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Stark K, Schubert I, Joshi U, Kilani B, Hoseinpour P, Thakur M, Grünauer P, Pfeiler S, Schmidergall T, Stockhausen S, Bäumer M, Chandraratne S, von Brühl ML, Lorenz M, Coletti R, Reese S, Laitinen I, Wörmann SM, Algül H, Bruns CJ, Ware J, Mackman N, Engelmann B, Massberg S. Distinct Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer Microvesicle-Associated Venous Thrombosis Identifies New Antithrombotic Targets In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:772-786. [PMID: 29419408 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer patients are at high risk of developing deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and venous thromboembolism, a leading cause of mortality in this population. However, it is largely unclear how malignant tumors drive the prothrombotic cascade culminating in DVT. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we addressed the pathophysiology of malignant DVT compared with nonmalignant DVT and focused on the role of tumor microvesicles as potential targets to prevent cancer-associated DVT. We show that microvesicles released by pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells (pancreatic tumor-derived microvesicles [pcMV]) boost thrombus formation in a model of flow restriction of the mouse vena cava. This depends on the synergistic activation of coagulation by pcMV and host tissue factor. Unlike nonmalignant DVT, which is initiated and propagated by innate immune cells, thrombosis triggered by pcMV was largely independent of myeloid leukocytes or platelets. Instead, we identified externalization of the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine as a major mechanism controlling the prothrombotic activity of pcMV. Disrupting phosphatidylethanolamine-dependent activation of factor X suppressed pcMV-induced DVT without causing changes in hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS Together, we show here that the pathophysiology of pcMV-associated experimental DVT differs markedly from innate immune cell-promoted nonmalignant DVT and is therefore amenable to distinct antithrombotic strategies. Targeting phosphatidylethanolamine on tumor microvesicles could be a new strategy for prevention of cancer-associated DVT without causing bleeding complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Stark
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.).
| | - Irene Schubert
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Urjita Joshi
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Badr Kilani
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Parandis Hoseinpour
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Manovriti Thakur
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Petra Grünauer
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Susanne Pfeiler
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Tobias Schmidergall
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Sven Stockhausen
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Markus Bäumer
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Sue Chandraratne
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Marie-Luise von Brühl
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Michael Lorenz
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Raffaele Coletti
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Sven Reese
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Iina Laitinen
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Sonja Maria Wörmann
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Hana Algül
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Jerry Ware
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Bernd Engelmann
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - Steffen Massberg
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany (K.S., I.S., B.K., P.H., T.S., S.S., S.C., M.-L.v.B., M.L., R.C., S.M.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (K.S., S.M.); Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin (U.J., M.T., P.G., S.P., M.B., B.E.) and Lehrstuhl für Anatomie, Histologie und Embryologie, Department of Veterinary Medicine (S.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (I.L.) and II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik (S.M.W., H.A.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Tumorchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Köln, Cologne, Germany (C.J.B.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (J.W.); and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
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Hung RJ, Ulrich CM, Goode EL, Brhane Y, Muir K, Chan AT, Marchand LL, Schildkraut J, Witte JS, Eeles R, Boffetta P, Spitz MR, Poirier JG, Rider DN, Fridley BL, Chen Z, Haiman C, Schumacher F, Easton DF, Landi MT, Brennan P, Houlston R, Christiani DC, Field JK, Bickeböller H, Risch A, Kote-Jarai Z, Wiklund F, Grönberg H, Chanock S, Berndt SI, Kraft P, Lindström S, Al Olama AA, Song H, Phelan C, Wentzensen N, Peters U, Slattery ML, Sellers TA, Casey G, Gruber SB, Hunter DJ, Amos CI, Henderson B. Cross Cancer Genomic Investigation of Inflammation Pathway for Five Common Cancers: Lung, Ovary, Prostate, Breast, and Colorectal Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv246. [PMID: 26319099 PMCID: PMC4675100 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has been hypothesized to increase the risk of cancer development as an initiator or promoter, yet no large-scale study of inherited variation across cancer sites has been conducted. METHODS We conducted a cross-cancer genomic analysis for the inflammation pathway based on 48 genome-wide association studies within the National Cancer Institute GAME-ON Network across five common cancer sites, with a total of 64 591 cancer patients and 74 467 control patients. Subset-based meta-analysis was used to account for possible disease heterogeneity, and hierarchical modeling was employed to estimate the effect of the subcomponents within the inflammation pathway. The network was visualized by enrichment map. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS We identified three pleiotropic loci within the inflammation pathway, including one novel locus in Ch12q24 encoding SH2B3 (rs3184504), which reached GWAS significance with a P value of 1.78 x 10(-8), and it showed an association with lung cancer (P = 2.01 x 10(-6)), colorectal cancer (GECCO P = 6.72x10(-6); CORECT P = 3.32x10(-5)), and breast cancer (P = .009). We also identified five key subpathway components with genetic variants that are relevant for the risk of these five cancer sites: inflammatory response for colorectal cancer (P = .006), inflammation related cell cycle gene for lung cancer (P = 1.35x10(-6)), and activation of immune response for ovarian cancer (P = .009). In addition, sequence variations in immune system development played a role in breast cancer etiology (P = .001) and innate immune response was involved in the risk of both colorectal (P = .022) and ovarian cancer (P = .003). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variations in inflammation and its related subpathway components are keys to the development of lung, colorectal, ovary, and breast cancer, including SH2B3, which is associated with lung, colorectal, and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayjean J Hung
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA).
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Ellen L Goode
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Yonathan Brhane
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Kenneth Muir
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Andrew T Chan
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Joellen Schildkraut
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - John S Witte
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Margaret R Spitz
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Julia G Poirier
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - David N Rider
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Zhihua Chen
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Christopher Haiman
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Fredrick Schumacher
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Douglas F Easton
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Paul Brennan
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Richard Houlston
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - David C Christiani
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - John K Field
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Angela Risch
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Stephen Chanock
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Peter Kraft
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Sara Lindström
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Honglin Song
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Catherine Phelan
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Nicholas Wentzensen
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Ulrike Peters
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Martha L Slattery
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Thomas A Sellers
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Graham Casey
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - David J Hunter
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Christopher I Amos
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
| | - Brian Henderson
- : Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (RJH, YB, JGP); National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (CMU, AR); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (ELG, DNR); The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK (KM); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI (LLM); Duke University, Durham, NC (JS); University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (JSW); Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (RE, RH, ZKJ); Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (PBo); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MRS); Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (BLF); Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL (ZC, CP, TAS); University of South California, Los Angeles, CA (CH, FS, GC, SBG, BH); Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (DFE, AAAO, HS); National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (MTL, SC, SIB, NW); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (PBr); Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (DCC, PK, SL, DJH); University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (JKF); University of Göttingen, Medical School, Göttingen, Germany (HB); Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (FW, HG); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (UP); University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT (CMU, MLS); Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH (CIA)
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