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Ilina EL, Kiryushkin AS, Semenova VA, Demchenko NP, Pawlowski K, Demchenko KN. Lateral root initiation and formation within the parental root meristem of Cucurbita pepo: is auxin a key player? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:873-888. [PMID: 29684107 PMCID: PMC6215038 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims In some plant families, including Cucurbitaceae, initiation and development of lateral roots (LRs) occur in the parental root apical meristem. The objective of this study was to identify the general mechanisms underlying LR initiation (LRI). Therefore, the first cellular events leading to LRI as well as the role of auxin in this process were studied in the Cucurbita pepo root apical meristem. Methods Transgenic hairy roots harbouring the auxin-responsive promoter DR5 fused to different reporter genes were used for visualizing of cellular auxin response maxima (ARMs) via confocal laser scanning microscopy and 3-D imaging. The effects of exogenous auxin and auxin transport inhibitors on root branching were analysed. Key Results The earliest LRI event involved a group of symmetric anticlinal divisions in pericycle cell files at a distance of 250-350 µm from the initial cells. The visualization of the ARMs enabled the precise detection of cells involved in determining the site of LR primordium formation. A local ARM appeared in sister cells of the pericycle and endodermis files before the first division. Cortical cells contributed to LR development after the anticlinal divisions in the pericycle via the formation of an ARM. Exogenous auxins did not increase the total number of LRs and did not affect the LRI index. Although exogenous auxin transport inhibitors acted in different ways, they all reduced the number of LRs formed. Conclusions Literature data, as well as results obtained in this study, suggest that the formation of a local ARM before the first anticlinal formative divisions is the common mechanism underlying LRI in flowering plants. We propose that the mechanisms of the regulation of root branching are independent of the position of the LRI site relative to the parental root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Ilina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey S Kiryushkin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victoria A Semenova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolay P Demchenko
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Katharina Pawlowski
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirill N Demchenko
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chaussee, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Ilina EL, Logachov AA, Laplaze L, Demchenko NP, Pawlowski K, Demchenko KN. Composite Cucurbita pepo plants with transgenic roots as a tool to study root development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:479-89. [PMID: 22553131 PMCID: PMC3394650 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In most plant species, initiation of lateral root primordia occurs above the elongation zone. However, in cucurbits and some other species, lateral root primordia initiation and development takes place in the apical meristem of the parental root. Composite transgenic plants obtained by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation are known as a suitable model to study root development. The aim of the present study was to establish this transformation technique for squash. METHODS The auxin-responsive promoter DR5 was cloned into the binary vectors pKGW-RR-MGW and pMDC162-GFP. Incorporation of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) was used to evaluate the presence of DNA-synthesizing cells in the hypocotyl of squash seedlings to find out whether they were suitable for infection. Two A. rhizogenes strains, R1000 and MSU440, were used. Roots containing the respective constructs were selected based on DsRED1 or green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence, and DR5::Egfp-gusA or DR5::gusA insertion, respectively, was verified by PCR. Distribution of the response to auxin was visualized by GFP fluorescence or β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity staining and confirmed by immunolocalization of GFP and GUS proteins, respectively. KEY RESULTS Based on the distribution of EdU-labelled cells, it was determined that 6-day-old squash seedlings were suited for inoculation by A. rhizogenes since their root pericycle and the adjacent layers contain enough proliferating cells. Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1000 proved to be the most virulent strain on squash seedlings. Squash roots containing the respective constructs did not exhibit the hairy root phenotype and were morphologically and structurally similar to wild-type roots. CONCLUSIONS The auxin response pattern in the root apex of squash resembled that in arabidopsis roots. Composite squash plants obtained by A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation are a good tool for the investigation of root apical meristem development and root branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L. Ilina
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popova 2, 197376, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton A. Logachov
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popova 2, 197376, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR DIADE (Agro.M/INRA/IRD/UM2), Equipe Rhizogenèse, 911 Avenue Agropolis, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Nikolay P. Demchenko
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popova 2, 197376, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Kirill N. Demchenko
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popova 2, 197376, St.-Petersburg, Russia
