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Walach MT, Nitschke K, Groß-Weege M, Großhans J, Wildner L, Pause L, Jarczyk J, Wessels F, Neuberger M, Kowalewski KF, Kriegmair MC, Popovic ZV, Gaiser T, Worst TS, Nuhn P. Cyclin A2 Expression as Predictive Biomarker in Muscle-Invasive Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Urol Int 2024; 108:128-136. [PMID: 38224675 DOI: 10.1159/000536184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim was to evaluate the prognostic value of altered Cyclin A2 (CCNA2) gene expression in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and to assess its predictive potential as a prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival. METHODS 62 patients who underwent surgical treatment for UTUC were included. Gene expression of CCNA2, MKI67, and p53 was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. For Cox regression analyses, uni- and multivariable hazard ratios were calculated. Spearman correlation was used to analyze correlation of CCNA2 expression with MKI67 and p53. RESULTS The median age of the cohort was 73 years, and it consisted of 48 males (77.4%) and 14 females (22.6%). Patients with high CCNA2 expression levels showed longer OS (HR 0.33; 95% CI: 0.15-0.74; p = 0.0073). Multivariable Cox regression analyses identified CCNA2 overexpression (HR 0.37; 95% CI: 0.16-0.85; p = 0.0189) and grading G2 (vs. G3) (HR 0.39; 95% CI: 0.17-0.87; p = 0.0168) to be independent predictors for longer OS. CCNA2 expression correlated positively with MKI67 expression (Rho = 0.4376, p = 0.0005). CONCLUSION Low CCNA2 expression is significantly associated with worse OS. Thus, CCNA2 might serve as a potential biomarker in muscle-invasive UTUC and may be used to characterize a subset of patients having an unfavorable outcome and for future risk assessment scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Teresa Walach
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katja Nitschke
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Groß-Weege
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Großhans
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lukas Wildner
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luca Pause
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonas Jarczyk
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frederik Wessels
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manuel Neuberger
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karl-Friedrich Kowalewski
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Christian Kriegmair
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Zoran V Popovic
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Timo Gaiser
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Stefan Worst
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Nuhn
- Department of Urology and Urologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Raetz EA, Teachey DT, Minard C, Liu X, Norris RE, Denic KZ, Reid J, Evensen NA, Gore L, Fox E, Loh ML, Weigel BJ, Carroll WL. Palbociclib in combination with chemotherapy in pediatric and young adult patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma: A Children's Oncology Group study (AINV18P1). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30609. [PMID: 37553297 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin D has been shown to play an essential role in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) initiation and progression, providing rationale for targeting the CDK4/6-cyclin D complex that regulates cell cycle progression. PROCEDURE The Children's Oncology Group AINV18P1 phase 1 trial evaluated the CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib, in combination with standard four-drug re-induction chemotherapy in children and young adults with relapsed/refractory B- and T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoma. Palbociclib (50 mg/m2 /dose) was administered orally once daily for 21 consecutive days, first as a single agent (Days 1-3) and subsequently combined with re-induction chemotherapy. This two-part study was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), followed by an expansion pharmacokinetic cohort. RESULTS Twelve heavily pretreated patients enrolled, all of whom were evaluable for toxicity. One dose-limiting hematologic toxicity (DLT) occurred at the starting dose of 50 mg/m2 /dose orally for 21 days. No additional DLTs were observed in the dose determination or pharmacokinetic expansion cohorts, and overall rates of grade 3/4 nonhematologic toxicities were comparable to those observed with the chemotherapy platform alone. Five complete responses were observed, two among four patients with T-ALL and three among seven patients with B-ALL. Pharmacokinetic studies showed similar profiles with both liquid and capsule formulations of palbociclib. CONCLUSIONS Palbociclib in combination with re-induction chemotherapy was well tolerated with a RP2D of 50 mg/m2 /day for 21 days. Complete responses were observed among heavily pretreated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Raetz
- Department of Pediatrics and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles Minard
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, California, USA
| | - Robin E Norris
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristina Z Denic
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joel Reid
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nikki A Evensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lia Gore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fox
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics and the Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brenda J Weigel
- Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - William L Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
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Downstream Targets of VHL/HIF-α Signaling in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma Progression: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041316. [PMID: 36831657 PMCID: PMC9953937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The clear cell variant of renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal epithelial malignancy and responsible for most of the deaths from kidney cancer. Patients carrying inactivating mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene have an increased proclivity to develop several types of tumors including ccRCC. Normally, the Hypoxia Inducible Factor alpha (HIF-α) subunits of the HIF heterodimeric transcription factor complex are regulated by oxygen-dependent prolyl-hydroxylation, VHL-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Loss of pVHL function results in elevated levels of HIF-α due to increased stability, leading to RCC progression. While HIF-1α acts as a tumor suppressor, HIF-2α promotes oncogenic potential by driving tumor progression and metastasis through activation of hypoxia-sensitive signaling pathways and overexpression of HIF-2α target genes. One strategy to suppress ccRCC aggressiveness is directed at inhibition of HIF-2α and the associated molecular pathways leading to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Indeed, clinical and pre-clinical data demonstrated the effectiveness of HIF-2α targeted therapy in attenuating ccRCC progression. This review focuses on the signaling pathways and the involved genes (cyclin D, c-Myc, VEGF-a, EGFR, TGF-α, GLUT-1) that confer oncogenic potential downstream of the VHL-HIF-2α signaling axis in ccRCC. Discussed as well are current treatment options (including receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sunitinib), the medical challenges (high prevalence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis, refractory nature of advanced disease to current treatment options), scientific challenges and future directions.
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Candido MF, Medeiros M, Veronez LC, Bastos D, Oliveira KL, Pezuk JA, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. Drugging Hijacked Kinase Pathways in Pediatric Oncology: Opportunities and Current Scenario. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020664. [PMID: 36839989 PMCID: PMC9966033 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood cancer is considered rare, corresponding to ~3% of all malignant neoplasms in the human population. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a universal occurrence of more than 15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants around the globe, and despite improvements in diagnosis, treatment and supportive care, one child dies of cancer every 3 min. Consequently, more efficient, selective and affordable therapeutics are still needed in order to improve outcomes and avoid long-term sequelae. Alterations in kinases' functionality is a trademark of cancer and the concept of exploiting them as drug targets has burgeoned in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry of the 21st century. Consequently, an increasing plethora of inhibitors has emerged. In the present study, the expression patterns of a selected group of kinases (including tyrosine receptors, members of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways, coordinators of cell cycle progression, and chromosome segregation) and their correlation with clinical outcomes in pediatric solid tumors were accessed through the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform and by a thorough search of published literature. To further illustrate the importance of kinase dysregulation in the pathophysiology of pediatric cancer, we analyzed the vulnerability of different cancer cell lines against their inhibition through the Cancer Dependency Map portal, and performed a search for kinase-targeted compounds with approval and clinical applicability through the CanSAR knowledgebase. Finally, we provide a detailed literature review of a considerable set of small molecules that mitigate kinase activity under experimental testing and clinical trials for the treatment of pediatric tumors, while discuss critical challenges that must be overcome before translation into clinical options, including the absence of compounds designed specifically for childhood tumors which often show differential mutational burdens, intrinsic and acquired resistance, lack of selectivity and adverse effects on a growing organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Medeiros
- Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Chain Veronez
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - David Bastos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla Laissa Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Departament of Biotechnology and Innovation, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, São Paulo 04119-001, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-9144; Fax: +55-16-3315-4886
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Wong TT, Tsai ML, Chang H, Hsieh KLC, Ho DMT, Lin SC, Yen HJ, Chen YW, Lee HL, Yang TF. Brain and Spinal Tumors Originating from the Germ Line Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1405:421-455. [PMID: 37452948 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-23705-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system germ cell tumors (CNS GCTs) are part of the GCTs in children and adults. This tumor entity presents with geographic variation, age, and sex predilection. There are two age peaks of incidence distribution at the first few months of life and in adolescence. CNS GCTs are heterogeneous in histopathological subtypes, locations, and tumor marker (AFP, β-hCG) secretions. In the WHO CNS tumor classification, GCTS are classified as germinoma and nongerminomatous GCT (NGGCT) with different subtypes (including teratoma). Excluding mature teratoma, the remaining NGGCTs are malignant (NGMGCT). In teratoma, growing teratoma syndrome and teratoma with somatic-type malignancy should be highlighted. The common intracranial locations are pineal region, neurohypophysis (NH), bifocal pineal-NH, basal ganglia, and cerebral ventricle. Above 50% of intracranial GCTs (IGCTs) present obstructive hydrocephalus. Spinal tumors are rare. Age, locations, hydrocephalus, and serum/CSF titer of β-hCG correlate with clinical manifestations. Delayed diagnosis is common in tumors arising in neurohypophysis, bifocal, and basal ganglia resulting in the increasing of physical dysfunction and hormonal deficits. Staging work-up includes CSF cytology for tumor cells and contrast-enhanced MRI of brain and spine for macroscopic metastasis before treatment commences. The therapeutic approach of CNS GCTs integrates locations, histopathology, staging, tumor marker level, and therapeutic classification. Treatment strategies include surgical biopsy/excision, chemotherapy, radiotherapy (single or combination). Secreting tumors with consistent imaging may not require histopathological diagnosis. Primary germinomas are highly radiosensitive and the therapeutic aim is to maintain high survival rate using optimal radiotherapy regimen with/without chemotherapy combination. Primary NGNGCTs are less radiosensitive. The therapeutic aim is to increase survival utilizing more intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The negative prognostic factors are residue disease at the end of treatment and serum or CSF AFP level >1000 ng/mL at diagnosis. In refractory or recurrent NMGGCTs, besides high-dose chemotherapy, new therapy is necessary. Molecular profiling and analysis help for translational research. Survivors of pediatric brain tumors frequently experience cancer-related cognitive dysfunction, physical disability, pituitary hormone deficiency, and other CNS complications after cranial radiotherapy. Continuous surveillance and assessment may lead to improvements in treatment protocols, transdisciplinary interventions, after-treatment rehabilitation, and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Tong Wong
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Lan Tsai
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Hsi Chang
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Li-Chun Hsieh
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Donald Ming-Tak Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ju Yen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Chen
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Fen Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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İYİBOZKURT A, ÇAKMAKOĞLU B, ERTUGRUL B, İPLİK ES. NF-қB and COX-2 Relation Between Endometrial Cancer and the Clinicopathological Parameters. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1049382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Our study examines nuclear factor kappa B (NF-қB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) polymorphisms in the most common gynecological cancer type, endometrial cancer, and the relationship between disease parameters and these polymorphisms.
