slopes with widely different characteristics. Future efforts should further focus on the bioaccumulation and potential effects of contaminants in the upper trophic levels of alpine food chains, on measuring more water-soluble, persistent organic contaminants, and on studying how climate change may affect contaminant dynamics in mountain settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Daly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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Vives I, Grimalt JO, Ventura M, Catalan J, Rosseland BO. Age dependence of the accumulation of organochlorine pollutants in brown trout (Salmo trutta) from a remote high mountain lake (Redó, Pyrenees). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 133:343-350. [PMID: 15519465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and DDT were examined in the muscle of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from a high mountain lake located in the Pyrenees (Catalonia, Spain) that was used as a model of these lacustrine environments. Results indicate that fish age is the main factor of variability among specimens in this population that is subjected to atmospheric inputs of the organochlorine compounds (OC). Increases of 2- and 20-fold between fish aged 1 year and 15 years old are found. The observed pattern cannot be explained in terms of fish size, condition factor, or muscle lipid content. Higher molecular weight compounds (higher lipophilicity) are better correlated with fish age than low molecular weight compounds. A transformation from 4,4'-DDT to 4,4'-DDE occurs in fish after ingestion; this results in amplified age-dependent signals, especially in male specimens. In contrast, PCB congener #180 has lower age dependence than the general OC group, which could be due to its high hydrophobicity (log K(ow) > 7). In any case, selective accumulation of hydrophobic compounds is already observed among younger fish (age, 1 year). Due to this effect, the relative OC composition does not reflect the main OC pollutants in the lake waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vives
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Catalan J, Ventura M, Vives I, Grimalt JO. The roles of food and water in the bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds in high mountain lake fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:4269-4275. [PMID: 15382852 DOI: 10.1021/es040035p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An integrated study encompassing the distribution of organochlorine compounds (OC) in water, food web (chironomids, terrestrial insects, cladocerans, mollusks, and cyanobacteria), and fish (brown trout) from a high mountain lake (Redon, Pyrenees) is reported. OC distributions in these compartments have been determined to assess theirtransport routes into fish. Food diets have been estimated by analysis of fish stomach content and food web stable isotopes (delta13C and delta15N). OCs with octanol--water partition coefficient (Kow) higher than 10(6) showed lower concentrations in food than expected from theoretical octanol--water partition, indicating thatthe distribution of these compounds does not reach equilibrium within the life span of the food web organisms (ca. 1 year). On the other hand, the degree of biomagnification in fish increased with Kow, except in the case of the largest compound analyzed (seven chlorine substituents, PCB #180). OC exchange at fish gill and gut has been evaluated using a fugacity model based on the water, food, and fish concentrations. All compounds exhibited a net gill loss and a net gut uptake. A pseudostationary state was only achieved for compounds with log(Kow) < 6. Calculation of fish average residence times for the compounds in apparent steady state gave values of days to a few weeks for HCHs, 1 year for HCB and 4,4'-DDE, and 2-3 years for 4,4'-DDT and PCB#28 and PCB#52. Residence times longer than one decade were found for the more chlorinated PCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Catalan
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accés Cala St Francesc, 17300-Blanes, Catalonia, Spain.
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