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Rashidi B, Mehrabi S, Demchenko K, Pawlowski K. The Casuarina glauca metallothionein I promoter in nodulated transgenic hairy roots of the actinorhizal plant Datisca glomerata. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:728-737. [PMID: 32480929 DOI: 10.1071/fp10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the promoter of a metallothionein gene expressed in actinorhizal nodules of Casuarina glauca Sieber ex Spreng., CgMT1, has previously been analysed in Casaurinaceae and in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), Arabidopsis and rice. In all these plants, the promoter showed high activity in the root cortex and epidermis, making it a useful tool for the expression of transgenes. Therefore, its activity was now analysed in transgenic root systems of Datisca glomerata (C. Presl) Baill, an actinorhizal plant from a different phylogenetic group than C. glauca, using the same CgMT1::GUS fusion as in previous studies. However, in contrast with all other plant species examined previously, the CgMT1::GUS construct showed no activity at all in D. glomerata hairy roots: the expression pattern in nodules resembled that found in C. glauca nodules. This is probably due to the changed hormone balance in hairy roots since experiments on the CgMT1::GUS construct in transgenic Arabidopsis showed that CgMT1 promoter activity was repressed by auxin or cytokinin, respectively. Yet, in hairy roots of the model legume Lotus japonicus L. induced by the same Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain, the CgMT1 promoter was active in roots and not in nodules. These results indicate that although the expression of pRi T-DNA genes leads to changes in root hormone balance, these changes do not abolish the differences in phytohormone levels or sensitivity between plant species. Therefore, gene expression data obtained using transgenic hairy root systems have to be viewed with care, not only due to the disturbed hormone balance, but also because the effects of the pRI-T-DNA genes can differ between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnoosh Rashidi
- Department of Botany, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Mehrabi
- Department of Botany, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirill Demchenko
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov st. 2, 197376St Petersburg, Russia
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Stockert JC, Ibáñez N, Trigoso CI, Cañete M, Tato A. A barium method for the cytochemical detection of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in mast cells and basophilic leukocytes. Acta Histochem 1999; 101:397-408. [PMID: 10611928 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(99)80040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Barium ions precipitate inorganic as well as organic sulfate compounds and they can be detected by a reaction with sodium rhodizonate. In this work, we describe the use of a barium method for the selective demonstration of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cytoplasmic granules of mast cells and basophilic leukocytes. Methanol-fixed smears of mouse peritoneal mast cells and rat bone marrow basophils were treated with 5% BaCl2 for 10 min, followed by staining with either 0.2% sodium rhodizonate in 50% ethanol for 2 h at 60 degrees C, or 0.01% brilliant green in distilled water for 1 min. Light microscopic observation revealed a strong staining reaction of the cytoplasmic granules of these cell types, which was more selective when using sodium rhodizonate. Control smears treated with BaCl2 or sodium rhodizonate alone, and those subjected to methylation/extraction of sulfate groups before staining remained unstained. The selective binding of barium ions to mast cell granules was established with scanning electron microscopy using a backscattered electron detector, and confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis as well as element mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Stockert
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Canto Blanco, Spain
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Bertolesi GE, de Cidre LL, Stockert JC. Formation and microscopical application of a fluorescent 1,10-phenanthroline derivative of ruthenium red. Acta Histochem 1995; 97:401-8. [PMID: 8607290 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work we describe the formation and microscopical application of a fluorescent derivative of Ruthenium Red (RR) obtained by heating the dye in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline (OP). The RR-OP reaction product showed absorption maxima at 416 and 444 nm and intense fluorescence emission at 578 nm under 440 nm exciting light. Neither RR nor OP solutions alone were fluorescent when excited at 440 nm. Using fluorescence microscopy, chicken blood cell smears stained 5 min with the RR-OP derivative showed the chromatin of erythrocyte nuclei with a bright orange fluorescence under violet-blue (436 nm) exciting light.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Bertolesi
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, y Area de Investigación, Instituto de Oncología A. H. Roffo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Vogt B, Berker R, Mayer F. Improved contrast by a simplified post-staining procedure for ultrathin sections of resin-embedded bacterial cells: Application of ruthenium red. J Basic Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620350510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Stockert JC, Pelling C. DNA cytochemistry in polytene chromosomes: electron contrasting agents for the ultrastructural detection of chromatin DNA after alkaline hydrolysis/methylation-acetylation. Acta Histochem 1992; 93:298-306. [PMID: 1382349 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands from Chironomus tentans larvae were fixed in glutaraldehyde and either subjected to alkaline hydrolysis followed by methylation-acetylation, or dehydrated without these treatments as controls. Ultrathin sections from Durcupan-embedded samples were contrasted by means of uranyl acetate, ruthenium red, indium trichloride, or the complex indium (III)-hematoxylin. Electron microscopic observations revealed a general contrasting pattern in control sections, while after the hydrolytic and blocking procedure only chromatin from polytene chromosomes appeared selectively contrasted. The nucleolus, Balbiani ring granules and puff materials showed weak or no electron opacity. After toluidine blue staining of semithin sections, an orthochromatic blue colour was found in chromatin bands from treated samples. These results indicate that alkaline hydrolysis/methylation-acetylation followed by contrasting with cationic heavy compounds is a valuable procedure to visualize chromatin DNA in polytene chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Stockert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Tübingen, Germany