Methods: In our patient group; while 109 endometrial cancer patients were examined and treated in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, and 106 healthy women without the disease were included in the control group. DNA of blood samples taken from all groups were isolated; COX-2 765C> G and COX-2 1195A> G polymorphisms were studied with NF-қB-94 ins / delATTG. Genotypes analyzed using the PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) method were investigated in terms of the relationship between endometrial cancer susceptibility and endometrial cancer disease parameters. Results in SPSS 17 program; Student’s t-tests were analyzed
using Anova, Fisher’s exact, and Chi-square tests.
Results: NF-қB D + and DD genotype, COX-2 765 G + and GG genotype, and COX-2 1195 AA genotype were found to be significantly more common in the endometrial cancer group compared to the control group (p
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bedia ÇAKMAKOĞLU
- İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, AZİZ SANCAR DENEYSEL TIP ARAŞTIRMA ENSTİTÜSÜ
| | - Baris ERTUGRUL
- ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY, AZIZ SANCAR INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
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Alam S, Zunic A, Venkat S, Feigin ME, Atanassov BS. Regulation of Cyclin D1 Degradation by Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 27X Is Critical for Cancer Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1751-1762. [PMID: 36001804 PMCID: PMC9722596 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is a critical regulator of cell proliferation and its overexpression has been linked to the development and progression of several malignancies. CCND1 overexpression is recognized as a major mechanism of therapy resistance in several cancers; tumors that rely on CCND1 overexpression to evade cancer therapy are extremely sensitive to its ablation. Therefore, targeting CCND1 is a promising strategy for preventing tumor progression and combating therapy resistance in cancer patients. Although CCND1 itself is not a druggable target, it can be targeted indirectly by inhibiting its regulators. CCND1 steady-state levels are tightly regulated by ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and defects in CCND1 ubiquitination are associated with increased CCND1 protein levels in cancer. Here, we uncover a novel function of ubiquitin-specific protease 27X (USP27X), a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), in regulating CCND1 degradation in cancer. USP27X binds to and stabilizes CCND1 in a catalytically dependent manner by negatively regulating its ubiquitination. USP27X expression levels correlate with the levels of CCND1 in several HER2 therapy-resistant breast cancer cell lines, and its ablation leads to a severe reduction of CCND1 protein levels, inhibition of tumor growth, and resensitization to targeted therapy. Together, the results presented in our study are the first to expose USP27X as a major CCND1 deubiquitinase and provide a mechanistic explanation for how this DUB fosters tumor growth. IMPLICATIONS As a deubiquitinating enzyme, USP27X is a druggable target. Our study illuminates new avenues for therapeutic intervention in CCND1-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Alam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Zunic
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Swati Venkat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael E. Feigin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Boyko S. Atanassov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Corresponding author: Boyko S. Atanassov, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY,14263, USA.
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Shah MA, Hamid A, Faheem HI, Rasul A, Baokbah TAS, Haris M, Yousaf R, Saleem U, Iqbal S, Alves MS, Khan Z, Hussain G, Alsharfi I, Khan H, Jeandet P. Uncovering the Anticancer Potential of Polydatin: A Mechanistic Insight. Molecules 2022; 27:7175. [PMID: 36364001 PMCID: PMC9656535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydatin or 3-O-β-d-resveratrol-glucopyranoside (PD), a stilbenoid component of Polygonum cuspicadum (Polygonaceae), has a variety of biological roles. In traditional Chinese medicine, P. cuspicadum extracts are used for the treatment of infections, inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders. Polydatin possesses a broad range of biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and immunostimulatory effects. Currently, a major proportion of the population is victimized with cervical lung cancer, ovarian cancer and breast cancer. PD has been recognized as a potent anticancer agent. PD could effectively inhibit the migration and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, as well as the expression of the PI3K protein. The malignancy of lung cancer cells was reduced after PD treatments via targeting caspase 3, arresting cancer cells at the S phase and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome by downregulation of the NF-κB pathway. This ceases cell cycle, inhibits VEGF, and counteracts ROS in breast cancer. It also prevents cervical cancer by regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis, and the C-Myc gene. The objective of this review is thus to unveil the polydatin anticancer potential for the treatment of various tumors, as well as to examine the mechanisms of action of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayesha Hamid
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Ishmal Faheem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Tourki A. S. Baokbah
- Department of Medical Emergency Services, College of Health Sciences-AlQunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Haris
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteit Gent, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Rimsha Yousaf
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shabnoor Iqbal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Maria Silvana Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Bioactivity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ifat Alsharfi
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, USC INRAe 1488, 51100 Reims, France
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Amerizadeh F, Rahmani F, Maftooh M, Nasiri SN, Hassanian SM, Giovannetti E, Moradi-Marjaneh R, Sabbaghzadeh R, Shahidsales S, Joudi-Mashhad M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Khazaei M, Avan A. Inhibition of the Wnt/b-catenin pathway using PNU-74654 reduces tumor growth in in vitro and in vivo models of colorectal cancer. Tissue Cell 2022; 77:101853. [PMID: 35803035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal-cancer (CRC) is amongst the most lethal-cancers, mainly due to its metastatic spread and drug chemoresistance. Hence there is a need for new approaches to either increase the efficacy of current therapy or introduce new therapies that have greater efficacy. There is increasing evidence that dysregulation of WNT-signaling-pathway plays an essential role in the development and prognosis of CRC. Here we have investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting the WNT/b-catenin pathway using a novel Wnt/b-catenin inhibitor, PNU-74654, in combination with 5-FU in CRC. METHODS The anti-proliferative-effect of PNU-74654 was evaluated in two-/three-dimensional cell models. The activity of agents on cell growth, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis was evaluated by MTT, wound healing assay, invasion, FACS, and annexin V staining, respectively. The oxidant/antioxidant levels were also assessed by determining the level of MDA, SOD, as well as using the DCFH-DA assay. We used a xenograft model of CRC to investigate PNU-74654 activity alone and in combination with 5-FU follow by histological staining and biochemical and gene expression analyses by RT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS PNU-74654 inhibited cell-growth and synergistically affected the anti-tumor properties of 5-FU via modulation of Cyclin D1 and survivin. This agent inhibited the migration/invasion of colorectal cancer cells via perturbation of E-cadherin. Furthermore, PNU-74654 inhibited the tumor growth, which was more pronounced using the PNU-74654 plus 5-FU combination via induction of reactive oxygen species, down-regulation of SOD and modulation of MCP-1, P53, TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Our finding demonstrated that PNU-74654 can target Wnt-pathway, interfere with cell-proliferation, induced-cell death, reduced-migration and interact with 5-FU, supporting further investigations on this therapeutic-approach for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Amerizadeh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Maftooh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh-Najibeh Nasiri
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, 56017 San Giuliano, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Reihaneh Sabbaghzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 96179-76487, Iran
| | | | - Mona Joudi-Mashhad
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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10
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Moore EK, Strazza M, Mor A. Combination Approaches to Target PD-1 Signaling in Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927265. [PMID: 35911672 PMCID: PMC9330480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the US, accounting for 25% of all deaths nationwide. Immunotherapy techniques bolster the immune cells' ability to target malignant cancer cells and have brought immense improvements in the field of cancer treatments. One important inhibitory protein in T cells, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), has become an invaluable target for cancer immunotherapy. While anti-PD-1 antibody therapy is extremely successful in some patients, in others it fails or even causes further complications, including cancer hyper-progression and immune-related adverse events. Along with countless translational studies of the PD-1 signaling pathway, there are currently close to 5,000 clinical trials for antibodies against PD-1 and its ligand, PD-L1, around 80% of which investigate combinations with other therapies. Nevertheless, more work is needed to better understand the PD-1 signaling pathway and to facilitate new and improved evidence-based combination strategies. In this work, we consolidate recent discoveries of PD-1 signaling mediators and their therapeutic potential in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. We focus on the phosphatases SHP2 and PTPN2; the kinases ITK, VRK2, GSK-3, and CDK4/6; and the signaling adaptor protein PAG. We discuss their biology both in cancer cells and T cells, with a focus on their role in relation to PD-1 to determine their potential in therapeutic combinations. The literature discussed here was obtained from a search of the published literature and ClinicalTrials.gov with the following key terms: checkpoint inhibition, cancer immunotherapy, PD-1, PD-L1, SHP2, PTPN2, ITK, VRK2, CDK4/6, GSK-3, and PAG. Together, we find that all of these proteins are logical and promising targets for combination therapy, and that with a deeper mechanistic understanding they have potential to improve the response rate and decrease adverse events when thoughtfully used in combination with checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Moore
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam Mor
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Jadhav N, Ajgaonkar S, Saha P, Gurav P, Pandey A, Basudkar V, Gada Y, Panda S, Jadhav S, Mehta D, Nair S. Molecular Pathways and Roles for Vitamin K2-7 as a Health-Beneficial Nutraceutical: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:896920. [PMID: 35774605 PMCID: PMC9237441 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.896920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K2-7, also known as menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is a form of vitamin K that has health-beneficial effects in osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. Compared to vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), K2-7 is absorbed more readily and is more bioavailable. Clinical studies have unequivocally demonstrated the utility of vitamin K2-7 supplementation in ameliorating peripheral neuropathy, reducing bone fracture risk and improving cardiovascular health. We examine how undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and matrix Gla protein (ucMGP) are converted to carboxylated forms (cOC and cMGP respectively) by K2-7 acting as a cofactor, thus facilitating the deposition of calcium in bones and preventing vascular calcification. K2-7 is beneficial in managing bone loss because it upregulates osteoprotegerin which is a decoy receptor for RANK ligand (RANKL) thus inhibiting bone resorption. We also review the evidence for the health-beneficial outcomes of K2-7 in diabetes, peripheral neuropathy and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, we discuss the K2-7-mediated suppression of growth in cancer cells via cell-cycle arrest, autophagy and apoptosis. The mechanistic basis for the disease-modulating effects of K2-7 is mediated through various signal transduction pathways such as PI3K/AKT, MAP Kinase, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, etc. Interestingly, K2-7 is also responsible for suppression of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α. We elucidate various genes modulated by K2-7 as well as the clinical pharmacometrics of vitamin K2-7 including K2-7-mediated pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD). Further, we discuss the current status of clinical trials on K2-7 that shed light on dosing strategies for maximum health benefits. Taken together, this is a synthetic review that delineates the health-beneficial effects of K2-7 in a clinical setting, highlights the molecular basis for these effects, elucidates the clinical pharmacokinetics of K2-7, and underscores the need for K2-7 supplementation in the global diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yash Gada
- Viridis Biopharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Dilip Mehta
- Synergia Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Sujit Nair
- Viridis Biopharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Sujit Nair,
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12
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Shi Z, Tian L, Qiang T, Li J, Xing Y, Ren X, Liu C, Liang C. From Structure Modification to Drug Launch: A Systematic Review of the Ongoing Development of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors for Multiple Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6390-6418. [PMID: 35485642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we discuss more than 50 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors that have been approved or have undergone clinical trials and their therapeutic application in multiple cancers. This review discusses the design strategies, structure-activity relationships, and efficacy performances of these selective or nonselective CDK inhibitors. The theoretical basis of early broad-spectrum CDK inhibitors is similar to the scope of chemotherapy, but because their toxicity is greater than the benefit, there is no clinical therapeutic window. The notion that selective CDK inhibitors have a safer therapeutic potential than pan-CDK inhibitors has been widely recognized during the research process. Four CDK4/6 inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of breast cancer or for prophylactic administration during chemotherapy to protect bone marrow and immune system function. Furthermore, the emerging strategies in the field of CDK inhibitors are summarized briefly, and CDKs continue to be widely pursued as emerging anticancer drug targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Shi
- Department of Urology Surgery Center, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yue Xing
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519030, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
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13
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Li X. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors as Breast Cancer Therapy: Research Progress and Prospects. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Mondal P, Mohapatra S, Bhunia D, Gharai PK, Mukherjee N, Gupta V, Ghosh S, Ghosh S. Designed hybrid anticancer nuclear-localized peptide inhibits aggressive cancer cell proliferation. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:196-201. [PMID: 35308028 PMCID: PMC8864490 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00324k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation is a crucial step that might promote cancer if deregulated. Therefore, this vital segment is critically controlled by a complicated cell-cycle process in normal cells that is regulated by some regulatory proteins. It has been observed that p16 protein, playing a crucial role in cell-cycle progression/regulation, remains inactivated in different cancer cells. This inactivity of p16 protein leads to the enhancement of cancer cell proliferation by allowing uncontrolled cancer cell division. Hence, the activity of p16 protein needs to be restored using new viral vectors, small molecules as well as peptides to control/suppress this type of abnormal cell proliferation. In this work, we have taken an interesting approach to increase the efficiency and bio-availability of p16 peptide (functional part of p16 protein) to be an aggressive anti-leukemia therapeutic agent by conjugating a nuclear-localized signal (NLS) sequence and a short peptide (AVPI) with it. Moreover, this newly designed NLS attached hybrid peptide greatly affects XIAP expressing but p16 lower expressing human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell proliferation by targeting both nuclear (CDK4/cyclin D) and cellular factors (XIAP) and promoting the caspase-3 dependent apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Mondal
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkata 700 032West BengalIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Ghaziabad 201002India
| | - Saswat Mohapatra
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkata 700 032West BengalIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Ghaziabad 201002India
| | - Debmalya Bhunia
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkata 700 032West BengalIndia
| | - Prabir Kumar Gharai
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkata 700 032West BengalIndia
| | - Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology JodhpurNH-62, Nagaur RoadKarwarRajasthan 342037India
| | - Varsha Gupta
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkata 700 032West BengalIndia
| | - Satyajit Ghosh
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology JodhpurNH-62, Nagaur RoadKarwarRajasthan 342037India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkata 700 032West BengalIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Ghaziabad 201002India,Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology JodhpurNH-62, Nagaur RoadKarwarRajasthan 342037India
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15
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Chen L, Liu Z, Li X. Recent Advances in Dual BRD4-Kinase Inhibitors Base on Polypharmacology. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100731. [PMID: 35146935 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic reader BRD4 is involved in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation, making it a promising therapeutic target. However, during the past decades, the results of many BRD4 inhibitors that have entered clinical trials were, in the main, unsatisfactory, due to some therapeutic limitations such as off-target effects and drug resistance. Combining a BRD4 inhibitor with another drug was expected to be an ideal option to overcome these "bottlenecks" and achieve improved therapeutic outcomes. However, combination therapy might trigger toxicity caused by drug-drug interaction, complex pharmacokinetic and additive effects. Recently, the application of dual-target drugs targeting BRD4 and other kinases has emerged to be an attractive approach to remedy defects of a single BRD4 inhibitor. Herein, this review focuses on recent advances in the discovery of dual BRD4-kinase inhibitors, with emphasis on their co-crystal structures and structure-activity relationships (SARs), as well as perspective prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Medicinal chemistry, West Wenhua Road 44, 250012, Jinnan, CHINA
| | - Zhaopeng Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Un, No.44 WhenHua XiLu, 250012, Jinan, CHINA
| | - Xun Li
- Shandong First Medical University, Institute of Materia Medica, CHINA
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16
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Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4 and CDK6) and their activating partners, D-type cyclins, link the extracellular environment with the core cell cycle machinery. Constitutive activation of cyclin D–CDK4/6 represents the driving force of tumorigenesis in several cancer types. Small-molecule inhibitors of CDK4/6 have been used with great success in the treatment of hormone receptor–positive breast cancers and are in clinical trials for many other tumor types. Unexpectedly, recent work indicates that inhibition of CDK4/6 affects a wide range of cellular functions such as tumor cell metabolism and antitumor immunity. We discuss how recent advances in understanding CDK4/6 biology are opening new avenues for the future use of cyclin D–CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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17
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Cell Cycle Regulatory CCND1 G870A Gene Polymorphism and Periodontitis-Induced Oral Cancer: A Risk Analysis. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2021-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Strong association has been recently observed between periodontitis/gingivitis and Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A high incidence of oral cancer has been reported in the case of chronic periodontitis. Recently Cell cycle regulatory /Senescence genes have been associated with Gingivitis/ Periodontitis susceptibility. Cyclin D1 is one such cell cycle regulatory gene. Several findings have reported that Cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A Single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with oral cancer (OC) risk, but yielded inconsistent data across different studies. This meta-analysis explores the precise relationship between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and OC risk. PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, & Google Scholar databases were searched for eligible studies and pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Newcastle-Ottawa analysis was done for selected articles quality assessment, bias in publication (if any) was estimated through Funnel plots and Egger’s test. Pooled analysis from eleven eligible studies suggests that CCND1 G870A polymorphism is not significantly associated with OC risk. Sub-group analysis by ethnicity failed to show any association. Sequential single study omission was performed to determine the credibility and resilience of the inferences drawn.