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Gómez A, Llorente AR, Mosquera RM, del Castillo P, Stockert JC. Indium (III)-hematoxylin as a staining and contrasting agent for light and electron microscopy. Acta Histochem 1991; 90:197-203. [PMID: 1927213 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A deeply violet indium (III)-hematoxylin complex is formed when indium trichloride is added to an aqueous solution of oxidized hematoxylin. Treatment of glutaraldehyde fixed and Araldite embedded sections of rat seminiferous tubules with indium-hematoxylin revealed a definite staining and contrasting pattern. Semithin sections showed chromatin and nucleoli in violet-blue. Under the electron microscope, chromatin, nucleoli, ribosomes, synaptonemal complexes, chromatoid bodies, membranous components, and microtubules from sperm tails presented high electron opacity, while the acrosome and basement membrane appeared with a lower contrast. This performed indium-hematoxylin complex, which shows an absorption peak at lambda = 560 nm with shoulders at about lambda = 440 and 400 nm, could be valuable as a new staining and electron contrasting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gómez
- Seción de Histopatología, Instituto Nacional de Toxicología, Madrid, Spain
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Teixeira ML, Haddad A. Histochemical and radioautographic study of glycoprotein secretion in the epithelium lining the uterine tubes of mice. Cell Tissue Res 1988; 254:209-16. [PMID: 3197080 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-month-old female Swiss mice that had come into estrus were injected intravenously with L-3H-fucose and killed at 5, 15, 40 min, and 4 h after injection. Pieces of the isthmus and of the ampulla of the uterine tubes were processed for light- and electron-microscopic radioautography. Incorporation of 3H-fucose was more intense in the isthmian secretory cells than in the ciliated cells of the ampulla. Electron-microscopic radioautography of the isthmian secretory cells demonstrated that 3H-fucose was incorporated into newly synthesized glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus from where labelled glycoproteins migrated mainly to secretory granules and apical microvilli. The histochemical technique using ruthenium red confirmed the presence of glycoproteins in the contents of the secretory granules released to the lumen of the uterine tubes as demonstrated by radioautography. Other glycoproteins are transported inside small vesicles and most likely are related to the renewal of the plasma membrane. The role of the secretory glycoproteins in various events of mammalian reproduction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Teixeira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil
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Juarranz A, Ferrer JM, Tato A, Cañete M, Stockert JC. Metachromatic staining and electron dense reaction of glycosaminoglycans by means of cuprolinic blue. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1987; 19:1-6. [PMID: 3583811 DOI: 10.1007/bf01675286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cationic phthalocyanin-like dye Cuprolinic Blue, unlike phthalocyanin dyes such as Alcian Blue or Astra Blue, can definitely exhibit a clear metachromatic reaction with appropriate substrates. The application of Cuprolinic Blue to epoxy-embedded semithin sections revealed that mast cell cytoplasmic granules, goblet cell mucin and cartilage matrix stained in violet shades (metachromatic), whereas nuclear chromatin presented a bright blue coloration (orthochromatic). The metachromatic structures showed a high degree of contrast when ultrathin sections treated with Cuprolinic Blue were examined by electron microscopy. Cytophotometric measurements of stained components from the large intestine showed different absorption maxima: at 580 nm for mucin and at 640 nm for nuclei. The spectroscopical analysis revealed a clear-cut metachromatic shift when the dye was in the presence of chondroitin-4-sulphate. The addition of aluminium metal to Cuprolinic Blue solutions resulted in a striking spectral change; under such conditions the dye showed absorption maximum at 530 nm.
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Litwin JA. Light microscopic histochemistry on plastic sections. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1985; 16:1-84. [PMID: 2417278 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(85)80001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As compared with conventional paraffin, celloidin, and frozen sections, semithin plastic sections offer a superior quality of the light microscopic image in terms of better resolution, absence of distortion and shrinkage artifacts, and suitability for calcified tissues. Application of histochemical methods to such sections often encounters, however, serious difficulties resulting from a considerably reduced reactivity of plastic-embedded biological material. Factors involved include a poor penetration of reagents into plastic embedding media due to a steric or hydrophobic hindrance, as well as a blockade of the reactive chemical groups in the sample due to interactions with fixatives and plastics. Embedding in polar (hydrophilic) plastics, such as glycol methacrylate, permits carrying out a large number of histochemical reactions, including the demonstration of enzymatic activities, directly on sections, but is less suitable for combined light/electron microscopic studies because of an imperfect ultrastructural preservation of tissues. Embedding in nonpolar epoxy resins, particularly if combined with a double aldehyde-osmium fixation, results in a high quality ultrastructure but almost fully inhibits the histochemical reactivity of the embedded material. In order to restore this reactivity, i.e. to unmask chemical groups bound by the polymerized resin, semithin epoxy sections require the removal of the embedding matrix by alkoxides prior to the histochemical procedure. Additional steps are also often necessary: treatment of osmium-fixed sections with oxidative agents, e.g., hydrogen peroxide or periodate which reoxidize the bound osmium and remove it from tissue, and a controlled proteolytic digestion, especially useful in immunocytochemical studies, which probably cleaves the bonds between the primary aldehyde fixative, and the reactive sites. This article reviews histochemical methods which have been successfully applied to plastic-embedded material. Using polar methacrylates and/or nonpolar epoxy resins as embedding media, it has been possible to demonstrate proteins and aminoacid residues, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, biogenic amines, inorganic ions, and some enzymes, although the spectrum of methods found as suitable for plastic-embedded material is far narrower than that available for paraffin or frozen sections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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