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18
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Zhao M, Quan Y, Zeng J, Lyu X, Wang H, Lei JH, Feng Y, Xu J, Chen Q, Sun H, Xu X, Lu L, Deng CX. Cullin3 deficiency shapes tumor microenvironment and promotes cholangiocarcinoma in liver-specific Smad4/Pten mutant mice. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4176-4191. [PMID: 34803491 PMCID: PMC8579464 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.67379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC), the most lethal type of liver cancer, remains very difficult to treat due to an incomplete understanding of the cancer initiation and progression mechanisms and no effective therapeutic drugs. Thus, identification of genomic drivers and delineation of the underlying mechanisms are urgently needed. Here, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening in liver-specific Smad4/Pten knockout mice (Smad4co/co;Ptenco/co;Alb-Cre, abbreviated as SPC), and identified 15 putative tumor suppressor genes, including Cullin3 (Cul3), whose deficiency increases protein levels of Nrf2 and Cyclin D1 that accelerate cholangiocytes expansion leading to the initiation of CC. Meanwhile, Cul3 deficiency also increases the secretion of Cxcl9 in stromal cells to attract T cells infiltration, and increases the production of Amphiregulin (Areg) mediated by Nrf2, which paracrinely induces inflammation in the liver, and promotes accumulation of exhausted PD1high CD8 T cells at the expenses of their cytotoxic activity, allowing CC progression. We demonstrate that the anti-PD1/PD-L1 blockade inhibits CC growth, and the effect is enhanced by combining with sorafenib selected from organoid mediated drug sensitive test. This model makes it possible to further identify more liver cancer suppressors, study molecular mechanisms, and develop effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yingyao Quan
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University
| | - Jianming Zeng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xueying Lyu
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Josh Haipeng Lei
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yangyang Feng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- MOE Frontieers Science Center for Precision Oncogene, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- MOE Frontieers Science Center for Precision Oncogene, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- MOE Frontieers Science Center for Precision Oncogene, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
- MOE Frontieers Science Center for Precision Oncogene, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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19
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Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors Palbociclib, Ribociclib, and Abemaciclib. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 59:1501-1520. [PMID: 33029704 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 approved for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the available clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of these novel drugs, summarize the results of food-effect and drug-drug interaction studies, and highlight exposure-response and exposure-toxicity relationships. All three drugs exhibit a large inter-individual variability in exposure (coefficient of variation range 40-95% for minimum plasma concentration), are extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4, and have their brain penetration limited by efflux transporters. Abemaciclib has three active metabolites with similar potency that are clinically relevant (i.e., M2, M20, M18), whereas the metabolites of palbociclib and ribociclib are not of clinical significance. Pharmacokinetic exposure increases in a dose-proportional manner for palbociclib, whereas exposure increases under- and over-proportionally with an increasing dose for abemaciclib and ribociclib, respectively. High exposure is associated with an increased risk of neutropenia, and for ribociclib also to corrected QT prolongation. For abemaciclib, a clear exposure-efficacy relationship has been described, while for palbociclib and ribociclib exposure-response analyses remain inconclusive. Future studies are needed to address exposure-efficacy relationships to further improve dosing.
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20
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Li H, Dong J, Cai M, Xu Z, Cheng XD, Qin JJ. Protein degradation technology: a strategic paradigm shift in drug discovery. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:138. [PMID: 34488823 PMCID: PMC8419833 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting pathogenic proteins with small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) has become a widely used strategy for treating malignant tumors. However, most intracellular proteins have been proven to be undruggable due to a lack of active sites, leading to a significant challenge in the design and development of SMIs. In recent years, the proteolysis-targeting chimeric technology and related emerging degradation technologies have provided additional approaches for targeting these undruggable proteins. These degradation technologies show a tendency of superiority over SMIs, including the rapid and continuous target consumption as well as the stronger pharmacological effects, being a hot topic in current research. This review mainly focuses on summarizing the development of protein degradation technologies in recent years. Their advantages, potential applications, and limitations are also discussed. We hope this review would shed light on the design, discovery, and clinical application of drugs associated with these degradation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Jinyun Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Maohua Cai
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiang-Dong Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
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21
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Elkamhawy A, Ammar UM, Paik S, Abdellattif MH, Elsherbeny MH, Lee K, Roh EJ. Scaffold Repurposing of In-House Small Molecule Candidates Leads to Discovery of First-in-Class CDK-1/HER-2 Dual Inhibitors: In Vitro and In Silico Screening. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175324. [PMID: 34500757 PMCID: PMC8433807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, multitargeted drugs are considered a potential approach in treating cancer. In this study, twelve in-house indole-based derivatives were preliminary evaluated for their inhibitory activities over VEGFR-2, CDK-1/cyclin B and HER-2. Compound 15l showed the most inhibitory activities among the tested derivatives over CDK-1/cyclin B and HER-2. Compound 15l was tested for its selectivity in a small kinase panel. It showed dual selectivity for CDK-1/cyclin B and HER-2. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity assay was assessed for the selected series against nine NCI cell lines. Compound 15l showed the most potent inhibitory activities among the tested compounds. A deep in silico molecular docking study was conducted for compound 15l to identify the possible binding modes into CDK-1/cyclin B and HER-2. The docking results revealed that compound 15l displayed interesting binding modes with the key amino acids in the binding sites of both kinases. In vitro and in silico studies demonstrate the indole-based derivative 15l as a selective dual CDK-1 and HER-2 inhibitor. This emphasizes a new challenge in drug development strategies and signals a significant milestone for further structural and molecular optimization of these indole-based derivatives in order to achieve a drug-like property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (A.E.); (K.L.); (E.J.R.)
| | - Usama M. Ammar
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK;
| | - Sora Paik
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.P.); (M.H.E.)
| | - Magda H. Abdellattif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed H. Elsherbeny
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.P.); (M.H.E.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea
- Correspondence: or (A.E.); (K.L.); (E.J.R.)
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; (S.P.); (M.H.E.)
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: or (A.E.); (K.L.); (E.J.R.)
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22
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Wang X, Bi Y, Liu X, Liu L, Hao M, Tian M, Shang J. High Expression of WWP1 Associates with Tumor Progression in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2021; 37:313-323. [PMID: 34388030 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.4148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: WWP1 (WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1) is increased in several kinds of carcinomas, but the influence of WWP1 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is not well understood. Materials and Methods: The expression of WWP1 in PTC tissues and cells is detected by real-time reverse transcription PCR. The biological role of WWP1 on PTC cell growth, apoptosis, migration, and invasion ability was assessed with the Cell Counting Kit-8, colony forming, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. Results: The expression of WWP1 mRNA and protein is increased in PTC tissue samples and cells. There is closely correlation between the up expression of WWP1 and clinical parameters, such as tumor size, TNM, and distant metastasis. Knockdown of WWP1 blocks cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, causes cell cycle arrest, and induces apoptosis in PTC cells. Knockdown of WWP1 increases PTEN level and reduces p-PI3K and p-Akt level in PTC cells. Conclusions: Knockdown of WWP1 suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of PTC cell by downregulating the expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt, contributing to their understanding the pathogenesis of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Bi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, P.R. China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Pathology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, P.R. China
| | - Min Hao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, P.R. China
| | - Mengzi Tian
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, P.R. China
| | - Jian Shang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, P.R. China
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23
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Biguanides drugs: Past success stories and promising future for drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113726. [PMID: 34364161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biguanides have attracted much attention a century ago and showed resurgent interest in recent years after a long period of dormancy. They constitute an important class of therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. Therapeutic indications of biguanides include antidiabetic, antimalarial, antiviral, antiplaque, and bactericidal applications. This review presents an extensive overview of the biological activity of biguanides and different mechanisms of action of currently marketed biguanide-containing drugs, as well as their pharmacological properties when applicable. We highlight the recent developments in research on biguanide compounds, with a primary focus on studies on metformin in the field of oncology. We aim to provide a critical overview of all main bioactive biguanide compounds and discuss future perspectives for the design of new drugs based on the biguanide fragment.
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24
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KLHL38 involvement in non-small cell lung cancer progression via activation of the Akt signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:556. [PMID: 34050138 PMCID: PMC8163838 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. KLHL38 has been reported to be upregulated during diapause but downregulated after androgen treatment during the reversal of androgen-dependent skeletal muscle atrophy. This study aimed to clarify the role of KLHL38 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). KLHL38 expression was evaluated in tumor and adjacent normal tissues from 241 patients with NSCLC using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, and its association with clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. KLHL38 levels positively correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and pathological tumor-node-metastasis stage (all P < 0.001). In NSCLC cell lines, KLHL38 overexpression promoted PTEN ubiquitination, thereby activating Akt signaling. It also promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by upregulating the expression of genes encoding cyclin D1, cyclin B, c-myc, RhoA, and MMP9, while downregulating the expression of p21 and E-cadherin. In vivo experiments in nude mice further confirmed that KLHL38 promotes NSCLC progression through Akt signaling pathway activation. Together, these results indicate that KLHL38 is a valuable candidate prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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25
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Aune D, Sen A, Norat T, Riboli E, Folseraas T. Primary sclerosing cholangitis and the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10646. [PMID: 34017024 PMCID: PMC8137938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) has been associated with increased risk of hepatobiliary cancers, colorectal cancer and all-cause mortality in several studies, while associations with cardiovascular disease have been inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published cohort studies on the topic to summarize these associations. PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to January 13th, 2020. Cohort studies on PSC and risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or mortality were included. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using random effects models. The summary RR (95% CI) comparing persons with PSC to persons without PSC was 584.37 (269.42-1267.51, I2 = 89%, n = 4) for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), 155.54 (125.34-193.02, I2 = 0%, n = 3) for hepatobiliary cancer, 30.22 (11.99-76.17, I2 = 0%, n = 2) for liver cancer, 16.92 (8.73-32.78, I2 = 88%, n = 4) for gastrointestinal cancer, 7.56 (2.42-23.62, I2 = 0%, n = 3) for pancreatic cancer, 6.10 (4.19-8.87, I2 = 14%, n = 7) for colorectal cancer (CRC), 4.13 (2.99-5.71, I2 = 80%, n = 5) for total cancer, 3.55 (2.94-4.28, I2 = 46%, n = 5) for all-cause mortality, and 1.57 (0.25-9.69, I2 = 79%, n = 2) for cardiovascular disease. Strong positive associations were observed between PSC and risk of CCA, hepatobiliary cancer, liver cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, CRC, total cancer, and all-cause mortality, but not for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Aune
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London, W2 1PG UK ,grid.510411.00000 0004 0578 6882Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abhijit Sen
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ,Center for Oral Health Services and Research (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Teresa Norat
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Trine Folseraas
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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26
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A Phenylacetamide Resveratrol Derivative Exerts Inhibitory Effects on Breast Cancer Cell Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105255. [PMID: 34067547 PMCID: PMC8157022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural compound that displays several pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer actions. However, its clinical application is limited because of its low solubility and bioavailability. Here, the antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity of a series of phenylacetamide RSV derivatives has been evaluated in several cancer cell lines. These derivatives contain a monosubstituted aromatic ring that could mimic the RSV phenolic nucleus and a longer flexible chain that could confer a better stability and bioavailability than RSV. Using MTT assay, we demonstrated that most derivatives exerted antiproliferative effects in almost all of the cancer cell lines tested. Among them, derivative 2, that showed greater bioavailability than RSV, was the most active, particularly against estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF7 and estrogen receptor negative (ER-) MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, we demonstrated that these derivatives, particularly derivative 2, were able to inhibit NO and ROS synthesis and PGE2 secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated U937 human monocytic cells (derived from a histiocytoma). In order to define the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiproliferative effects of derivative 2, we found that it determined cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, modified the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, and ultimately triggered apoptotic cell death in both breast cancer cell lines. Taken together, these results highlight the studied RSV derivatives, particularly derivative 2, as promising tools for the development of new and more bioavailable derivatives useful in the treatment of breast cancer.
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27
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Lelliott EJ, McArthur GA, Oliaro J, Sheppard KE. Immunomodulatory Effects of BRAF, MEK, and CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Implications for Combining Targeted Therapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockade for the Treatment of Melanoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661737. [PMID: 34025662 PMCID: PMC8137893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advent of targeted and immune-based therapies has revolutionized the treatment of melanoma and transformed outcomes for patients with metastatic disease. The majority of patients develop resistance to the current standard-of-care targeted therapy, dual BRAF and MEK inhibition, prompting evaluation of a new combination incorporating a CDK4/6 inhibitor. Based on promising preclinical data, combined BRAF, MEK and CDK4/6 inhibition has recently entered clinical trials for the treatment of BRAFV600 melanoma. Interestingly, while BRAF- and MEK-targeted therapy was initially developed on the basis of potent tumor-intrinsic effects, it was later discovered to have significant immune-potentiating activity. Recent studies have also identified immune-related impacts of CDK4/6 inhibition, though these are less well defined and can be both immune-potentiating and immune-inhibitory. BRAFV600 melanoma patients are also eligible to receive immunotherapy, specifically checkpoint inhibitors against PD-1 and CTLA-4. The immunomodulatory activity of BRAF/MEK-targeted therapies has prompted interest in combination therapies incorporating these with immune checkpoint inhibitors, however recent clinical trials investigating this approach have produced variable results. Here, we summarize the immunomodulatory effects of BRAF, MEK and CDK4/6 inhibitors, shedding light on the prospective utility of this combination alone and in conjunction with immune checkpoint blockade. Understanding the mechanisms that underpin the clinical efficacy of these available therapies is a critical step forward in optimizing novel combination and scheduling approaches to combat melanoma and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Lelliott
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant A McArthur
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen E Sheppard
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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28
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Kashyap D, Garg VK, Sandberg EN, Goel N, Bishayee A. Oncogenic and Tumor Suppressive Components of the Cell Cycle in Breast Cancer Progression and Prognosis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040569. [PMID: 33920506 PMCID: PMC8072616 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a disease of inappropriate cell proliferation, is strongly interconnected with the cell cycle. All cancers consist of an abnormal accumulation of neoplastic cells, which are propagated toward uncontrolled cell division and proliferation in response to mitogenic signals. Mitogenic stimuli include genetic and epigenetic changes in cell cycle regulatory genes and other genes which regulate the cell cycle. This suggests that multiple, distinct pathways of genetic alterations lead to cancer development. Products of both oncogenes (including cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKs) and cyclins) and tumor suppressor genes (including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors) regulate cell cycle machinery and promote or suppress cell cycle progression, respectively. The identification of cyclins and CDKs help to explain and understand the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle machinery. During breast cancer tumorigenesis, cyclins A, B, C, D1, and E; cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKs); and CDK-inhibitor proteins p16, p21, p27, and p53 are known to play significant roles in cell cycle control and are tightly regulated in normal breast epithelial cells. Following mitogenic stimuli, these components are deregulated, which promotes neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells. Multiple studies implicate the roles of both types of components-oncogenic CDKs and cyclins, along with tumor-suppressing cyclin-dependent inhibitors-in breast cancer initiation and progression. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed that there is a prognostic significance for screening for these described components, regarding patient outcomes and their responses to therapy. The aim of this review article is to summarize the roles of oncogenic and tumor-suppressive components of the cell cycle in breast cancer progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir Kashyap
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, Punjab, India;
| | | | - Elise N. Sandberg
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA;
| | - Neelam Goel
- University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, Punjab, India
- Correspondence: (N.G.); or (A.B.)
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.G.); or (A.B.)
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29
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Luan T, Zhang TY, Lv ZH, Guan BX, Xu JY, Li J, Li MX, Hu SL. The lncRNA ALMS1-IT1 may promote malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma via AVL9-mediated activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1504-1515. [PMID: 33683834 PMCID: PMC8091588 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the primary epithelial tumor of the lung. The lack of clinical symptoms and specific molecular diagnostic indicators during the early stages of LUAD mean that the disease may not be detected until late stages, and the 5‐year survival rate is only approximately 15%. Long non‐coding RNA ALMS1 intronic script 1 (ALMS1‐IT1) was previously reported to be correlated with the poor prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Here, we investigated whether ALMS1‐IT1 has prognostic potential for LUAD. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to examine the expression and prognostic value of ALMS1 and AVL9 (for which gene expression is positively correlated with ALMS1‐IT1 expression in LUAD) in LUAD based on TCGA and Oncomine databases. We report that ALMS1‐IT1 and AVL9 were both highly expressed in LUAD and correlated with poor outcomes in LUAD patients. Of note, the prognosis of LUAD patients with low expression of both ALMS1‐IT1 and AVL9 was superior to that of other patients. Furthermore, the proliferation, migration and invasion of LUAD cells were decreased in cells lacking ALMS1‐IT1, and this decrease could be almost completely reversed through overexpression of AVL9. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that expression of genes related to the cell cycle pathway is closely related to both the high expression of ALMS1‐IT1 and AVL9 in LUAD. Finally, up‐regulation of ALMS1‐IT1 can activate the cyclin‐dependent kinase pathway, whereas absence of AVL9 can reverse this activation, as shown by western blotting. In summary, ALMS1‐IT1/AVL9 may promote the malignant progression of LUAD, at least in part by regulating the cyclin‐dependent kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Luan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Tian-Ye Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Lv
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Bi-Xi Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Yu Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Xu Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Song-Liu Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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30
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Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Safaroghli-Azar A, Shanaki M, Yousefi AM, Anjam Najmedini A, Bashash D. Inhibition of Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK) Decreased Survival of NB4 Leukemic Cells: Proposing a p53-Independent Sensitivity of Leukemic Cells to Multi-CDKs Inhibitor AT7519. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 19:144-155. [PMID: 33680018 PMCID: PMC7758003 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.113170.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An unbounded number of events exist beneath the intricacy of each particular hematologic malignancy, prompting the tumor cells into an unrestrained proliferation and invasion. Aberrant expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) is one of these events which disrupts the regulation of cell cycle and subsequently, results in cancer progression. In this study, we surveyed the repressive impact of multi-CDK inhibitor AT7519 on a panel of leukemia-derived cell lines. Our data underlined that AT7519 abated the survival of all tested cells; however, in an overview, the response rate of leukemic cells to the inhibitor was varied irrespective of p53 status. Notably, the less sensitivity of leukemia cells to AT7519 was found to be mediated partly by the compensatory activation of c-Myc oncogene which was confirmed by the induction of a superior cytotoxicity upon its suppression in less sensitive cell. The blockage of cell cycle, as announced by induction of sub-G1 arrest as well as reduced S phase, resulted in a significant decrease in survival of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)-derived NB4 cells, as the most sensitive cell line, either as monotherapy or in combination with arsenic trioxide. Anti-leukemic effects of the inhibitor were further verified by apoptosis analysis, where we discovered that AT7519 induced apoptosis via alteration of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in NB4. All in all, this study proposed that AT7519 is a rewarding agent opposed to APL; however, additional examinations should be performed to determine the advantages of this inhibitor in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Shanaki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Mohammad Yousefi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Anjam Najmedini
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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31
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Lan Q, Tan X, He P, Li W, Tian S, Dong W. TRIM11 Promotes Proliferation, Migration, Invasion and EMT of Gastric Cancer by Activating β-Catenin Signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1429-1440. [PMID: 33658804 PMCID: PMC7920621 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s289922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastric cancer (GC) is the sixth most common malignant tumor and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Studies have shown that TRIM protein can regulate transcription factor activity and is associated with many cancers. However, the role of TRIM11 in gastric cancer remains unclear. Methods TRIM11 protein levels were examined in 36 cases of GC tissues and 4 gastric cancer cell lines. TRIM11 overexpression and knockdown cells were constructed in MGC-803, HGC-27 and SGC-7901, respectively. The biological roles and mechanisms of TRIM11 were examined using CCK8, colony formation, transwell migration assay, invasion assay, Western blotting, Immunohistochemistry and in vivo nude mice experiments. Results We found that TRIM11 was upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and gastric cancer cell lines. Functionally, TRIM11 overexpression increased growth rate, colony formation, invasion and migration ability, EMT and β-catenin protein level and its downstream proteins such as CyclinD1 and C-myc, while TRIM11 knockdown shows the opposite effects. Conclusion In summary, our data show that TRIM11 is overexpressed in GC. TRIM11 promotes proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of gastric cancer by activating β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Lan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengzhan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Bhuyan L, Nishat R, Behura SS, Mahapatra N, Kumar H. Insight into the molecular pathogenesis of odontogenic lesions. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:35-44. [PMID: 33476705 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Odontogenic tumors, derived from epithelial, ectomesenchymal, and/or mesenchymal elements of the tooth-forming apparatus, constitute a heterogeneous group of lesions, including hamartomas, benign and malignant neoplasms with metastatic capabilities. HIGHLIGHT This review provides a comprehensive overviewof the pathogenesis of odontogenic tumors and explains the associated molecular events in the context of hallmarks of cancer established by Hanahan D and Weinberg RA. Diagrammatic representations depicted in the article would facilitate easier understanding. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the pathogenesis of the lesions may assist in determining patient's prognosis and devising better targeted therapeutic treatment, thus, reducing the morbidity and mortalityof patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipsa Bhuyan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Roquaiya Nishat
- Department of Dentistry, Nalanda Medical College Hospital, Patna, Bihar, 800007, India.
| | - Shyam Sundar Behura
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Niva Mahapatra
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Wei M, Zhao R, Cao Y, Wei Y, Li M, Dong Z, Liu Y, Ruan H, Li Y, Cao S, Tang Z, Zhou Y, Song W, Wang Y, Wang J, Yang G, Yang C. First orally bioavailable prodrug of proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degrades cyclin-dependent kinases 2/4/6 in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112903. [PMID: 33256948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of reports suggested that the inhibitor targeting cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 2/4/6 can act as a more feasible chemotherapy strategy. In the present paper, a novel PROTAC molecule was developed based on the structure of Ribociclib's derivative. In malignant melanoma cells, the degrader can not only degrade CDK 2/4/6 simultaneously and effectively, but also remarkably induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of melanoma cells. Moreover, PROTAC molecules with CRBN ligands always have poor oral bioavailability. We developed the orally bioavailable prodrug for the first time. It would provide general solution for oral administration of the PROTAC molecules, derived from CRBN ligands, for animal test conveniently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Yuting Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Yujiao Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Cangzhou Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Cangzhou, 061000, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Yulin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Hao Ruan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Sheng Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Wei Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Yubo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Jiefu Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
| | - Guang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
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Zhao L, Ge C, Zhang Z, Hu H, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Li R, Zeng B, Song X, Li G. FAM136A immunoreactivity is associated with nodal involvement and survival in lung adenocarcinoma in a Chinese case series. Bioengineered 2020; 11:261-271. [PMID: 32098576 PMCID: PMC7051133 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1735611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer patients with lymph node metastasis usually had short overall survival and occurred distant metastases at the early stage. However, some of these people did have more prolonged survival. The underlying reason is still unclear. In this study, we found a novel molecule, family with sequence similarity 136, member A gene (FAM136A). First, we performed immunohistochemistry for FAM136A in 177 lung carcinoma tissues. Second, we carried out in vitro studies by using A549 and PC-9. We detected FAM136A immunoreactivity in 79 out of 177 (44.6%) lung carcinoma tissues, and the FAM136A status was significantly associated with tumor T stage, lymph node metastasis, and the Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system in these cases. Importantly, it was significantly associated with the overall survival of the patients with lymph node metastasis, especially FAM136A positive patients, who had worse outcomes. Subsequent in vitro experiments revealed that the proliferation activity and migration property decreased both A549 and PC-9 lung carcinoma cells transfected with siRNA-FAM136A, and apoptosis reduced. Meanwhile, the expression of CDK4 and CDK6 decreased. FAM136A status would be a potent, worse prognostic factor in lung cancer patients with lymph node metastasis. It would play a vital role in the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration properties of A549 and PC-9. In the future, We will focus on the uncovered signal mechanism between FAM136A and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufang Zhao
- First Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Ge
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Hu
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, P.R. China
| | - Ruilei Li
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, P.R. China
| | - Baozhen Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, P.R. China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, P.R. China
| | - Gaofeng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
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Zhang Z, Shu B, Zhang Y, Deora GS, Li QS. 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Thiazole: A Privileged Scaffold in Drug Design and Activity Improvement. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2535-2577. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620999200917153856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiazole is an important 5-membered heterocyclic compound containing nitrogen and sulfur
atoms with various pharmaceutical applications including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral, hypoglycemic,
anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Until now, the FDA-approved drugs containing thiazole
moiety have achieved great success such as dasatinib and dabrafenib. In recent years, considerable
research has been focused on thiazole derivatives, especially 2,4,5-trisubstituted thiazole derivatives,
due to their multiple medicinal applications. This review covers related literature in the past 20 years,
which reported the 2,4,5-trisubstituted thiazole as a privileged scaffold in drug design and activity improvement.
Moreover, this review aimed to provide greater insights into the rational design of more potent
pharmaceutical molecules based on 2,4,5-trisubstituted thiazole in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Bing Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450018, China
| | - Girdhar Singh Deora
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Qing-Shan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
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LncRNA DILA1 inhibits Cyclin D1 degradation and contributes to tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5513. [PMID: 33139730 PMCID: PMC7608661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is one of the most important oncoproteins that drives cancer cell proliferation and associates with tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Here, we identify a lncRNA, DILA1, which interacts with Cyclin D1 and is overexpressed in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, DILA1 inhibits the phosphorylation of Cyclin D1 at Thr286 by directly interacting with Thr286 and blocking its subsequent degradation, leading to overexpressed Cyclin D1 protein in breast cancer. Knocking down DILA1 decreases Cyclin D1 protein expression, inhibits cancer cell growth and restores tamoxifen sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. High expression of DILA1 is associated with overexpressed Cyclin D1 protein and poor prognosis in breast cancer patients who received tamoxifen treatment. This study shows the previously unappreciated importance of post-translational dysregulation of Cyclin D1 contributing to tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Moreover, it reveals the novel mechanism of DILA1 in regulating Cyclin D1 protein stability and suggests DILA1 is a specific therapeutic target to downregulate Cyclin D1 protein and reverse tamoxifen resistance in treating breast cancer. Cyclin D1 is involved in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer (BC) but how it is regulated is unclear. Here, the authors demonstrate that the LncRNA DILA1 contributes to tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer by binding to Cyclin D1 and preventing its degradation.
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Dinaciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, suppresses cholangiocarcinoma growth by targeting CDK2/5/9. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18489. [PMID: 33116269 PMCID: PMC7595101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly invasive cancer, diagnosed at an advanced stage, and refractory to surgical intervention and chemotherapy. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate cell cycle progression and transcriptional processes, and are considered potential therapeutic targets for cancer. Dinaciclib is a small molecule multi-CDK inhibitor targeting CDK 2/5/9. In this study, the therapeutic efficacy of dinaciclib was assessed using patient-derived xenograft cells (PDXC) and CCA cell lines. Treatment with dinaciclib significantly suppressed cell proliferation, induced caspase 3/7 levels and apoptotic activity in PDXC and CCA cell lines. Dinaciclib suppressed expression of its molecular targets CDK2/5/9, and anti-apoptotic BCL-XL and BCL2 proteins. Despite the presence of cyclin D1 amplification in the PDXC line, palbociclib treatment had no effect on cell proliferation, cell cycle or apoptosis in the PDXC as well as other CCA cell lines. Importantly, dinaciclib, in combination with gemcitabine, produced a robust and sustained inhibition of tumor progression in vivo in a PDX mouse model, greater than either of the treatments alone. Expression levels of two proliferative markers, phospho-histone H3 and Ki-67, were substantially suppressed in samples treated with the combination regimen. Our results identify dinaciclib as a novel and potent therapeutic agent alone or in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of CCA.
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Li J, Jiang J, Wu J, Bao X, Sanai N. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Central Nervous System Pharmacokinetics of CDK4/6 Inhibitors to Guide Selection of Drug and Dosing Regimen for Brain Cancer Treatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:494-506. [PMID: 32799335 PMCID: PMC7854954 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the human central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics is critical to the selection of the right drug and refinement of dosing regimen for more effective treatment of primary and metastatic brain cancer. Using the physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach, we systematically compared the CNS pharmacokinetics of three cyclin D‐cyclin dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors (ribociclib, palbociclib, and abemaciclib) in patients with cancer. A PBPK model platform was developed and verified for predicting plasma and CNS pharmacokinetics. Target engagement ratio (TER), defined as the ratio of the average steady‐state unbound drug brain concentration to the in vitro half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for CDK4/6 inhibition, was used as a crude predictor of efficacy. As compared with ribociclib and palbociclib, abemaciclib penetrated into the human brain to a larger extent, but at a slower rate, and was retained in the brain longer. Following the standard dosing regimens, the predicted CDK4/6 TERs were 26/5.2 for abemaciclib, 2.4/0.62 for ribociclib, and 0.36/0.27 for palbociclib. Simulations suggested that abemaciclib achieved comparable TERs following twice daily or daily dosing; ribociclib may sufficiently inhibit both CDK4 and CDK6 at the maximum tolerated dose; whereas, palbociclib achieved TERs < 0.5 even at a dose 50% higher than the standard dose. In conclusion, the PBPK modeling, supported by available preclinical and clinical evidence, suggests that abemaciclib is the best CDK4/6 inhibitor for brain cancer treatment, whereas palbociclib is not recommended. The model refined dosing regimen is 300 mg daily on a 4‐weeks‐on schedule for abemaciclib, and 900 mg daily on a 3‐weeks‐on/1‐week‐off schedule for ribociclib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jun Jiang
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianmei Wu
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Xun Bao
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Nader Sanai
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Post-Translational Regulation of ARF: Perspective in Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081143. [PMID: 32759846 PMCID: PMC7465197 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis can be induced by various stresses that cause aberrant DNA mutations and unhindered cell proliferation. Under such conditions, normal cells autonomously induce defense mechanisms, thereby stimulating tumor suppressor activation. ARF, encoded by the CDKN2a locus, is one of the most frequently mutated or deleted tumor suppressors in human cancer. The safeguard roles of ARF in tumorigenesis are mainly mediated via the MDM2-p53 axis, which plays a prominent role in tumor suppression. Under normal conditions, low p53 expression is stringently regulated by its target gene, MDM2 E3 ligase, which induces p53 degradation in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner. Oncogenic signals induced by MYC, RAS, and E2Fs trap MDM2 in the inhibited state by inducing ARF expression as a safeguard measure, thereby activating the tumor-suppressive function of p53. In addition to the MDM2-p53 axis, ARF can also interact with diverse proteins and regulate various cellular functions, such as cellular senescence, apoptosis, and anoikis, in a p53-independent manner. As the evidence indicating ARF as a key tumor suppressor has been accumulated, there is growing evidence that ARF is sophisticatedly fine-tuned by the diverse factors through transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we mainly focused on how cancer cells employ transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms to manipulate ARF activities to circumvent the tumor-suppressive function of ARF. We further discussed the clinical implications of ARF in human cancer.
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Zhou W, Wu J, Zhang J, Liu X, Guo S, Jia S, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Wang M. Integrated bioinformatics analysis to decipher molecular mechanism of compound Kushen injection for esophageal cancer by combining WGCNA with network pharmacology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12745. [PMID: 32728182 PMCID: PMC7391752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound Kushen injection (CKI), a medicine in widespread clinical use in China, has proven therapeutic effects on cancer. However, few molecular mechanism analyses have been carried out. To address this problem, bioinformatics approaches combining weighted gene co-expression network analysis with network pharmacology methods were undertaken to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of CKI in the treatment of esophageal cancer (ESCA). First, the key gene modules related to the clinical traits of ESCA were analysed by WCGNA. Based on the results, the hub genes related to CKI treatment for ESCA were explored through network pharmacology. Molecular docking simulation was performed to recognize the binding activity of hub genes with CKI compounds. The results showed that the potential hub targets, including EGFR, ErbB2, CCND1 and IGF1R, are therapeutic targets of CKI for the treatment of ESCA. Moreover, these targets were significantly enriched in many pathways related to cancer and signalling pathways, such as the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway and ErbB signalling pathway. In conclusion, this research partially highlighted the molecular mechanism of CKI in the treatment of ESCA, offering great potential in the identification of the effective compounds in CKI and biomarkers for ESCA treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Computational Biology/methods
- Cyclin D1/chemistry
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Databases, Genetic
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- ErbB Receptors/chemistry
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Esophageal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Regulatory Networks/drug effects
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Receptor, ErbB-2/chemistry
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China.
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xinkui Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Siyu Guo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - ShanShan Jia
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Yingli Zhu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
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Patil S, Rathnum KK. Management of leptomeningeal metastases in non-small cell lung cancer. Indian J Cancer 2020; 56:S1-S9. [PMID: 31793437 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_74_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), malignant lung cancer cells reach the sanctuary site of the leptomeningeal space through haematogenous or lymphatic route and thrive in the leptomeninges because of restricted access of chemotherapeutic agents across the blood brain barrier. The incidence of LM is 3%-5% in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients; the incidence is higher in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. However, the real-world burden of undiagnosed cases may be higher. LM diagnosis is based on clinical, radiological, and cytological testing. Disease management remains a challenge because of low central nervous system penetration of drugs. The prognosis of NSCLC patients with LM is poor with an overall survival (OS) of 3 months with contemporary treatment and <11 months with novel therapies. Therapy goals in this patient population are to improve or stabilize neurologic status, improve quality of life, and prolong survival while limiting the toxicity of chemotherapeutic regimens. We reviewed therapeutic options for management of LM in NSCLC patients with or without genetic mutations. Radiotherapy, systemic, or intrathecal chemotherapy, and personalized molecularly targeted therapy prolong the OS in patients with LM. Newer third generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors have considerable brain penetration property and have been vital in increasing the OS especially in patients with EGFR mutations. Sequential or combination therapy third generation EGFR agents with radiotherapy or chemotherapy might be effective in increasing the quality of life and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekar Patil
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sr. Consultant Medical Oncologist, Health Care Global Enterprises Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Rathnum
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sr. Consultant Medical Oncologist, Meenakshi Mission Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, gastric carcinoma (GC) is the 5th most common malignancies in both sexes representing 6.8% of the total fatalities and is the 3rd leading cause of cancer death representing 8.8% of total fatalities. In Egypt, GC considers the 12th leading cause of cancer death representing 2.2% of the total cancer mortality. A growing body of evidence supports that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are resistant to chemotherapy or radiation, and the cell adhesion molecule CD44 has been identified as a cell surface marker associated with cancer stem cell in several types of tumors including gastric cancer. CD44 regulates gastric stem cell proliferation by increasing cyclin D1 expression which represents an important regulatory protein in the cell cycle transition from G1 phase to S phase. This study aimed to investigate whether cyclin D1 and CD44 can be used as prognostic indicators in gastric cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded gastric tissues, obtained from patients who underwent endoscopic resection or surgical resection, constituted the group of our study. The immunohistochemical expression of cyclin D1 and CD44 was examined and correlated with clinical-pathological parameters and outcome of the patients. RESULTS Overexpression of CD44 and cyclin D1 was noted (in of 55 and 50% respectively). Cyclin D1 and CD44 positive expressions in GC were positively correlated with tumor differentiation (p = 0.020, p = 0.004 respectively), TNM stage (p < 0.001 for both), poor survival (p < 0.001 for both), and with increased rate of recurrence (p = 0.020, p = 0.005 respectively). CONCLUSION CD44 and cyclin D1 were associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer, and so, they comprise an attractive target for anticancer drug development.
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STK31 regulates the proliferation and cell cycle of lung cancer cells via the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway and feedback regulation by c‑myc. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:395-404. [PMID: 31894338 PMCID: PMC6967196 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, which is a leading cause of cancer‑related deaths, is diagnosed at a male to female ratio of 2.1:1. Serine‑threonine kinase 31 (STK31) is a novel cancer/testis (CT)‑related gene that is highly expressed in several types of cancers, such as lung and colorectal cancer, and plays crucial roles in cancer. In the present study, increased expression of STK31 and β‑catenin was observed in lung cancer tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of STK31 expression in lung cancer cells significantly inhibited their proliferation by arresting the cell cycle in the G1 phase concurrent with decreased β‑catenin, c‑myc and cyclin D1 protein levels, while upregulation of STK31 had the opposite effects. In addition, STK31‑induced lung cancer cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and expression of related genes were completely attenuated by a Wnt/β‑catenin inhibitor (XAV939). Similar to XAV939, a c‑myc inhibitor (10058‑F4) also significantly attenuated STK31‑induced proliferation and cell cycle progression in lung cancer cells. Inhibiting c‑myc and TRRAP significantly decreased the expression of STK31, and a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed that c‑myc directly bound to the STK31 promoter. These results indicated that STK31 may act as an oncogene in lung cancer and that c‑myc may be the transcription factor that promotes STK31 expression. Moreover, the results suggested that c‑myc can also regulate STK31 expression in a positive feedback loop, and the downregulation of STK31 in lung cancer cells had an inhibitory effect on cell viability, cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, likely by inactivating the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway and positive feedback regulation by c‑myc.
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Jiang JJ, Wang FC, Han LP. Long intergenic non‑protein coding RNA 00460 predicts a poor prognosis and promotes tumorigenesis of human osteosarcoma. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:649-658. [PMID: 31974626 PMCID: PMC6947912 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of primary malignant bone tumor, which has a high incidence rate in children and adolescents. This research aims to reveal the role of long intergenic non‑protein coding RNA 00460 (LINC00460) in OS by the loss‑of‑function experiment. LINC00460 is involved in the development of multiple types of tumor, but the role of LINC00460 in OS is unclear. To discover more effective molecular targets for the treatment of OS, the association between LINC00460 and OS prognosis was analyzed using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database. Additionally, small interfering RNA was used to knockdown LINC00460 gene expression in vitro to verify its biological effects on the viability, invasive and migratory potential of OS cells. LINC00460 knockdown significantly reduced the viability of OS cells and initiated cell cycle arrest within the G0/G1 phase through the decreased expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4/CDK6. In addition, LINC00460 knockdown promoted apoptosis of OS cells, and inhibited the migratory and invasive abilities of OS cells through the inhibition of the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition pathway. In conclusion, the present study reported that LINC00460 may predict OS prognosis, and may serve an important role in mediating the viability, invasive and migratory potential of OS cells. Based on these findings, LINC00460 demonstrated promising potential as a future therapeutic target for OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Chao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
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TRIM11 promotes lymphomas by activating the β-catenin signaling and Axin1 ubiquitination degradation. Exp Cell Res 2019; 387:111750. [PMID: 31786079 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphoma, a malignant tumor, is mainly characterized by painless lymph node enlargement and hepatosplenomegaly. At present, lymphoma is mainly treated by radiation, chemical drugs, bone marrow transplantation and surgery. However, due to the high degree of heterogeneity, lymphomas are highly different in terms of treatment intensity and prognosis. This study is designed to investigate the function of tripartite motif-containing 11 (TRIM11) in lymphomas. METHODS The expression of TRIM11 in lymphoma tissues and multiple lymphoma cell lines was respectively detected by microarray immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and Western blotting. After TRIM11 knockdown, overexpression, or β-catenin inhibitor XAV939 treatment, proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle progression, as well as expression of related-genes were detected. Next, Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and ubiquitination detection were performed. RESULTS Elevated expression of tripartite motif-containing 11 (TRIM11) was observed in lymphoma tissues and multiple lymphoma cell lines (Raji, Jurkat, U937 and Hut78). Knockdown of TRIM11 in lymphoma cells significantly suppressed cell proliferation and prevented cell cycle progression from entering S or G2 phase. Concurrently, the expression of β-catenin, Cyclin D1 and c-Myc proteins in TRIM11-silenced lymphoma cells was decreased, while Axin1 was increased. In addition, TRIM11 overexpression had an opposite effect to TRIM11 knockdown, and a β-catenin inhibitor, XAV939, potently attenuated the induction of TRIM11 on lymphoma cells. Co-IP assay showed the interaction of TRIM11 and Axin1, and TRIM11 knockdown inhibited Axin1 ubiquitination degradation. CONCLUSIONS Together all, the results suggested that TRIM11 may be an oncogene in lymphomas, which involving the activation of the β-catenin signaling and the ubiquitination degradation of Axin1.
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Liu X, Long Z, Cai H, Yu S, Wu J. TRIM58 suppresses the tumor growth in gastric cancer by inactivation of β-catenin signaling via ubiquitination. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 21:203-212. [PMID: 31747856 PMCID: PMC7012179 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1679554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate and define the underlying molecular mechanism of tripartite motif-containing 58 (TRIM58) in regulating the tumor growth of gastric cancer (GC).Methods: TRIM58 expression in GC tissues and cells was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot, followed by lentiviral-induced overexpression or knockdown of TRIM58. Subsequently, CCK8, BrdU-ELISA, flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, in vitro animal experiments and immunochemistry were performed to explore the function of TRIM58. Western blotting was used to detect β-catenin, C-myc, Cyclin D1, and survivin expression.Results: TRIM58 expression was significantly reduced in tumor tissues of GC patients and GC cell lines, whereas β-catenin, C-myc, Cyclin D1, and survivin were highly expressed. Overexpression of TRIM58 in GC cells resulted in decreases in β-catenin, C-myc, Cyclin D1, and survivin protein expression and significantly suppressed proliferation by preventing cell-cycle progression and promoting cell apoptosis. Conversely, TRIM58 knockdown resulted in the opposite effects. Furthermore, the effect of TRIM58 knockdown on GC cells was potently reversed by a β-catenin inhibitor, XAV939. Immunoprecipitations showed the interaction between TRIM58 and β-catenin, and TRIM58 overexpression significantly enhanced β-catenin degradation. In addition, we found a significant decrease in the growth and weight of tumors and an increase in tumor cell apoptosis in TRIM58-overexpression nude mice, which were also accompanied by reduced β-catenin expression.Conclusions: These data suggest that TRIM58 may function as a tumor suppressor in GC and potentially suppress the tumor growth of gastric cancer by inactivation of β-catenin signaling via ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziwen Long
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjia Yu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Wu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Son ES, Kim SH, Kim YO, Lee YE, Kyung SY, Jeong SH, Kim YJ, Park JW. Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen Stapf sprout extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cervical carcinoma cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:312. [PMID: 31729992 PMCID: PMC6858790 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer-related mortality in females. Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Rom.Caill.) Stapf ex Hook. f. is the most widely recognized medicinal herb for its remedial effects against inflammation, endocrine system dysfunctions, warts, chapped skin, rheumatism, and neuralgia and is also a nourishing food. Methods To investigate the activity of Coix lacryma-jobi sprout extract (CLSE) on cell proliferation in human cervical cancer HeLa cells, we conducted a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Flow-cytometric analysis and western blot analysis were performed to verify the effect of CLSE on the regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis in HeLa cells. Results We observed that CLSE significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Furthermore, CLSE dose-dependently promoted cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1/ S phase in HeLa cells, as detected by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) staining. The cell-cycle-arrest effects of CLSE in HeLa cells were associated with downregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 2, 4, and 6. Moreover, CLSE induced apoptosis, as determined by flow-cytometric analysis and nuclear DNA fragmentation with Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) and 4′6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Induction of apoptosis by CLSE was involved in inhibition of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and upregulation of the apoptotic proteins p53, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-8. Finally, we observed that CLSE inactivated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) pathways. Conclusions CLSE causes cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death through inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in HeLa cells, suggesting it is a viable therapeutic agent for cervical cancer owing to its anticancer effects.
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Sun X, Su S, Zhang G, Zhang H, Yu X. MiR-204 suppresses cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells via targeting TPT1 in polycystic ovary syndrome. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:554-562. [PMID: 31460785 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-204 is known to be associated with several different diseases. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has the highest incidence rate among the endocrine disorders in females between the ages of 18 and 44. We aimed to illustrate the miR-204 function in PCOS. MiR-204 expression levels in tissue and cell were examined through RT-qPCR. Colony formation assay and MTT assay were applied to detect the cell viability. Flow cytometry was employed to examine the apoptosis and cell cycle in cells. RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation assay and luciferase reporter assay were provided to demonstrate the direct interaction between translationally controlled tumor protein (TPT1) and miR-204. The expression of miR-204 was declined in KGN cells and ovarian cortex tissues of PCOS patients. MiR-204 enhanced the colony formation capacity and cell proliferation in KGN cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis were also influenced by miR-204. Since miR-204 has direct interaction with TPT1, TPT1 overexpression suppressed the miR-204-induced apoptosis and cell cycle alteration in KGN cells. MiR-204 inhibits the cell viability and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by directly interacting with TPT1, indicating a role of miR-204 to be a potential target in the PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Sun
- Department of Gynecology, the Central Hospital of Zibo, No. 54 of Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Su
- Department of Gynecology, the Central Hospital of Zibo, No. 54 of Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Guoxiang Zhang
- Emergency Department, the People's Hospital of Huantai, No. 2198 of Huantai Big Road, Huantai 256400, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, the Central Hospital of Zibo, No. 54 of Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Department of Gynecology, the Central Hospital of Zibo, No. 54 of Gongqingtuan West Road, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
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Wang Q, Li F, Liao Z, Li K, Yang X, Lin Y, Zhao Y, Weng S, Xia Y, Ye Y, Li S, Wang C, Lin Y. Low level of Cyclin-D1 correlates with worse prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4100-4109. [PMID: 31183974 PMCID: PMC6675723 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-D1 (CCND1) belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family whose members are characterized by abundant expression during the cell cycle. As an oncogene, high level of CCND1 was observed and related to poor prognosis and tumor recurrence in many cancers. In this study, we focused on the role of CCND1 in the clinical outcome of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Gene Expression Omnibus database, The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and immunohistochemical staining were used. The mRNA and protein levels of CCND1 were significantly enhanced in ccRCC tumor tissues. However, the low level of CCND1, but not high level of CCND1, was related to poor prognosis and tumor recurrence in ccRCC. Further analysis showed that CCND1 mRNA level decreased with increasing ccRCC tumor grades and the rate of recurrence in ccRCC patients. In a nomogram model, the CCND1 mRNA level was shown to help predict ccRCC patient recurrence. CCND1 is a strong determinant for prediction of recurrence. The patients with high CCND1 level appear to have a more favorable prognosis together with more frequent low-grade tumors and low rate of recurrence. This is the first study to investigate the prognostic roles of CCND1 in ccRCC and discovered that CCND1 had an unconventional positive impact on the clinical outcome of ccRCC patients.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Nomograms
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐shui Wang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of PathologyProvincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Zi‐qiang Liao
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Xin‐liu Yang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - You‐yu Lin
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Yi‐lin Zhao
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Shu‐yun Weng
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Yun Xia
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Yan Ye
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Su‐huan Li
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Chen‐yi Wang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Yao Lin
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Opto Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhouP.R. China
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Kim KH, Cho Y, Lee J, Jeong H, Lee Y, Kim SI, Kim CH, Lee HW, Nam KT. Sexually dimorphic leanness and hypermobility in p16 Ink4a/CDKN2A-deficient mice coincides with phenotypic changes in the cerebellum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11167. [PMID: 31371816 PMCID: PMC6671985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
p16Ink4a/CDKN2A is a tumor suppressor that critically regulates the cell cycle. Indeed, p16Ink4a deficiency promotes tumor formation in various tissues. We now report that p16Ink4a deficiency in female mice, but not male mice, induces leanness especially in old age, as indicated by lower body weight and smaller white adipose tissue, although other major organs are unaffected. Unexpectedly, the integrity, number, and sizes of adipocytes in white adipose tissue were unaffected, as was macrophage infiltration. Hence, hypermobility appeared to be accountable for the phenotype, since food consumption was not altered. Histological analysis of the cerebellum and deep cerebellar nuclei, a vital sensorimotor control center, revealed increased proliferation of neuronal cells and improved cerebellum integrity. Expression of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and PCNA also increased in deep cerebellar nuclei, implying crosstalk between p16Ink4a and ERβ. Furthermore, p16Ink4a deficiency expands LC3B+ cells and GFAP+ astrocytes in response to estrogen. Collectively, the data suggest that loss of p16INK4a induces sexually dimorphic leanness in female mice, which appears to be due to protection against cerebellar senescence by promoting neuronal proliferation and homeostasis via ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang H Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Cho
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Haengdueng Jeong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yura Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo In Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology and Yonsei Laboratory Animal Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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